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TheLiteratureOf18thCentury Introduction LiterarybackgroundLiteraryDevelopmentFamouswriters Literarybackground Thecontending 敵對(duì)的 factions 派別 Literati 文人學(xué)士 asservantsofcontentionThedevelopmentofsociallife 1 Theliteratureofthe18thcenturywasdominatedbytheinterestsofcontendingparties TheWhigs determinedtosafeguardpopularliberty TheTories conservative wouldleaveasmuchauthorityaspossibleintheroyalhands 2 Literatiasservantsofcontention TheWhigsandtheTorieswerewellbalancedinpower TooverturnaToryoraWhigcabinet mostofthegreatwritersoftheagewerethewillingservantsoftheWhigsorTories 3 Thedevelopmentofsociallife Inthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury Englandsawtheappearanceofalargenumberofpubliccoffeehousesandprivateclubs Nearlyallwritersfrequentedthecoffeehousesanddiscussedmattersofliterature Hence theenormousamountof18th centuryworksweredevotedtotransientaffairs politics fashions andgossip LiteraryDevelopment 1 Neo classicism2 sentimentalism3 Modernnovel4 Romanticism 1 Neoclassicism新古典主義 TheEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters suchasHomer Addison Steele Popebelongedtothisschool 2 Sentimentalism感傷主義 Sentimentalismisindulgedinemotionandsentiment CriticizesthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutionsandtheIndustrialRevolution Theyadvocatethatsentimentshouldtaketheplaceofreason ThomasGray OliverGoldsmitharerepresentativesofthisschool 3 Thebeginningofmodernnovel ModernEnglishnovelbeganinthe18thcenturyandgavetheworldsuchnovelistsasDefoe Swift Fielding SmollettandSterne DanielDefoe sRobinsonCrusoewasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18thcenturyrealisticnovel ButitwasHenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglandandEurope 4 CharacteristicsofEarly Pre Romanticism Romanticismhasfiveprominentcharacteristics TheRomanticMovementwasastrongreactionandprotestagainstthebondageofruleandcustom whichgenerallytendtofetterthefreehumanspirit Romanticismreturnedtonatureandplainhumanityforitsmaterial 3 Romanticismismarkedbyrenewedinterestinmedievalliterature 4 Romanticismismarkedbyintensehumansympathyforthepoorandtheunderstandingofthehumanheart 5 TheRomanticMovementwastheexpressionofindividualgeniusratherthanofestablishedrules WritersAlexanderPopeDanielDefoeJonathanSwiftHenryFieldingOliverGoldsmith AlexanderPope 1688 1744 AlexanderPope亞歷山大 蒲柏 Popeisknownasagreatpoetinhisday Heexertedmuchinfluenceupontheotherwritersofhisage Hepopularizedtheneoclassicalliterarytradition broughtfromFrance HewasoneoftheearlyrepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentwhointroducedintoEnglishculturethespiritofrationalism Hewasagreatsatiristandaliterarycriticwhooccupiedaprominentplaceinhistime Theearlyperiodofthe18thcenturyhasoftenbeennamedafterhimas TheAgeofPope HisMajorWorks thePastorals 1709 田園詩(shī)歌 theEssayonCriticism 1711 論批評(píng) apoemwritteninheroiccoupletsoutliningcriticaltastesandstandards TheRapeoftheLock 1714 卷發(fā)遇劫記 amock heroicpoemridiculingthefashionableworldofhisday ElegytotheMemoryofanUnfortunateLady and EloisetoAbelard theonlypiecesheeverwrotedealingwithlove EssayonManTheDunciad DanielDefoe 1660 1731 丹尼爾 笛福 Fourfactstoremember 1 Ajack of all trades aswellasawriter Besidesbeingamerchant soldier economist politician journalist pamphleteerandsocialthinker Defoewasaprolificauthor 2 Hewasaradicalnonconformist 不信奉國(guó)教的人 inreligion 3 Defoewasajournalistandpamphleteer withareporter seyeforthepicturesqueandanewspaperman sinstinctformakinga goodstory 4 Defoeknewprisonlife Majorworks TheTrue bornEnglishmanTheShortestWaywiththeDissentersHymntothePilloryTheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe 1719 attheageof58 hepublishedhisRobinsonCrusoe thebookwhichmadehimimmortal CaptainSingleton 1720 MollFlanders 1722 ColonelJacque RobinsonCrusoe 笛福真可謂是 大器晚成 魯濱遜飄流記 就是他在59歲時(shí)才發(fā)表的第一部小說(shuō) 這部小說(shuō)在1719年發(fā)表之后 立即受到英國(guó)社會(huì)的廣泛歡迎 從而成為他的的代表作 奠定了笛福在英國(guó)文學(xué)史上的地位 魯濱遜飄流記 發(fā)表于18世紀(jì)早期 小說(shuō)反映了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)上升時(shí)期敢于進(jìn)取 追求財(cái)富的冒險(xiǎn)精神 魯濱遜飄流記 是以自敘體寫(xiě)的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō) 魯濱遜在青年時(shí)代不安于平庸的生活 渴望冒險(xiǎn) 到海外經(jīng)商 一次航海時(shí)船觸礁沉沒(méi) 他被海浪沖上荒島 魯濱遜一人在荒島生活了28年 同自然奮斗 他開(kāi)始過(guò)著匿居山洞的獵人生活 進(jìn)而建造小屋 過(guò)上了農(nóng)業(yè)生活 后來(lái)他還救了一個(gè)遇難的土人 魯濱遜給他取名禮拜五 作為他的助手 最后他得到機(jī)會(huì)回到英國(guó) 又去巴西經(jīng)營(yíng)種植園致富 魯濱遜的冒險(xiǎn)精神 以及他的艱苦奮斗 剛毅意志和創(chuàng)造能力 典型地反映了那個(gè)時(shí)代商業(yè)資本家的特點(diǎn) JonathanSwift喬納森 斯威夫特 1667 1745 作者簡(jiǎn)介 斯威夫特出生于都柏林 是個(gè)遺腹子 在其伯父的撫養(yǎng)下長(zhǎng)大 1682年入都柏林的三一學(xué)院求學(xué) 獲得學(xué)士學(xué)位 1692年獲牛津大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位 1701年在三一學(xué)院獲神學(xué)博士學(xué)位 離開(kāi)三一學(xué)院后 斯威夫特曾給貴族當(dāng)私人秘書(shū) 后來(lái)回到故鄉(xiāng)做牧師 介入政治 為托利黨的 考察報(bào) TheExaminer 撰稿 寫(xiě)下了大量的政論文和小冊(cè)子 斯威夫特的文筆以諷刺見(jiàn)長(zhǎng) 是諷刺文學(xué)的一代宗師 斯威夫特的諷刺性散文很多 較為著名的有 ATaleofaTub TheBattleoftheBooks TheDrapier sLetter AModestProposal 等 斯威夫特一生不得志 他的社會(huì)經(jīng)歷使他看透了一切 于是他寫(xiě)下了不朽名著 格列佛游記 Gulliver sTravels 1726 此外 后人根據(jù)斯威夫特給其女友寫(xiě)的信編成的 給斯黛拉的日記 JournaltoStella 1766 也是英語(yǔ)日記文學(xué)中很重要的一部作品 HisMajorWorks ATaleofaTub1697 一只桶的故事 TheBattleoftheBooks1698 書(shū)籍之戰(zhàn) TheDrapier sLetters1724 布商來(lái)信 Gilliver sTravels1726 格列佛游記 AModestProposal1729 一個(gè)溫和的建議 HenryFielding亨利 菲爾丁 1707 1754 HenryFielding亨利 菲爾丁 Hewasthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle He therefore hasbeenregardedas FatheroftheEnglishNovel TheHistoryofTomJones aFoundling 棄嬰湯姆瓊斯的故事 JosephAndrews 約瑟夫 安德魯斯 TheHistoryofJonathanWildtheGreat 偉大的喬納森 王爾德 TomJones Thegreatestgloryconsistsnotinneverfalling butinraisingeverytimewefall OliverGoldsmith Works 1762TheVicarofWakefield 威克菲爾德牧師傳 TheCitizensoftheWorld 世界公民 1764TheTraveller 旅行者 1768Thegood naturedMan 善性之人 1770TheDesertedVillage 荒村 1773SheStoopstoConquer 屈身求愛(ài) Thankyouheartily