墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析【含9張cad圖紙+文檔全套資料】
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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書(shū)
1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題的任務(wù)和要求:
設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)為了解墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析的結(jié)構(gòu),要求完成墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,并對(duì)關(guān)鍵件進(jìn)行三維建模,分析其關(guān)鍵零部件的力學(xué)性能。
2.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題的具體工作內(nèi)容(包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等):
1 掌握三維設(shè)計(jì)軟件及分析軟件的使用技術(shù);
2根據(jù)相關(guān)參數(shù),熟悉墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算;
3根據(jù)相應(yīng)計(jì)算結(jié)果對(duì)墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)進(jìn)行三維建模,繪出(或打印出)部分相關(guān)工程圖;
4 對(duì)所建模型進(jìn)行分析;
5 撰寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū):
(1)設(shè)計(jì)合理,語(yǔ)句通順,格式規(guī)范,圖表正確,表述清晰;
(2)打印成冊(cè)。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書(shū)
3.對(duì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題成果的要求〔包括畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、圖紙、實(shí)物樣品等):
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2016 年 2月 29日
Thus facings of rockfill and blast-formed dams of rock covered with poured asphalt are simple, are easily programmed with respect to properties and design, and are easily made by commercial equipment, which opens broad opportunities for their use. LITERATURE CITED i. S.N. Popchenko, Yu. N. Kasatkin, and G. V. Borisov, Asphaltic Concrete Facings of HYdraulic Structures in Russian, Energiya, Leningrad (1970). 2. I.V. Korolev, Ways to Save Bitumen in Road Construction in Russian, Transport, Moscow (1986). 3. Recommendations on the Design of Reversed Filters of Hydraulic Structures: II-92-80/ VNIIG in Russian, Leningrad (1984). 4. Yu. N. Kasatkin, Design of the composition of transition layers of asphalt concrete diaphragms in earth dams, Gidrotekh. Stroit., No. 6 (1981). 5. V.F. Van Asbek, Use of Bitumens in Hydrotechnical Construction in Russian, Energiya, Leningrad (1975). DESIGN OF CRANES FOR OPERATING GATES I. Kh. Kaplan As is known, when lifting a gate its wedging in the guideways of the groove is possible, as a result of which both overloading of the hoisting device and transmission of an increased pulling force from the hoisting device to the gate, trash rack, grab, etc., being raised oc- cur. During lowering of the gate its jamming in the guideways of the groove is possible. In this case, the hoisting device continues to operate and unwinds the cable from the drum, i.e. slackening and sagging of the cable occur. After this a sudden spontaneous movement (drop) of the gate occurs and a dynamic load (jerk) considerably exceeding the design load often Occurs. To limit overloading of the crane during lifting and to limit slackening of the cables during lowering of a gate, load relays are installed on cranes, which should provide during lifting an overload of not more than 25% of the rated load and during lowering should provide a maximum slackening of the cables equal to the tension in the cable from half of the mass of the suspension. At the same time, one and the same crane can operate different gates or racks. In this case, different pulling forces are required for raising each of the gates or racks. In the case of wedging of the gate or rack in the grooves, the rated pulling force of the crane plus 25% of the overload is transmitted to the restrained load (gate, rack, etc.). As a result of the large difference in the required pulling forces for operating different gates, the pulling force of the crane in the event of wedging of a restrained load can damage or destroy it. Often in such cases there are different hoisting mechanisms on the crane carriage for different restrained loads, which leads to an increase of the overall dimensions both of the crane carriage and of the crane itself. It is clear from the aforesaid that a crane and the restrained load which it operates are a single system and a device performing functions of protection both of the crane and of the restrained load under various necessary pulling forces is needed for such systems. In order not to install additional mechanisms of different capacity on the crane, it was nec- essary to create a special device which could change (or assign) the required nominal capacity of the crane and protect the crane and restrained load from overload and slackening of the cables for various capacities. Furthermore, there has long been the need to replace the un- reliably operating spring and eccentric type load limiters. The Moscow Special Design Department for Steel Hydraulic Structures (Mosgidrostal) de- veloped a device for controlling the hoisting mechanism I for a gantry crane of the water intake and outlets of the Kambarata No. 2 hydroelectric station. The device for controlling Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitelstvo, No. i0, pp. 37-38, October, 1989. 0018-8220/89/2310-0605512.50 ?9 1990 Plenum Publishing Corporation 605 ili II 8 Fig. i. Hydromechanical diagram of the device for controlling the hoisting mechanism: i) hydraulic cylinder; 2) frame of the crane carriage; 3) rod; 4) equalizing tackle block; 5) block and tackle; 6) load-lifting drum; 7) limit switch; 8) pressure relay; 9) choke with check valve; i0) distributor; Ii) supporting valve; 12) manom- eter; 13) safety valve; 14) filter; 15) check valve; 16) electric motor; 17) pump; 18) tank; 19) rule. the hoisting mechanism of the crane is located on the crane carriage, which makes it possible to change (in the given case, toward a decrease) of its capacity from i00 to 30 tons and to protect the crane and restrained load from overloading and slackening of the cables for each capacity, respectively. The developed design of the device for controlling the hoisting mechanism has as the main actuators of hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic apparatus, and electrical apparatus, which make it possible to easily determine the extent of overloading of the crane or the value of slckening of the cables, as well as to hack-up the control system (pressure relays and limit switches). Furthermore, it became possible to select (assign) the capacity of the crane, and it is accomplished by the crane operator directly from the operating cabin. The device (Fig. I) consists of: a hydraulic piston cylinder, on the rod of which is fastened an equalizing tackle block. The hydraulic cylinder is made in the body of a crossbeam installed in rolling contact bearings, which makes it possible to arrange the hydraulic cylinder at the required angle and thereby to eliminate the transmission to the rod of the horizontal forces occurring from tension of the cables at an angle to the equalizing block; an oil-pressure system for delivering the working fluid under pressure to the hydrau- lic cylinder in order to create the necessary force. The oil-pressure system consists of a welded tank, pumping plant with a gear pump submerged in oil, pipelines, panel with hydraulic apparatus, electric heaters heating the system at negative temperatures, thermal relay check- ing the temperature of the oil in the tank; housing with a jacket for heat-insulating and waterproofing the system. The device can be adjusted for a capacity of i00 and 30 tons (other capacities were not required). During raising or lowering of the restrained load (gate, racks), the crane operator sets the switch of the capacity to the position corresponding to a capacity of 30 or 100 tons. The oil-pressure system is turned on and the oil goes to the lower cavity of the hydraulic cylinder under pressure; the piston moves upward, moving the equalizing block with the rule. The rule closes the limit switch. The piston continues to move up to the stop in the cover, the pressure increases in the hydraulic system and operates the pressure relay The load hoisting mechanism is turned on. When an overload occurs on the crane suspension the piston tries to descend, in which case the pressure begins to increase in the lower cavity. As soon as the increase of pressure becomes equivalent to the prescribed overload of the mech- anism, the pressure relay operates and the hoisting mechanism and electric motor of the pump are turned off. During lowering of the restrained load the oil-pressure system is also turned on and the oil goes from the pump into the upper cavity of the hydraulic cylinder. The piston 606 with the equalizing block and rule descend. The rule closes the contacts of the limit switch. The direction of the oil flow changes. The oil begins to enter the lower cavity of the hydraulic cylinder. The pressure in the lower Cavity begins to increase, the pressure relay operates, and the hoisting mechanism is turned on for lowering the load. A rise of the piston does not occur, since the oil under a pressure equivalent to the force on the rod, equal to 0.5 of the mass of the suspension, drains through the supporting valve into the tank. When the load on the rod decreases (owing to the fact that slackening of the cable occurs), the piston begins to rise and the pressure in the system falls. Opening of the contacts of the pressure relay and then of the limit switch occurs. The crane hoisting mechanism and electric motor of the pump are switched off. Heating of the oil in the tank is provided for in the device. At an air temperature below 5 heating of the device is turned on. The electric heaters begin to heat the oil and upon reaching an air temperature of 5 under the housing, heating is turned off. The temperature regime of the oil in the tank is regulated by a thermal relay. To check the performance of the device, Mosgidrostal developed and manufactured a device for controlling the hoisting mechanism. The device is made on the basis of hydraulic and electrical apparatus being produced by industry and in design is anal- ogous to the prototype. Tests confirmed the performance of the device and the results were published for adjusting and regulating the device after its insulation on the crane for the Kambarata No. 2 hydrostation. The technical and economic indices of the device are: the possibility of changing (assigning) the capacity of the hoisting mechanism makes it possible to reduce the number of hoisting mechanisms on the crane, which in turn made it possible to reduce the size and weight of the crane carriage and crane itself; the accuracy of limiting overloading of the crane increases, i.e., overloading of the crane decreases due to using electrical and hydraulic apparatus instead of mechanical compo- nents used in the spring or eccentric type load limiters; operating safety on the crane increases, since the control apparatus is backed up in the device; the possibility of changing the capacity makes it possible to protect the tzash racks, gates, grabs, etc., from damage as a result of wedging. Thus the operating reliabil- ity of the mechanical equipment increases and the probability of failures decreases; if necessary, the device can be made as an independent drive of increased capacity with a small stroke for lifting the gate from the sill and with a reduced load lifting or lowering speed. LITERATURE CITED i. I. Kh. Kaplan, Device for controlling the hoisting mechanism of cranes, Inventors Certificate No. 1428681 in Russian. 607
門(mén)式起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
I. Kh. Kaplan
眾所周知,當(dāng)升降閘門(mén)的楔形槽的導(dǎo)軌是活動(dòng)的,由于這兩超載吊裝設(shè)備和傳輸牽引力的增加,起重設(shè)備閘門(mén)、攔物柵、抓斗等。
在門(mén)槽的導(dǎo)軌干擾降低是可能的。在這種情況下,吊裝設(shè)備繼續(xù)運(yùn)行,然后從吊索,即松弛下垂的電纜發(fā)生突然的自發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng)后(下降)的門(mén)時(shí),動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載(工件)大大超過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)負(fù)荷的情況也是時(shí)有發(fā)生的。
限制超載的起重機(jī)在吊裝和限制放松電纜在柵降低,負(fù)載繼電器安裝在起重機(jī)在起吊過(guò)程中,應(yīng)提供不超過(guò)25%的額定負(fù)載的過(guò)載和下降時(shí)應(yīng)提供最大松弛的電纜相當(dāng)于吊索的張力。
同時(shí),同一個(gè)起重機(jī)操作不同的門(mén)架。在這種情況下,不同的牽引力提高門(mén)架要求。在楔形門(mén)或架在槽內(nèi)的情況下,額定拉力的起重機(jī)加上超載25%發(fā)送到約束載荷(門(mén)架,等)。由于所需拉力操作不同的門(mén)的差異較大,在楔形約束加載工作的起重機(jī)的拉力可以導(dǎo)致其受到破壞。
在這種情況下,在不同的約束荷載作用下,起重機(jī)的起升機(jī)構(gòu)有不同的起升機(jī)構(gòu),從而導(dǎo)致起重機(jī)車架和起重機(jī)的整體尺寸增大。
從上述兩種裝置中,可以清楚地表明,它所操作的起重機(jī)和受約束的負(fù)載是一個(gè)單一的系統(tǒng)和一個(gè)裝置,該裝置執(zhí)行功能的保護(hù),這兩個(gè)起重機(jī)和約束的負(fù)載下的各種必要的拉力是必要的,這樣的系統(tǒng)。為了不在起重機(jī)上安裝不同容量的額外的機(jī)制,有必要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)特殊的裝置,可以改變(或轉(zhuǎn)移)所需的標(biāo)稱容量的起重機(jī)和起重機(jī)過(guò)載保護(hù)和約束載荷,減少電纜的各種能力。此外,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直有需要更換不可靠操作彈簧和偏心型載荷限制器。
莫斯科式特別設(shè)計(jì)部鋼液壓結(jié)構(gòu)(mosgidrostal”)開(kāi)發(fā)一種用于對(duì)kambarata 2號(hào)水電站進(jìn)水口和出口門(mén)式起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)控制的[I]。用于控制起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)裝置位于起重機(jī)運(yùn)輸,這使得它有可能改變(在給定的情況下,對(duì)減少其容量從30~100噸和保護(hù)起重機(jī)和約束載荷過(guò)載和放緩的電纜每能力。
開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)的控制裝置起升機(jī)構(gòu)液壓缸的主要執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),液壓裝置,電氣裝置,這使得它可以容易地確定該起重機(jī)或slckening電纜的價(jià)值超載程度,以及黑客的控制系統(tǒng)(壓力繼電器和限開(kāi)關(guān))。此外,它成為可能選擇(分配)的能力的起重機(jī),它是由起重機(jī)操作員直接從操作艙。裝置(圖1):
圖一、水力機(jī)械圖的控制裝置起升機(jī)構(gòu):I)液壓缸;2)起重機(jī)的車架;3)桿;4)平衡滑車;5)滑輪;6)起吊滾筒;7)限位開(kāi)關(guān);8)壓力繼電器;9)節(jié)流止回閥;I0)配電盤(pán);11)配套閥門(mén);12)壓力計(jì);13)安全閥;14)濾波器;15)止回閥;16)電動(dòng)機(jī);17)泵;18)油箱;19)尺
液壓活塞缸,上桿系平衡滑車。液壓缸在橫梁安裝在滾動(dòng)接觸軸承體,這使得它可以安排液壓油缸所需的角度,從而消除傳遞的水平力而產(chǎn)生的電纜張力在一個(gè)角度的平衡塊的桿;
提供工作流體壓力的液壓缸下為了創(chuàng)造必要的力油壓系統(tǒng)。油壓系統(tǒng)由一個(gè)焊接罐、一個(gè)齒輪泵抽油機(jī)、管道、面板、液壓裝置、加熱系統(tǒng)、負(fù)溫度、熱繼電器、檢查油箱內(nèi)的油溫度組成;
有保溫和防水系統(tǒng)外罩。
活塞試著下降,在這種情況下壓力開(kāi)始增加在較低的空腔。隨著壓力的增加變得相當(dāng)于規(guī)定的過(guò)載的機(jī)制,壓力繼電器動(dòng)作,起升機(jī)構(gòu)和電機(jī)泵的關(guān)閉。在約束載荷的降低時(shí),油壓力系統(tǒng)也被打開(kāi),油從泵進(jìn)入液壓缸的上腔。活塞與平衡塊和規(guī)則下。規(guī)則閉合限位開(kāi)關(guān)觸點(diǎn)。油流變化方向。油開(kāi)始進(jìn)入液壓缸的下腔。在較低的腔壓力開(kāi)始增加,壓力繼電器工作,和起升機(jī)構(gòu)被打開(kāi),以降低負(fù)載?;钊纳仙粫?huì)發(fā)生,因?yàn)橛驮趬毫ο孪喈?dāng)于桿上的力,等于0.5的懸浮液,通過(guò)支護(hù)閥進(jìn)入罐中。當(dāng)桿上的負(fù)載減少(由于減少電纜發(fā)生),活塞開(kāi)始上升,系統(tǒng)中的壓力降。開(kāi)觸點(diǎn)的壓力繼電器,然后發(fā)生限位開(kāi)關(guān)。該泵的起重機(jī)構(gòu)和電動(dòng)機(jī)被切斷。裝置中的油的加熱裝置。在低于5的空氣溫度下,設(shè)備的加熱被打開(kāi)。電熱水器開(kāi)始加熱油,并在外殼下到達(dá)5的空氣溫度下,加熱被關(guān)閉。罐中的油的溫度制度是由一個(gè)熱繼電器調(diào)節(jié)。檢查設(shè)備的性能,mosgidrostal的開(kāi)發(fā)和制造的控制起升機(jī)構(gòu)的裝置。該裝置是基于液壓和電氣設(shè)備產(chǎn)生的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是類似的原型。試驗(yàn)證實(shí)該裝置和業(yè)績(jī)公布調(diào)整和規(guī)范設(shè)備的kambarata 2號(hào)水電站起重機(jī)絕緣后。
設(shè)備的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)
改造(指派)的可能性,使起升機(jī)構(gòu)的能力,使得有可能減少起重機(jī)的起升機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)量,這反過(guò)來(lái)又使有可能減少起重機(jī)運(yùn)輸和起重機(jī)本身的尺寸和重量;
限制超載起重機(jī)的增加,即準(zhǔn)確性、起重機(jī)的超載降低由于使用代替機(jī)械部件采用彈簧或偏心型載荷限制器的電氣和液壓裝置;
在起重機(jī)的增加操作的安全性、自控制裝置中備份設(shè)備;改變能力的可能性,使得它可以保護(hù)支架,箱蓋,抓斗,等,因此,機(jī)械設(shè)備增加了操作可靠性和失效的概率降低;
如果有必要,該設(shè)備可以作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的驅(qū)動(dòng)器的能力增加一個(gè)小動(dòng)力,以起升并與減少負(fù)載提升或降低速度。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
1. I. Kh. Kaplan, "Device for controlling the hoisting mechanism of cranes," Inventor's Certificate No. 1428681 [in Russian].
2. S . N . Popchenko, Yu. N. Kasatkin, and G. V. Borisov, Asphaltic Concrete Facings of HYdraulic Structures [in Russian], Energiya, Leningrad (1970).
3. Recommendations on the Design of Reversed Filters of Hydraulic Structures: II-92-80/ VNIIG [in Russian], Leningrad (1984).
4. Yu. N. Kasatkin, "Design of the composition of transition layers of asphalt concrete diaphragms in earth dams," Gidrotekh. Stroit., No. 6 (1981).
5. V . F . Van Asbek, Use of Bitumens in Hydrotechnical Construction [in Russian], Energiya, Leningrad (1975).
開(kāi)題報(bào)告填寫(xiě)要求
1.開(kāi)題報(bào)告作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。此報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下,由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作前期內(nèi)完成,經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見(jiàn)及所在系審查后生效;
2.開(kāi)題報(bào)告內(nèi)容必須用按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式(可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁(yè)上下載)打印,禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼,完成后應(yīng)及時(shí)交給指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見(jiàn);
3.學(xué)生寫(xiě)文獻(xiàn)綜述的參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)不少于15篇(不包括辭典、手冊(cè))。文中應(yīng)用參考文獻(xiàn)處應(yīng)標(biāo)出文獻(xiàn)序號(hào),文后“參考文獻(xiàn)”的書(shū)寫(xiě),應(yīng)按照國(guó)標(biāo)GB 7714—87《文后參考文獻(xiàn)著錄規(guī)則》的要求書(shū)寫(xiě),不能有隨意性;
4.學(xué)生的“學(xué)號(hào)”要寫(xiě)全號(hào)(如02011401X02),不能只寫(xiě)最后2位或1位數(shù)字;
5. 有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫(xiě),應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法》規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書(shū)寫(xiě)。如“2016年3月15日”或“2016-03-15”;
6. 指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)和所在系意見(jiàn)用黑墨水筆工整書(shū)寫(xiě),不得隨便涂改或潦草書(shū)寫(xiě)。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
1.結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)情況,根據(jù)所查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料,撰寫(xiě)2000字左右的文獻(xiàn)綜述:
文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述
1. 旋臂起重機(jī)的應(yīng)用及結(jié)構(gòu)
旋臂起重機(jī)是一種中小型的起吊運(yùn)輸設(shè)備,起吊運(yùn)輸設(shè)備,起吊的重量范圍是0-1250kg,有機(jī)械傳動(dòng),液壓傳動(dòng)和氣動(dòng)傳動(dòng)等幾種型式。目前國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)用最廣的是機(jī)械傳動(dòng),機(jī)械起重機(jī)通常是用螺旋副驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置通過(guò)四連桿吊臂帶動(dòng)吊物升降。
旋臂起重機(jī)按構(gòu)造分,有立柱式旋臂起重機(jī)和壁式起重機(jī)。旋臂起重機(jī)具有結(jié)構(gòu)新穎簡(jiǎn)單,操作使用方便,回轉(zhuǎn)靈活,作業(yè)空間大等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是節(jié)能高效的物料吊運(yùn)裝備[1]可廣泛使用于車間的生產(chǎn)線,裝配線和機(jī)床的上下工件及倉(cāng)庫(kù),碼頭等場(chǎng)合的重物吊運(yùn)。本機(jī)由立柱,回轉(zhuǎn)懸臂及環(huán)鏈電動(dòng)葫蘆等組成。立柱下端固定于混凝土地面上,懸臂可根據(jù)用戶需求進(jìn)行回轉(zhuǎn)[2]?;剞D(zhuǎn)部分分為手動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)和電動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)(安裝擺線針輪減速器與上托板配合或者下托板帶動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)管懸臂回轉(zhuǎn))。
2. 旋臂起重機(jī)的研究進(jìn)展與發(fā)展前景
2.1研究進(jìn)展
隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)進(jìn)一步深入,商品流通大幅度增加,交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)快速發(fā)展,起重機(jī)運(yùn)輸機(jī)械的需求量越來(lái)越大其使用性能的要求也越來(lái)越高[3]。
中國(guó)的起重機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)誕生于上世紀(jì)70年代,經(jīng)過(guò)40余年的發(fā)展,經(jīng)歷了70年代引進(jìn)蘇聯(lián)技術(shù),80年代初引進(jìn)日本技術(shù)和90年代初引進(jìn)德國(guó)技術(shù)等三次主要技術(shù)改進(jìn),始終走著一條自主創(chuàng)新的道路。[4]
2000年以來(lái),隨著國(guó)內(nèi)外技術(shù)交流的日益頻繁和國(guó)產(chǎn)自主研發(fā)能力的顯著增強(qiáng),更多的國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)被成功引進(jìn)應(yīng)用,如起重機(jī)電液比例控制技術(shù),橢圓型截面吊臂設(shè)計(jì)和制造技術(shù),多節(jié)臂單缸插銷伸縮技術(shù),全地面起重機(jī)油氣懸掛和多模式多橋轉(zhuǎn)向技術(shù)等進(jìn)行了自主創(chuàng)新,獲得自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),并將其應(yīng)用在自主研發(fā)的系列大噸位輪式起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品上。隨著國(guó)產(chǎn)起重機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)水品的全面提升,與國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)的差距不斷縮小,中國(guó)起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品開(kāi)始在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上體現(xiàn)出明顯的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,中國(guó)起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品開(kāi)始在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上體現(xiàn)出明顯的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。旋臂起重機(jī)設(shè)備屬于通用機(jī)械,在二十多年高速發(fā)展過(guò)程中,已逐漸實(shí)現(xiàn)了規(guī)?;?,集團(tuán)化,機(jī)械化。在輔助加工生產(chǎn)中被機(jī)械行業(yè)廣泛接受,能夠起到實(shí)現(xiàn)各加工工序連續(xù)性和自動(dòng)化的作用,大大提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)效率,減輕工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。具有工作平穩(wěn)可靠,操作維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單,方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[5]。
2.2發(fā)展前景
隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng),機(jī)械行業(yè)有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間處于旺盛發(fā)展階段,整體機(jī)械行業(yè)以及未來(lái)發(fā)展過(guò)程中,旋臂起重機(jī)的使用處于不可替代,不可缺少的地位,在整體工業(yè)化過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的輔助生產(chǎn)的作用。旋臂起重機(jī)具有以下特點(diǎn):在其工作空間范圍內(nèi),能夠自由活動(dòng)前提下保持重物自身在任意空間靜止平衡。這本身就形成一個(gè)廣大的市場(chǎng)和無(wú)數(shù)的客戶群體。
旋臂起重機(jī)設(shè)備,非常適用一頓左右重量的工件定點(diǎn)頻繁起吊運(yùn)輸。設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,操作靈活,特別適合于兩人操作,一人控制,一人安裝,效率高,制造,維護(hù)方便,在集團(tuán)化,規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)中旋臂起重機(jī)得到肯定和普及推廣。廣泛用于工廠車間的機(jī)床上下料,各工序間,生產(chǎn)線的工件吊運(yùn),零部件裝配及車間碼頭,倉(cāng)庫(kù)等場(chǎng)合的吊運(yùn)作業(yè),有效地減輕了工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度[6]。是車間里面電動(dòng)葫蘆和起重天車不可替代的簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用的新設(shè)備,在機(jī)械加工領(lǐng)域,旋臂起重機(jī)有強(qiáng)大的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力市場(chǎng)和廣闊的發(fā)展前景。
3. 旋臂起重機(jī)存在的問(wèn)題與發(fā)展方向
3.1存在的問(wèn)題
旋臂起重機(jī)作為機(jī)械輔助加工的小型起重設(shè)備,經(jīng)過(guò)20多年的發(fā)展,已形成具有一定規(guī)模的市場(chǎng),在使用中發(fā)現(xiàn)存在諸多問(wèn)題。
(1) 目前,旋臂起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品綜合性能比較差。對(duì)于旋轉(zhuǎn)起重機(jī)而言,中國(guó)產(chǎn)品性能比日本產(chǎn)品強(qiáng),但使用經(jīng)濟(jì)性,可維護(hù)性,操作便利性和可靠性相對(duì)要差[7]。中國(guó)產(chǎn)品雖然起重性能并不亞于國(guó)際品牌[8],但自重偏重,使用成本高。
(2) 旋臂起重機(jī)的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)和載荷情況比較復(fù)雜,傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)主要是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定其結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),沒(méi)有精確的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算,為了滿足可靠性要求,通常取較大的安全系數(shù),從而造成材料浪費(fèi),成本提高[9]
(3) 基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平和很多國(guó)外企業(yè)相比存在差距。國(guó)外品牌廠家重視技術(shù)應(yīng)用和產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā),如利勃海爾在吊臂設(shè)計(jì),伸縮機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),臂頭結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),支腿設(shè)計(jì),轉(zhuǎn)向設(shè)計(jì),配重自裝配技術(shù),發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)等方面進(jìn)行了一輪又一輪的創(chuàng)新,大大提升了產(chǎn)品各方面的性能。其產(chǎn)品更像工藝品,有著完美的外形設(shè)計(jì),產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)力求均衡[10].國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)則技術(shù)研究較少,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品技術(shù)水平和可靠性存在差距。
3.2結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)軟件發(fā)展歷程及現(xiàn)行軟件
就優(yōu)化軟件發(fā)展歷程而言,70年代的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化程序系統(tǒng)ACCESS是當(dāng)時(shí)非線性規(guī)劃的最好成就[11]。早期的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化軟件是獨(dú)立于商用有限元軟件的,近年流行的方法是在已有商用有限元軟件的基礎(chǔ)上增加靈敏度分析和優(yōu)化功能,發(fā)展成為商品化的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化軟件 [12]。ANSYS是以有限元分析為基礎(chǔ)的大型通用CAE軟件,利用ANSYS將工程實(shí)際問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為優(yōu)化模型,減少了優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)中的編程部分,大大的減少了優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)間與難度 [13-14]。ANSYS優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程與傳統(tǒng)過(guò)程相似,都要先確定好設(shè)計(jì)變量、約束函數(shù)和目標(biāo)函數(shù),不同的是,這些數(shù)學(xué)模型要用參數(shù)來(lái)表示。[15]鑒于ANSYS公司是世界上最大的CAE軟件開(kāi)發(fā)者,同時(shí),用ANSYS做結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)在國(guó)內(nèi)十分流行,故本課題選用ANSYS進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。
3.3發(fā)展方向及設(shè)計(jì)意義
隨著現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展,使得旋臂起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)在綜合考慮控制系統(tǒng)安全可靠性,操作的舒適性,機(jī)構(gòu)及結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化等方面有了更高的要求。旋臂起重機(jī)創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展方向是零部件集成化,機(jī)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)潔化,結(jié)構(gòu)全面優(yōu)化的整機(jī)設(shè)計(jì);滿足個(gè)性用戶的特殊要求的個(gè)性化設(shè)計(jì);滿足市場(chǎng)多樣性和低成本要求的具有新技術(shù)特征的起重機(jī)新系列產(chǎn)品的模塊化設(shè)計(jì);基于產(chǎn)品全壽命周期的方便維護(hù)維修的設(shè)計(jì)及免維護(hù)的設(shè)計(jì);大型單臺(tái)復(fù)雜產(chǎn)品的虛擬設(shè)計(jì)及動(dòng)態(tài)仿真的實(shí)現(xiàn)。真正意義上的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)是上述諸多設(shè)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)的有機(jī)組合及綜合利用。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 趙超凡.20t龍門(mén)起重機(jī)箱形梁力學(xué)分析及優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì).蘭州理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2009,30(1):21~25.
[2] 陳玲.基于ANSYS的定柱式旋臂起重機(jī)的有限元分析.天津理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2005,(2):1~2.
[3] 杜波.塔式起重機(jī)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)軟件的研究.重慶大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2009,30(1):112~158.
[4] 羅欣.NS1601H型自動(dòng)伸縮配重鐵路起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)及動(dòng)力學(xué)研究.大連:大連交通大學(xué),2007.
[5] 劉永.NS100G型100t伸縮臂式鐵路起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)研究.大連:大連交通大學(xué),2008.
[6] 嚴(yán)正宏.起重機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì).杭州:浙江大學(xué),2008.
[7] 黃琳.起重機(jī)伸縮臂結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化研究.大連:大連理工大學(xué),2008.
[8] 李靜.工程起重機(jī)綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法研究.大連:大連理工大學(xué),2008.
[9] 陶元芳,石小飛.基于改進(jìn)微粒群算法的起重機(jī)主梁優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì).中國(guó)工程機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2012,(1):50~53
[10] 蔣建平,李東旭.航天器撓性附件剛?cè)狁詈蟿?dòng)力學(xué)建模與仿真.宇航學(xué)報(bào),2005,26(3):270~274.
[11] 李泉永.機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的回顧與展望.桂林電子工業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2000,20(4):114~119
[12] 程耿東,顧元憲,王健.我國(guó)機(jī)械優(yōu)化研究與應(yīng)用的綜述和展望.機(jī)械強(qiáng)度,1995,17(2):68~74
[13] 余聯(lián)慶,梅順齊,杜利珍等.ANSYS在結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用.中國(guó)水運(yùn),2007,5(3):76~77
[14] 張玉成.淺談ANSYS軟件在結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用.科技信息,2012,12:256~257
[15] 楊周妮,吳作偉,雷鐵安.ANSYS優(yōu)化方法與遺傳算法在結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化方面的比較.自動(dòng)化技術(shù)與應(yīng)用,2004,23(7):4~12
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
2.本課題要研究或解決的問(wèn)題和擬采用的研究手段(途徑):
2.1結(jié)構(gòu)方案及主要參數(shù)
(1)墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(見(jiàn)下圖一)
(圖一)
(2)墻壁式懸臂起重機(jī)的主要參數(shù):
額定起重量:2t 最大回轉(zhuǎn)半徑:3.5m 起吊高度:3m
2.2 設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容
(1) 確定起重機(jī)的型號(hào)和主要參數(shù)。
(2) 計(jì)算相關(guān)的各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù),確定結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸參數(shù),選擇材料,并進(jìn)行校核驗(yàn)算。
(3) 進(jìn)行三維建模設(shè)計(jì)
(4) 對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行力學(xué)性能分析
2.3 設(shè)計(jì)方法
(1) 對(duì)原零件進(jìn)行材料力學(xué)計(jì)算。通過(guò)計(jì)算,以得出各種設(shè)計(jì)因素的相互關(guān)系及對(duì)強(qiáng)度、剛度的影響
(2) 根據(jù)所確定設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),用SolidWorks畫(huà)出三維模型。
(3) 利用ANSYS對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析。
2.4進(jìn)度安排
2月17日-2月23日:查閱資料
2月24日-3月2日 :確定畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)思路
3月3日-3月10日 :撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告
3月11日-3月26日:熟悉Solidworks環(huán)境,建立起重機(jī)三維模型
3月27日-5月18日:熟悉ANSYS環(huán)境,對(duì)起重機(jī)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析
5月19日-5月29日: 完成畢業(yè)論文初稿
5月29日—6月2日:根據(jù)指導(dǎo)老師意見(jiàn),修改論文初稿,完成終稿,準(zhǔn)備答辯
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn):
該生設(shè)計(jì)題目為墻壁式懸臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),開(kāi)題之前,該生通過(guò)查閱資料,對(duì)自己要做的課題有了初步的了解。
開(kāi)題報(bào)告文獻(xiàn)綜述部分詳細(xì)敘述了懸臂起重機(jī)的應(yīng)用背景、研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì),并明確了自己的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。
在第二部分首先明確了設(shè)計(jì)要求,確定了制定了課題研究方案,然后確定了研究的內(nèi)容,并制定了設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)程。
開(kāi)題報(bào)告條理清晰,格式規(guī)范,內(nèi)容詳實(shí),制定的研究方案合理可行。
同意該生開(kāi)題。
指導(dǎo)教師:
2016 年 3 月20 日
所在系審查意見(jiàn):
同意開(kāi)題
系主任:
2016 年 3 月 22 日
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