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1、第11講鳳頭豹尾,雙管齊下開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾在寫(xiě)作中的應(yīng)用一、魔法導(dǎo)航一、魔法導(dǎo)航引人入勝的開(kāi)頭(鳳頭)是寫(xiě)作成功的保障,而回味無(wú)窮的結(jié)尾(豹尾)可以為文章錦上添花。因此,熟練掌握恰當(dāng)?shù)拈_(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾方式對(duì)提升作文品質(zhì)至關(guān)重要。(一一)記敘文的常用開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾法記敘文的常用開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾法常用開(kāi)頭法常用開(kāi)頭法1.情景鋪墊法:在文章的開(kāi)頭先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交代清楚。Last Tuesday,our class invited an old craftsman to teach us how to make dough figurines.2.環(huán)境襯托法:在文章開(kāi)頭利用自然景物或社會(huì)環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物或談?wù)摰脑?/p>

2、題。Graduation finally came. My classmates and I decided to do something.3.回憶引題法:通過(guò)回憶的方法引入文章要表達(dá)的主題。How time flies! It is two weeks since you came to our school and you are going to return to England soon.常用結(jié)尾法常用結(jié)尾法1.隱含式:用含蓄的手法間接地表達(dá)作者的情感或看法,讓讀者自己意會(huì)或思索。Grandpa and the children were very happy to see the

3、 bird flying away in the sky.2.抒情式:直抒胸臆,表達(dá)自己的看法或情感。Im confident that Ill live up to the expectation of my future.3.點(diǎn)題式:總結(jié)全文,進(jìn)一步升華主題。From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that helps us to seek the truth.(2015湖北卷)(二二)說(shuō)明文的常用開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾法說(shuō)明文的常用開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾法常用開(kāi)頭法常用開(kāi)頭法1.開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題法:一開(kāi)頭就點(diǎn)明文

4、章要介紹的事物。Everyone has his favorite season while spring is my favorite.(2016四川卷)2.問(wèn)題引入法:在文章的開(kāi)頭先用提問(wèn)題的方法引出文章涉及的內(nèi)容。What should people really do to encourage their kids to concentrate their time and energy on studying lessons and doing well?3.引用數(shù)據(jù)法:利用數(shù)據(jù)引出要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題或談?wù)摰闹黝}。The box-office income of Chinese movie

5、s witnessed a constant increase from about 17 billion yuan in 2012 to over 40 billion in 2015. However, that increase slowed down in 2016.常用結(jié)尾法常用結(jié)尾法結(jié)論式:總結(jié)說(shuō)明的事物,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明其特征、影響、意義等。In conclusion,the true friendship means a lot to me,which contributes to my recovery as well as helps me succeed in study.(三

6、三)議論文的常用開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾法議論文的常用開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾法常用開(kāi)頭法常用開(kāi)頭法1.點(diǎn)明主旨法:提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或論據(jù)作為文章要闡述的主題。The person I would like to interview is Yang Liwei.(2015安徽卷)2.列舉實(shí)例/現(xiàn)象法:通過(guò)實(shí)例或現(xiàn)象引出要談?wù)摰脑掝}。The phenomenon of “My friend falls,I laugh;my phone falls,I cry.” sometimes exists around us.常用結(jié)尾法常用結(jié)尾法1.概括式:用一句或幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容,進(jìn)一步深化主題或強(qiáng)調(diào)作者的觀點(diǎn)。So,its saf

7、e to conclude that it is reasonable to include English which facilitates daily communication.2.引用式:引用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文。As a proverb goes,“Rome wasnt built in a day.” Success is not easy,so whatever failures we experience,we should believe in ourselves and keep trying.3.展望或呼吁式:在文章的結(jié)尾表示對(duì)未來(lái)的展望或期待,希望或呼吁人們投入行

8、動(dòng)。Therefore, its box-office income will probably enjoy a slight increase.二、學(xué)以致用二、學(xué)以致用1.完美文章完美文章根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容給下面短文寫(xiě)一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)拈_(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾。How to keep healthy文章開(kāi)頭: With the improvement of living standards,more and more people are paying attention to their health.Here are some suggestions to help you keep healthy.To begi

9、n with,you ought to keep up a good state of mind,which is of great benefit to reducing pressure and fighting against diseases.In addition,its a good idea to keep a balanced diet,which should include energy-giving foods and body-building foods.Last but not least,not only should you have enough sleep

10、and rest,but you should also do exercise regularly.In this way,you can build up your body as well as ensure you work well.文章結(jié)尾: In conclusion,so long as you form good life habits and eat healthy foods,you can live a healthy and happy life.2.話題寫(xiě)作話題寫(xiě)作【本期話題】文化交流【寫(xiě)作微練】請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面的提示,寫(xiě)一篇80詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。1.不同文化背景的人打招

11、呼的方式各不相同;2.有的擁抱,有的握手,有時(shí)甚至引起誤會(huì);3.為了能更好地交流,要了解一些不同國(guó)家的文化習(xí)俗;4.身處異國(guó)時(shí),我們要入鄉(xiāng)隨俗,不要給國(guó)家丟臉。注意:給出恰當(dāng)?shù)奈恼麻_(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾。答案答案 One possible version:Generally speaking,people from different cultures have different ways to greet each other.When meeting each other,some hug,some shake hands,and sometimes they are likely to cause

12、 misunderstanding.Thus,in order to communicate well with foreigners,we should learn something about culture and customs of different countries.Whats more,when abroad,we should keep in mind that we are representing our country and try not to lose face.Just as the proverb goes,“When in Rome do as the

13、Romans do.”三、實(shí)戰(zhàn)提能三、實(shí)戰(zhàn)提能在班級(jí)活動(dòng)中,當(dāng)你的想法與大多數(shù)同學(xué)不一致時(shí),你是堅(jiān)持自己的觀點(diǎn)并說(shuō)服別人,還是尊重大多數(shù)同學(xué)的意見(jiàn)?請(qǐng)你以“When I Have a Different Opinion”為題,用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇100120個(gè)詞的短文。要求如下:1.從以上兩種做法中選擇一種;2.以具體事例闡述你選擇的理由。注意:短文中,不得以任何形式透露地區(qū)、學(xué)校、同學(xué)姓名等真實(shí)信息。我會(huì)審題我會(huì)審題文章體裁議論文主要人稱(chēng)第一人稱(chēng) 主體時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)要點(diǎn)分解1.自己的做法2.闡述選擇的理由我會(huì)聯(lián)想我會(huì)聯(lián)想1.詞匯鋪路(1)選擇choose(2)尊重respect(3)強(qiáng)調(diào)emphas

14、ize/stress(4)放棄give up(5)堅(jiān)持insist on(6)傾向于 tend to(7)毫不遲疑without hesitation2.句型搭橋(1)The main reason is that.(2)I would love to.我會(huì)表達(dá)我會(huì)表達(dá)When I Have a Different Opinion答案答案 One possible version:When I Have a Different OpinionWe may have different opinions in organizing class activities.When I have a d

15、ifferent opinion,I may choose to give it up and respect the opinion of the majority.The main reason for my choice is that being brought up in a culture emphasizing collectivism,I tend to sacrifice my own interest for the group benefit.Once we were left to decide whether to have a picnic in a park or

16、 go to a museum.I would love to go to a museum,but most of my classmates wanted to go for a picnic.Without hesitation,I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.Sometimes giving up a little can mean getting more.【寫(xiě)作點(diǎn)評(píng)】文章開(kāi)頭首先引出要談?wù)摰脑掝},然后接著表明了自己的觀點(diǎn):當(dāng)自己的觀點(diǎn)和多數(shù)人不同時(shí),要尊重多數(shù)人的觀點(diǎn)。然后說(shuō)明了自己這樣做的

17、理由。文章結(jié)尾進(jìn)一步點(diǎn)明了這樣做的好處。整篇文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,開(kāi)頭簡(jiǎn)潔,引人入勝;結(jié)尾簡(jiǎn)短,回味無(wú)窮。美句必背美句必背1.When having a different opinion,I prefer to respect the opinion of the majority.2.Brought up in a culture emphasizing collectivism,I have a tendency to sacrifice my own interest for the group benefit.3.There is no denying the fact that giving up a little can mean getting more at some times.