喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 包含有CAD圖紙和三維建模及說明書,咨詢Q401339828 摘 要 本論文根據(jù)對齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器的研究以及資料的查閱，著重闡述了齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器類型選擇，不同類型齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器的優(yōu)缺點和各種類型齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器應用狀況。 根據(jù)原有數(shù)據(jù)計算轉(zhuǎn)向系的傳動比，并確定齒輪齒條的幾何參數(shù)。 齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器總體設計，受力分析，及對齒輪齒條的疲勞強度校核、齒根彎曲疲勞強度校核。修正齒輪 齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器中不合理的數(shù)據(jù)。通過對齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器的設計，選取出相關的零件如螺釘、軸承等，并在說明書中畫出相關零件的零件圖。通過說明書并畫出齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器的零件圖。 本題目為設計類實際課題，來源于華晨寶馬齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器的設計過程。我國生產(chǎn)的寶馬車齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器從仿制開始起步，近期產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量較早期有所提高。但受國產(chǎn)配套件質(zhì)量及設計水平等的影響，我國目前生產(chǎn)的寶馬車的總體水平，與進口產(chǎn)品及港口用戶的要求仍有較大差距，齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器的生產(chǎn)也是如此，為滿足市場需求，特開發(fā)華晨寶馬齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器。通過對華晨寶馬齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器的設計，能培養(yǎng)學生綜合運用所學的基本理論、基本知識解決問題的能力，培養(yǎng)學生英語閱讀和翻譯能力，學習專用汽車設計經(jīng)驗，掌握汽車設計基本方法。 關鍵詞：齒輪齒條；轉(zhuǎn)向器；基本理論；汽車設計 Abstract With development of all kind of science technology and global economy, Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety. Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure,atcompressedneceengththdirectionprocedurework.The?inverted?pendulum?is?a?typical?high?order?system,?with?multi?variable,?non-linear,? strong-coupling,?fleet?and?absolutely?instable.?It?is?representative?as?an?ideal?model?to?prove?new?control?theory?and?techniques.?During?the?control?process,?pendulum?can?effectively?reflect?many?key?problems?such?as?equanimity,?robust,?follow-up?and?track,?therefore.This?paper?studies?a?control?method?of?double?inverted?pendulum?.?First?of?all,?the?mathematical?model?of?the?double?inverted?pendulum?is?established,?then?make?a?control?design?to?double?inverted?pendulum?on?the?mathematical?model,?and?determine?the?system?performance?index?weightmatrix?,??by?using?genetic?algorithm?in?order?to?attain?the?system?state?feedback?control?matrix.?Finally,?the?simulation?of?the?system?is?made?by?.?After?several?test?matrix?value?the?results?are?not?satisfactory?response,?then?we?optimize?matrix?by?using?Genetic?Algorithm.?Simulation?results?show:?The?system?response?can?meet?the?design?requirements?effectively?after?Genetic?Algorithm?optimization.?Small twisted paper broken machine for ordinary home, not only can be used for minced meat, can also be used with crushed peanuts, crushed ice, spices and otherfood, small power requirements, powered by the motor drive, reasonable structuredesign. Key word: Rack and pinion；steering ; basic throey ; car design 目 錄 摘要 2 Abstract 3 第一章 緒論 4 1.1 課題的來源與研究的目的和意義 5 1.2 汽車轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的發(fā)展趨勢 6 第二章 華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器總體結(jié)構的設計 7 2.1 齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的總體方案圖 8 2.2 齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的轉(zhuǎn)向原理 9 2.3 傳動比的計算 10 2.3.1汽車方向盤（轉(zhuǎn)向盤） 11 2.3.2轉(zhuǎn)向阻力矩 11 2.3.3角傳動比與力傳動比 12 2.4 齒輪設計 12 2.4.1 齒輪參數(shù)的選擇 12 2.4.2齒輪幾何尺寸確定 12 2.4.3齒根彎曲疲勞強度計算 12 2.4.4齒輪精度等級、材料及參數(shù)的選擇 12 2.4.5齒輪的齒根彎曲強度設計 12 2.5齒條的設計 12 2.6齒輪軸的設計 12 第三章 各主要零部件強度的校核 15 3.1軸承強度的校核與計算 16 3.2傳動軸強度的校核計算 17 第四章 齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器中主要零件的三維建模 20 4.1方向盤的三維建模 22 4.2轉(zhuǎn)向軸的三維建模 22 4.3動力缸體的三維建模 23 4.4齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的三維建模 24 第五章 三維軟件設計總結(jié) 24 結(jié)論 25 致謝 26 參考文獻 27 第一章緒論 1.1課題的來源與研究的目的和意義 機械工業(yè)是國民的裝備部，是為國民經(jīng)濟提供裝備和為人民生活提供耐用消費品的產(chǎn)業(yè)。不論是傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，還是新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，都離不開各種各樣的機械裝備，機械工業(yè)所提供裝備的性能、質(zhì)量和成本，對國民經(jīng)濟各部門技術進步和經(jīng)濟效益有很大的和直接的影響。機械工業(yè)的規(guī)模和技術水平是衡量國家經(jīng)濟實力和科學技術水平的重要標志。因此，世界各國都把發(fā)展機械工業(yè)作為發(fā)展本國經(jīng)濟的戰(zhàn)略重點之一。 機械工程的服務領域廣闊而多面，凡是使用機械、工具，以至能源和材料生產(chǎn)的部門，都需要機械工程的服務。概括說來，現(xiàn)代機械工程有五大服務領域：研制和提供能量轉(zhuǎn)換機械、研制和提供用以生產(chǎn)各種產(chǎn)品的機械、研制和提供從事各種服務的機械、研制和提供家庭和個人生活中應用的機械、研制和提供各種機械武器。 ? 不論服務于哪一領域，機械工程的工作內(nèi)容基本相同，主要有：建立和發(fā)展機械工程的工程理論基礎。例如，研究力和運動的工程力學和流體力學；研究金屬和非金屬材料的性能，及其應用的工程材料學；研究熱能的產(chǎn)生、傳導和轉(zhuǎn)換的熱力學；研究各類有獨立功能的機械元件的工作原理、結(jié)構、設計和計算的機械原理和機械零件學；研究金屬和非金屬的成形和切削加工的金屬工藝學和非金屬工藝學等等。 研究、設計和發(fā)展新的機械產(chǎn)品，不斷改進現(xiàn)有機械產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)新一代機械產(chǎn)品，以適應當前和將來的需要。機械產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，包括：生產(chǎn)設施的規(guī)劃和實現(xiàn)；生產(chǎn)計劃的制訂和生產(chǎn)調(diào)度；編制和貫徹制造工藝；設計和制造工具、模具；確定勞動定額和材料定額；組織加工、裝配、試車和包裝發(fā)運；對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量進行有效的控制。機械制造企業(yè)的經(jīng)營和管理。機械一般是由許多各有獨特的成形、加工過程的精密零件組裝而成的復雜的制品。生產(chǎn)批量有單件和小批，也有中批、大批，直至大量生產(chǎn)。銷售對象遍及全部產(chǎn)業(yè)和個人、家庭。而且銷售量在社會經(jīng)濟狀況的影響下，可能出現(xiàn)很大的波動。因此，機械制造企業(yè)的管理和經(jīng)營特別復雜，企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)管理、規(guī)劃和經(jīng)營等的研究也多是肇始于機械工業(yè)。 ? 機械產(chǎn)品的應用。這方面包括選擇、訂購、驗收、安裝、調(diào)整、操作、維護、修理和改造各產(chǎn)業(yè)所使用的機械和成套機械裝備，以保證機械產(chǎn)品在長期使用中的可靠性和經(jīng)濟性。 機械產(chǎn)品的應用。這方面包括選擇、訂購、驗收、安裝、調(diào)整、操作、維護、修理和改造各產(chǎn)業(yè)所使用的機械和成套機械裝備，以保證機械產(chǎn)品在長期使用中的可靠性和經(jīng)濟性。 研究機械產(chǎn)品在制造過程中，尤其是在使用中所產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境污染，和自然資源過度耗費方面的問題，及其處理措施。這是現(xiàn)代機械工程的一項特別重要的任務，而且其重要性與日俱增。機械的種類繁多，可以按幾個不同方面分為各種類別，如：按功能可分為動力機械、物料搬運機械、粉碎機械等；按服務的產(chǎn)業(yè)可分為農(nóng)業(yè)機械、礦山機械、紡織機械等；按工作原理可分為熱力機械、流體機械、仿生機械等。另外，機械在其研究、開發(fā)、設計、制造、運用等過程中都要經(jīng)過幾個工作性質(zhì)不同的階段。按這些不同階段，機械工程又可劃分為互相銜接、互相配合的幾個分支系統(tǒng)，如機械科研、機械設計、機械制造、機械運用和維修等。 這些按不同方面分成的多種分支學科系統(tǒng)互相交叉，互相重疊，從而使機械工程可能分化成上百個分支學科。例如，按功能分的動力機械，它與按工作原理分的熱力機械、流體機械、透平機械、往復機械、蒸汽動力機械、核動力裝置、內(nèi)燃機、燃氣輪機，以及與按行業(yè)分的中心電站設備、工業(yè)動力裝置、鐵路機車、船舶輪機工程、汽車工程等都有復雜的交叉和重疊關系。船用汽輪機是動力機械，也是熱力機械、流體機械和透平機械，它屬于船舶動力裝置、蒸汽動力裝置，可能也屬于核動力裝置等等。 19世紀時，機械工程的知識總量還很有限，在歐洲的大學院校中它一般還與土木工程綜合為一個學科，被稱為民用工程，19世紀下半葉才逐漸成為一個獨立學科。進入20世紀，隨著機械工程技術的發(fā)展和知識總量的增長，機械工程開始分解，陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了專業(yè)化的分支學科。這種分解的趨勢在20世紀中期，即在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束的前后期間達到了最高峰。 由于機械工程的知識總量已擴大到遠非個人所能全部掌握，一定的專業(yè)化是必不可少的。但是過度的專業(yè)化造成知識過分分割，視野狹窄，不能統(tǒng)觀和統(tǒng)籌稍大規(guī)模的工程的全貌和全局，并且縮小技術交流的范圍，阻礙新技術的出現(xiàn)和技術整體的進步，對外界條件變化的適應能力很差。封閉性專業(yè)的專家們掌握的知識過狹，考慮問題過專，在協(xié)同工作時配合協(xié)調(diào)困難，也不利于繼續(xù)自學提高。因此自20世紀中、后期開始，又出現(xiàn)了綜合的趨勢。人們更多地注意了基礎理論，拓寬專業(yè)領域，合并分化過細的專業(yè)。械工程以增加生產(chǎn)、提高勞動生產(chǎn)率、提高生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟性為目標來研制和發(fā)展新的機械產(chǎn)品。在未來的時代，新產(chǎn)品的研制將以降低資源消耗，發(fā)展?jié)崈舻脑偕茉?，治理、減輕以至消除環(huán)境污染作為超經(jīng)濟的目標任務。 機械可以完成人用雙手和雙目，以及雙足、雙耳直接完成和不能直接完成的工作，而且完成得更快、更好。現(xiàn)代機械工程創(chuàng)造出越來越精巧和越來越復雜的機械和機械裝置，使過去的許多幻想成為現(xiàn)實。人類現(xiàn)在已能上游天空和宇宙，下潛大洋深層，遠窺百億光年，近察細胞和分子。新興的電子計算機硬、軟件科學使人類開始有了加強，并部分代替人腦的科技手段，這就是人工智能。這一新的發(fā)展已經(jīng)顯示出巨大的影響，而在未來年代它還將不斷地創(chuàng)造出人們無法想象的奇跡。人類智慧的增長并不減少雙手的作用，相反地卻要求手作更多、更精巧、更復雜的工作，從而更促進手的功能。手的實踐反過來又促進人腦的智慧。在人類的整個進化過程中，以及在每個人的成長過程中，腦與手是互相促進和平行進化的。 人工智能與機械工程之間的關系近似于腦與手之間的關系，其區(qū)別僅在于人工智能的硬件還需要利用機械制造出來。過去，各種機械離不開人的操作和控制，其反應速度和操作精度受到進化很慢的人腦和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的限制，人工智能將會消除了這個限制。計算機科學與機械工程之間的互相促進，平行前進，將使機械工程在更高的層次上開始新的一輪大發(fā)展。 19世紀時，機械工程的知識總量還很有限，在歐洲的大學院校中它一般還與土木工程綜合為一個學科，被稱為民用工程，19世紀下半葉才逐漸成為一個獨立學科。進入20世紀，隨著機械工程技術的發(fā)展和知識總量的增長，機械工程開始分解，陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了專業(yè)化的分支學科。這種分解的趨勢在20世紀中期，即在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束的前后期間達到了最高峰。 由于機械工程的知識總量已擴大到遠非個人所能全部掌握，一定的專業(yè)化是必不可少的。但是過度的專業(yè)化造成知識過分分割，視野狹窄，不能統(tǒng)觀和統(tǒng)籌稍大規(guī)模的工程的全貌和全局，并且縮小技術交流的范圍，阻礙新技術的出現(xiàn)和技術整體的進步，對外界條件變化的適應能力很差。封閉性專業(yè)的專家們掌握的知識過狹，考慮問題過專，在協(xié)同工作時配合協(xié)調(diào)困難，也不利于繼續(xù)自學提高。因此自20世紀中、后期開始，又出現(xiàn)了綜合的趨勢。人們更多地注意了基礎理論，拓寬專業(yè)領域，合并分化過細的專業(yè)。 綜合-專業(yè)分化-再綜合的反復循環(huán)，是知識發(fā)展的合理的和必經(jīng)的過程。不同專業(yè)的專家們各具有精湛的專業(yè)知識，又具有足夠的綜合知識來認識、理解其他學科的問題和工程整體的面貌，才能形成互相協(xié)同工作的有力集體。 綜合與專業(yè)是多層次的。在機械工程內(nèi)部有綜合與專業(yè)的矛盾；在全面的工程技術中也同樣有綜合和專業(yè)問題。在人類的全部知識中，包括社會科學、自然科學和工程技術，也有處于更高一層、更宏觀的綜合與專業(yè)問題。 1.2 汽車轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的發(fā)展趨勢 現(xiàn)代汽車轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的使用動態(tài) 隨著汽車工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展， 轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的結(jié)構也有很大變化。汽車轉(zhuǎn)向器的結(jié)構很多，從目前使用的普遍程度來看，主要的轉(zhuǎn)向器類型有4 種：有蝸桿銷式(WP 型)、蝸桿滾 輪式(WR 型)、循環(huán)球式(BS 型)、齒條齒輪式(BP 型)。這四種轉(zhuǎn)向器型式，已經(jīng)被廣泛 使用在汽車上。當今社會，隨著機械工業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展，各行各業(yè)的機械設備也在不斷地更新，不斷地完善，寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器同樣在發(fā)展著，傳統(tǒng)的目前市面上的齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器大多都是采用傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)構，在某些特定的區(qū)域，這種結(jié)構形式的齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器非常不受歡迎。由于以往的齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器采用傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)構形式，這樣就造成傳動精度不好控制，保養(yǎng)維護費用較高;同時存在一定的安全隱患。因此，對整機的安全性要求較高，操作時也會給工作人員帶來強烈的震動，使得操作很不舒服。雖然傳統(tǒng)的齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器傳動效率較高，變速效果較好，但是價格也較昂貴，對于一般的用戶難以接受。所以研究一種新式的齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器勢在必行！ 第二章 華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器總體結(jié)構的設計 2.1 齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的總體方案圖 本次設計的齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器采取的方案是：司機通過轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤，從而使轉(zhuǎn)向軸轉(zhuǎn)動，與轉(zhuǎn)向軸聯(lián)動的齒輪就開始轉(zhuǎn)動，從而帶動與轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪嚙合的齒條實現(xiàn)平行往返位移，而動力缸體兩端都有與車輪連接在一起的拉桿，這樣就能夠起到控制輪子左右轉(zhuǎn)動的作用，就起到了轉(zhuǎn)向的目的。其具體方案布局圖如下： 2.2 齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的工作原理 齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的工作原理為：通過轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤，從而使轉(zhuǎn)向軸轉(zhuǎn)動，與轉(zhuǎn)向軸聯(lián)動的齒輪就開始轉(zhuǎn)動，從而帶動與轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪嚙合的齒條實現(xiàn)平行往返位移，而動力缸體兩端都有與車輪連接在一起的拉桿，這樣就能夠起到控制輪子左右轉(zhuǎn)動的作用，就起到了轉(zhuǎn)向的目的。 2.3 傳動比的計算 2.3.1汽車方向盤 轉(zhuǎn)向盤的直徑 Dsw 有一系列尺寸。選用大的直徑尺寸時，會使駕駛員進出駕駛室感到困難。若選用小的直徑尺寸，轉(zhuǎn)向時，駕駛員要施加較大的力量，從而使汽車難于操縱，據(jù)原始數(shù)據(jù)，參見手冊取 Dsw＝400 mm 則由作用方向盤上的力矩得作用在方向盤上的力 Fh=Mh=25Nm; MhRsw=2.5×104200=125N; 2.3.2 轉(zhuǎn)向阻力矩f=Mr式中： f --滑動摩擦系數(shù)，一般?。?７; Ｐ--輪胎氣壓; G1---前軸載荷; 則Mr=f=328.8Nm ; 2.3.3 角傳動比與力傳動比 轉(zhuǎn)向系的傳動比由轉(zhuǎn)向系的角傳動比iwo和轉(zhuǎn)向系的力傳動比ip組成。從輪胎接觸地面中心作用在兩個轉(zhuǎn)向輪上的合力２ Fw 與作用在方向盤上的手力Ｆh 之比稱為力傳動比ip 。方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)角和駕駛員同側(cè)的轉(zhuǎn)向輪轉(zhuǎn)角之比稱為轉(zhuǎn)向系角傳動比 i wo 。它又由轉(zhuǎn)向器傳動比 i w 轉(zhuǎn)向傳動裝置角傳動比 i 'w 所組成。力傳動比與轉(zhuǎn)向系角傳動比的關系ip=2 Fw Fh而ＦW和作用在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上的轉(zhuǎn)向阻力矩Ｍr有以下關系 Ｆw＝Mr a作用在方向盤上的手力Ｆ h 可由下式表示 Ｆh＝Mh Rsw; 側(cè)ip=2MrRswMha,若忽略磨擦損失側(cè)2Mr=ψXiwo; 由式可知,力傳動比與 Rswa和iwo有關，a 愈小，i p 愈大，轉(zhuǎn)向愈輕便。 由以上過程可計算出結(jié)果如下：iwo=2XMr; １） 角傳動比 Mh=2×328.8=657.6; ２） 力傳動比ip = iwo×Rswa式中a=1;B=0.5×175 = 87.5 mm 則ip=iwo×RswaX87.5=43.5; 2.4 齒輪的設計 2.4.1 齒輪參數(shù)的選擇 齒輪模數(shù)值取值為 m=1 ，主動齒輪齒數(shù)為 z=23，壓力角取α=20°，齒輪螺旋角為β= 12 °，齒條齒數(shù)應根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)向輪達到的值來確定。齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速n=10r/min，齒輪 傳動力矩２５Ｎm ，轉(zhuǎn)向器每天工作８小時，使用期限不低于５年，主動小齒輪選用40Cr,材料制造并經(jīng)滲碳淬火，而齒條常采用40Cr鋼或 41Cr4 制造并經(jīng)高頻淬火，表面硬度均應在 56HRC 以上。為減輕質(zhì)量，采用40Cr鋼制作。 2.4.2齒輪幾何尺寸確定 法向齒厚為h=ha+hf=4.25+1.375=5.625mm 分度圓直徑d =mz/cosβ= 1×23=23mm； da =d+2ha=15.337+9.5=24.837mm； df=d-2hf=15.337-2.475 =22.587 mm； db=dcosα=15.337×cos 20=14.412mm； 分度圓直徑與齒條運動速度的關系 齒距 p=πm=3.14×2.5=7.85mm; 根據(jù)d=60000v/πn1；則v=0.001m/s； 齒輪中心到齒條基準線距離H=d/2+xm=11.5mm 2.4.3齒根彎曲疲勞強度計算 （1）接觸應力的計算 由文獻[4]表可知，齒面接觸應力計算公式，即 （3.28） 確定公式內(nèi)的各計算數(shù)值 ① 計算載荷系數(shù) 電動機驅(qū)動，載荷平穩(wěn)，由文獻[4]表可知，取 平均分度圓直徑 mm 平均分度圓圓周速度 m/s 由文獻[4] 圖（a）可知，按，得； 由文獻[4] 圖（b）可知，按，齒輪懸臂布置，； 由文獻[4]表可知，； ② 由文獻[1]表可知，彈性系數(shù)； ③ 節(jié)點區(qū)域系數(shù) 計算得， MPa （1） 接觸疲勞強度的許用應力 由文獻[4] 表可知，許用接觸應力計算公式，即 （3.29） 確定公式內(nèi)的各計算數(shù)值 ①小齒輪的接觸疲勞強度極限MPa ②最小安全系數(shù) ③由文獻[1，10-13]可知，計算應力循環(huán)系數(shù) 由文獻[1] 圖10-19可知，查得接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù) ， ④尺寸系數(shù) ⑤工作硬化系數(shù)，按 ⑥潤滑油膜影響系數(shù)， 計算得， MPa （3）由于MPaMPa，故安全。 （1）齒根應力的計算 由文獻[4]表可知，彎曲應力計算公式，即 （3.30） 確定公式內(nèi)的各計算數(shù)值 ① 由文獻[1]表可知， ， ② 由文獻[1]表可知， ， 計算得，MPa （2）彎曲強度的齒根許用應力 由文獻[4]表可知，齒根許用應力計算公式，即 （3.31） 確定公式內(nèi)的各計算數(shù)值 ①彎曲疲勞極限MPa ③ 齒輪的應力修正系數(shù) ④ 彎曲強度的最小安全系數(shù) ⑤ 彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù) ， ④彎曲疲勞的尺寸系數(shù) 計算得， （3） 由于MPaMpa，故安全。 2.4.4齒輪精度等級、材料及參數(shù)的選擇 齒輪共有13個精度等級，用數(shù)字0～12由低到高的順序排列，0級最高，12級最低。齒輪精度等級的選擇，應根據(jù)傳動的用途、使用條件、傳動功率、圓周速度、性能指標或其他技術要求來確定。表13給出了不同機械傳動中齒輪采用的精度等級。表14推薦了5～9級精度齒輪所采用的切齒方法和使用范圍等。具體不同機械傳動中齒輪采用的精度等級如下圖所示： 2.5 齒條的設計 根據(jù)齒輪齒條的嚙合特點: (1) 齒輪的分度圓永遠與其節(jié)圓相重合,而齒條的中線只有當標準齒輪正確安裝時才與其節(jié)圓相重合. (2) 齒輪與齒條的嚙合角永遠等于壓力角。 因此,齒條模數(shù) m=1,壓力角α=20 齒條斷面形狀選取圓形， 選取齒數(shù) z＝23螺旋角β= 8齒厚mt= m / cos β = 2.5 / cos 8 = 2.5253mm； αt=tanα/cosβ=tan20/cos8=0.367； Pn =πmn = 3.14 × 2.5 = 7.85mm Pt = πmt = 3.14 × 2.5253 = 7.929mm； han=1 X C n = 0.25 ? ha = m n han + χ n = 3 ×(1 + 0.7) = 4.25mm； hf=mn(han+cnχ n ) = 2.5 × (1 + 0.25 ? 0.7) = 1.375mm； h=ha+hf=4.25+1.375=5.625mm; 2.6 齒輪軸的設計 由于齒輪的基圓直徑db=23，數(shù)值較小，若齒輪與軸之間采用鍵連接必將對軸 和齒輪的強度大大降低，因此，將其設計為齒輪軸。由于主動小齒輪選用45#材料制造并經(jīng)滲碳淬火，因此軸的材料也選用40Cr,材料制造并經(jīng)滲碳淬火。 查表得：40Cr材料的硬度為６０ＨＲＣ，抗拉強度極限 [σB]=1100 MPa ，屈服極限[σS ]=850MPa ，彎曲疲勞極限 [σT]=525MPa ,剪切疲勞極限 [τ1 ] = 300 MPa ，轉(zhuǎn)速 n=10r/min 忽略磨損，根據(jù)能量守衡，作用在齒輪齒條上的阻力矩為 M r = 328.8 N m ,作用在齒輪上的軸向力為F=Mr328.8 sin 20 = sin 20 = 12.23 N ，作用在齒輪上的切向力為F=彎曲疲勞強度校核Mr 328.8 cos 20 = cos 20 = 33.77 Nr 9.15σ1 ＝Ｆ／ πr 2 ＝ 33.77 /3.14 × 5 2 = 0.43 MPa< 525MPa。 剪切疲勞強度校核τ1=F/ πr2 = 33.77/3.14 ×42 = 0.672MPa ＜３００ＭＰa 抗拉強度校核 滿載時的阻力矩為 Mr=328.8Nm， 齒輪軸的最小直徑為d=８mm，在此截面上的軸向抗拉強度為σB＝Ｆ／πr2 =1 1.55/3.14142=0.229MPa<1100Mpa本設計選擇齒輪軸直徑 D=40。 第三章 各主要零部件強度的校核 3.1滾動軸承的選擇 滾動軸承為深溝球軸承6205，由文獻[2]表得KN，KN，，。 （2）壽命驗算 軸承所受支反力合力 N （3.1） 對于雙列圓錐滾子軸承，派生軸向力互相抵消。 ，N 由文獻[2]表得， ， N （3.2） 按軸承B的受力大小驗算 h （3.3） h=年 由于齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的運轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn)，必須選擇較大壽命的軸承，軸承能達到所計算的壽命。 經(jīng)審核后，此軸承合格。 3.2傳動軸強度的校核計算 根據(jù)以上工況可知： 力： 徑向力： 求垂直面的支反力 計算垂直彎矩： 求水平面的支承力： 計算、繪制水平面彎矩圖： 求危險截面當量彎矩： 從圖可見，m-m,n-n處截面最危險，其當量彎矩為：（取折合系數(shù)） 計算危險截面處軸的直徑： n-n截面: m-m截面: 由于，所以該軸是安全的。 第四章 齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器中主要零件的三維建模 4.1方向盤的三維建模 4.2轉(zhuǎn)向軸的三維建模 4.3動力缸體的三維建模 4.4齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的三維建模 第五章三維軟件設計總結(jié) 通過此次設計，又一次提升了運用三維軟件的水平，并吸收了不少經(jīng)驗，總結(jié)為一下幾點。 有零件圖紙作圖與空想設計作圖不同，零件尺寸已經(jīng)給出，作圖時先不考慮尺寸是否真的合適，根據(jù)尺寸作出零件的三維圖，但到裝配時必須要考慮尺寸是否合適，由于AutoCAD圖紙效果不好，導致尺寸會有出錯，甚至有出現(xiàn)欠定義尺寸，所以，此時必須通過配合后在衡量尺寸，再進行修改，直到滿足配合要求。 工具集的確方便了作圖，通過選擇零件類型，輸入數(shù)據(jù)，就能生成出標準零件，但有時需要用到的零件在工具集上也未必能找到，所以此時要隨機應變，運用其他零件代替并通過修改或添加零件使其滿足要求。 作三維圖時要靈活變通，解決問題的方法總比問題多，當一種方法不能正常作圖時，試試另一種方法，這不但能完成零件制作，同時也可以培養(yǎng)出更好的作圖思路，和打破規(guī)矩的新想法。 規(guī)則的零件，要學會使用一些能夠節(jié)省時間的命令，如鏡向，陣列等，“能省則省”。 關于裝配，曾經(jīng)帶給我很大的阻礙，花了很多時間才弄清原因所在。在一可活動子裝配體上，即使活動范圍會產(chǎn)生干涉，也不能對其設定活動范圍，如高級配合里的距離范圍，和角度范圍，即使在該活動范圍并不影響父配體，也不可設定。因為一旦設定范圍后，在父裝配體上會將子裝配體視為完全定義的模型，這樣會對子裝配體之間的配合產(chǎn)生矛盾，將不能完成裝配。 看懂圖是作圖的首要任務，看圖就是了解零件的工具，沒有工具則無法制出零件，所以畫圖不能急于下筆，想透了零件的結(jié)構，想透圖中的虛實線，這才是高效作圖的重中之重。進行零件建模前，一般應進行深入的特征分析，搞清零件是由那幾個特征組成，明確各個特征的形狀，他們之間的相對位置和表面連接關系，然后按照特征的主次關系，按一定的順序進行建模。一個復雜的零件，可能是許多個簡單特征經(jīng)過相互之間的疊加、切除或相交組成。所以零件建模時，特征的生成順序十分重要，不同的建模過程雖然可以構造出同樣的實體零件，但其造型過程及實體的構型結(jié)構卻直接影響到實體模型的穩(wěn)定性、可修改性、可理解性及實體模型的應用。 尤其在二維圖紙上，我們能看到的只是零件的平面圖，而內(nèi)部特征則以虛線給予表示，另外還有零件的相貫線，這表示了各個特征相交時出現(xiàn)線段。在零件的草圖繪制過程中，必須要選好第一個草繪平面，這很關鍵，這個平面決定了往后建模的所用到的命令，簡單的說，一個圓柱可以作一個圓形然后拉伸，也可以作一個長方體旋轉(zhuǎn)，雖然他們的結(jié)果都一樣，但所用的草繪平面和命令就截然不同。如果我們要的是一條軸，那我們就應該選擇第二種方法為好了。由于此設計的零件都是比較規(guī)則的零件，所用到的命令大部分是拉伸命令和旋轉(zhuǎn)命令，而且很多零件都是擁有對稱關系，所以為了節(jié)省時間，提高效率，經(jīng)常會用到鏡向特征命令。 一張完整的工程圖應具備以下4方面的內(nèi)容。 一組視圖：用一組視圖（其中包括視圖、剖視圖、斷面圖、局部放大圖）正確、完整、清晰地表達零件各部分的結(jié)構形狀。 尺寸：確定零件各部分形狀的大小和位置 技術要求：表明零件在制造和檢驗是應達到的一些要求，如表面粗糙度、尺寸公差、形位公差、材料熱處理方式和指標等。 標題欄：注明零件名稱、材料、數(shù)量、圖樣比例以及圖號等內(nèi)容。 單擊【新建文件】圖標，系統(tǒng)顯示新建SolidWorks文件對話框，雙擊該對話框中得裝配體選項，即可進入裝配體工作模式。 調(diào)入第一個零件模型并放置在裝配體的原點處，即零件原點與裝配體原點重合。 調(diào)入一個與第一個零件模型有裝配關系的零件模型。分析兩個零件之間的裝配約束關系，然后選取相應的約束選項進行零件操作。 調(diào)入其他與已裝配零件有裝配關系的零件模型并進行裝配。 全部零件裝配完畢后，將裝配體模型存盤。 結(jié) 論 在最近的一段時間的畢業(yè)設計，使我們充分把握的設計方法和步驟，不僅復習所學的知識，而且還獲得新的經(jīng)驗與啟示，在各種軟件的使用找到的資料或圖紙設計，會遇到不清楚的作業(yè)，老師和學生都能給予及時的指導，確保設計進度本文所設計的是華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的設計，通過初期的定稿，查資料和開始正式做畢設，讓我系統(tǒng)地了解到了所學知識的重要性，從而讓我更加深刻地體會到做一門學問不易，需要不斷鉆研，不斷進取才可要做的好，總之，本設計完成了老師和同學的幫助下，在大學研究的最后，感謝幫助過我的老師和同學，是大家的幫助才使我的論文得以通過。 參考文獻 [1]張福學編著.齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器技術及其應用.北京：電子工業(yè)出版社，2000。 [2]何發(fā)昌著，邵遠編著.齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的原理及應用.北京：高等教育出版社，1996。 [3]宋學義著. 齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器速查手冊. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1995.3。 [4]陳奎生著. 氣與氣壓傳動. 武漢：武漢理工大學出版社，2008.5。 [5]SMC（中國）有限公司. 華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器實用氣動技術. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2003.10 [6]徐文燦著. 華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器系統(tǒng)設計. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1995。 [7]曾孔庚.小型料齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的發(fā)展趨勢. 機器人技術與應用論壇。 [8]壽慶豐 機械設計1999年第3期，第3卷。 [9]高微,楊中平,趙榮飛等.華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器臂結(jié)構優(yōu)化設計. 機械設計與制造2006.1。 [10] 黃長藝，嚴普強.機械工程測試技術基礎. 機械工業(yè)出版社，2001.1. [11] 張桓，陳作模.機械原理.高等教育出版社，2000.8. [12]孫兵,趙斌,施永輝.華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的研制. 中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫。 [13]馬光,申桂英.工業(yè)機器人的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢. 中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫2002年。 [14]李如松.華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的應用現(xiàn)狀與展望. 中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫1994年第4期。 [15]李明.單臂回轉(zhuǎn)式華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器設計.制造技術與機床2005年第7期。 [16]李杜莉，武洪恩，劉志海.華晨寶馬齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器的運動學分析. 煤礦機械2007年2月[17]成大先主編.機械設計手冊（第三版）.北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，1994。 [17]Hirohiko Arai, Kazuo Tanie, and Susumu Tachi. Dynamic Control of a Manipulator with Passive Joints in Operational Space. 致 謝 在論文完成之際，我首先向我的導師致以衷心的感謝和崇高的敬意！在這期間，導師在學業(yè)上嚴格要求，精心指導，在生活上給了我無微不至的關懷，給了我人生的啟迪，使我在順利的完成學業(yè)階段的學業(yè)的同時，也學到了很多做人的道理，明確了人生目標。導師嚴謹?shù)闹螌W態(tài)度，淵博的學識，實事求是的作風，平易近人、寬以待人和豁達的胸懷，深深感染著我，使我深受啟發(fā)，必將終生受益。 經(jīng)過近半年努力的設計與計算，論文終于可以完成了，我的心里無比的激動。雖然它不是最完美的，也不是最好的，但是在我心里，它是我最珍惜的，因為它是我用心、用汗水成就的，也是我在大學四年來對所學知識的應用和體現(xiàn)。 四年的學習和生活，不僅豐富了我的知識，而且鍛煉了我的能力，更重要的是從周圍的老師和同學們身上潛移默化的學到了許多。在此，向他們表示深深的謝意與美好的祝愿。 Discussion and research to the mechanical design theory and brilliance BMW gear rack The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product. Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project BMW software design and knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether convenient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain? Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal. Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Along with change with each passing day of science and technology, the high-speed tool machine of gears gets the favor of the molding tool manufactories increasingly, the high speed slice the essence for pare be the knife have of run about of length walk in the in a short time over, because of the good characteristic of its oneself, can with significantly the exaltation process the efficiency, thus can lower the production cost. he high-speed gears process the turn of center and can amount to the 40000 r/ min soon, the local usage is more currently, sex price has the German DMG production the high-speed machine more and goodly. But the usage of the high-speed machine exists a lot of problems currently, first is to weave the distance, a lot of plaits distance the personnel usually feel vacant to frighten into inaction in the high-speed machine in front, don't know how adopt to slice to pare the dosage, currently the gears plait distance of most molding tool factories the personnel are all in the factory to grow up with teacher from the apprentice of, they usually have abundant fulfillment experience, but be in need of the theories leading of the system, is experience and fillings towards slicing the understanding of pare the dosage, usually with what to borrow, but these experiences and felling are in the low speed gears tool machine backlog. So, faced the high-speed machine hour to can not find to fragment . Still need to consider the material and degree of hardness's of process the work pieces the next in order, the material is harder, slicing to pare the dosage to correspond to take the small value. Is also very important with the function that the knife have, because the knife that you choose has to decide you can use of turn soon, come to a decision it is commonness that tool machine process still process the high speed process. So, only chose to use the high-speed knife, then can give a homologous high speed, carry on high speed's process. And a parameter of knife of different company also is a vast difference between the two, so the plait distance personnel needs to process related technique data that knife have. Compared with the common low speed gears tool machine, is certain because of the power of the tool machine, the principal axis become soon and more quick, it can bear of slice and pare dint will more small, at a high speed When the machine process, eat the amount of knife and correspond and want to be small. Only have, process tool machine, knife material, process the property etc. the knot puts together and then can grope for slice to pare the dosage the best, producing the best production efficiency. Aim at this kind of circumstance, can adopt the following after weigh of process the craft. This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer auger This paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Because the country is in keeping with currently heavy slice to pare the tool machine a lot of, process the fee also cheap, the knife have also cheap. But the general work piece process to have great capacity, the accuracy request is not high. Owing to this kind of circumstance, can use to imitate the form Miller or numbers to control the Miller to slice the big part to pare the quantity to complete( heavy slice to pare), leave the 2-3 mms to process the amount of remaining, slice the surplus to pare the quantity on board complete quickly in the high-speed gears carvings. Turn into the high speed after slice pare because process the object to have already near to take shape, so the first knife slices to pare the quantity very even, the knife that can adopt to import have, the knife have although expensive, process time short, slice to pare the quantity not big, so the function price ratio is very good. For the small scaled molding tool, process the amount of remaining not big, then can process the mission all to all carve in the gears computer on board complete. We made use of the gears computer the carvings machine that my school by oneself design to carry on the trial well, because of carvings the principal axis of the machine turns to be up to the 40000 r/min soon, can carry on high speed's process availably. Used for a capacity inside the model or convex molds that the high speed processes the complicated molding tool, can adopt the diameter to used for a nose of a blade knife( allow the line speed 380 ms/ min) of the 8-10 mms thick process, use the 6-8 mms of a blade ball knife nicety process. For example, the high speed processes a molding tool of small scaled cellular phone, that spare parts contain many keys and a capacity inside the model of the screen, is a typical model spare parts of much more complicated curved face, the material of the molding tool is the T10 tool steel, the knife have for German tile especially the company takes to draw the layer of R3 double blade ball head knife, the knife has the line speed 200 ms/ min, the principal axis turn soon 1.1-20,000 r/ min, the knife has to eat the knife depth 0.5-0.8 mms, entering to th