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專題十 名詞性從句 第一節(jié) 基本知識與基本概念 【什么是名詞性從句？】 根據(jù)從句在句子中的功能分 根據(jù)從句的性質(zhì)分 定語從句 形容詞性從句 主語從句 名詞性從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句 狀語從句 副詞性從句 【主語從句】 顧名思義，主語從句在句子中作主語。有時本身出現(xiàn)在主語的位置上，也有時出于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的考慮退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主語it代替。從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般為單數(shù)形式。如: What I saw was beyond any verbal description. That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit. Why the company denied the contract is still unknown. When and where the government will build a city square is under discussion. It is pretty annoying that a small part of the machine is missing. It remains to be seen whether the new novel will be well received. 【賓語從句】 在句子中作賓語的從句就是賓語從句。由于這是同學(xué)們接觸比較早的一種從句，應(yīng)該問題不大。所以在近年的高考題中，以賓語從句的知識作為考點的題目較少。但是，賓語從句也有自己的特殊情況，如介詞的賓語，形容詞的賓語，賓語從句提前和并列的賓語從句等現(xiàn)象。如： We assumed that there would be more than 100 guests. He told the police in detail what he saw and heard. Nobody is sure what humans will look like in a million years. That will depend on whether they can get the chance. Whether I will have the time I am not sure at the moment. The conductor complained that we were not gifted in singing and that he would never come again. 【表語從句】 表語從句的最重要臉譜就是它們應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在系動詞的后面。如： The only question left is how often the workers are paid. His idea for the coming weekend is that we go skating. 【同位語從句】 從臉譜上看，同位語從句最為麻煩。因為它們也是出現(xiàn)在一個名詞的后面，起著解釋說明的作用。有點像定語從句。這個點是許多學(xué)生容易混淆的地方。但是，只有我們能把握住關(guān)鍵，即：定語從句的先行詞在從句中必須作一個成分，并且這個成分應(yīng)該是個空白，也就是說，定語從句必須缺少成分。這一點恰恰是同位語從句所不能做到的。同位語從句前面的名詞在從句中是沒有位置的。況且，也不是所有的名詞后面都會跟同位語從句，只有那些“有內(nèi)容的名詞”才需要解釋。如fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt等。如： That fact that the policeman didn’t fire at the man at all was ignored. Do you have any idea what is going on in the classroom. The possibility that we can work at home makes everybody excited. 【連接代詞、連接副詞和連接詞】 通過以上介紹，我們可以看出，四種名詞性從句都需要有一個連接性詞在從句的開頭。這個詞是什么性質(zhì)，要看它在從句中作作的成分，如果作的是主語、賓語、表語的話，這個詞就是連接代詞；如果作的是各種狀語，就叫連接副詞；如果不作任何成分，就叫連接詞。如下表： 連接詞 that, if, whether 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 的連接詞 連接代詞 who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever 連接副詞 when, where, how, why 第二節(jié) 考點分類解析 【考點一：語序問題】 名詞性從句的語序問題一直斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地在各地高考題目中出現(xiàn)，由此可見其重要性。其實說來非常簡單易記：永遠(yuǎn)陳述語氣。即名詞性從句中不會出現(xiàn)助動詞提前的現(xiàn)象。如： Who he is doesn’t matter much. When and where we shall have the sports meet is a question. I don’t know what his name is. I don’t know what is wrong with him. = I don’t know what is the matter with him. You can’t imagine how excited I was at that time. Can you tell me what size shoes you wear? No one can be sure ______ in a million years. A. what will man look like B. what man will look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like 答案：B。這個題就是典型的考查賓語從句的語序問題。根據(jù)以上所述，應(yīng)該是陳述語序。所以A、C兩個選項就不可能了。而D選項明顯不符合我們的語言習(xí)慣。 【考點二：that和what的區(qū)別問題】 能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever八個。為何單獨講what的用法呢？重要！在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率高！在本書第一章《定語從句》中，我們提到過，what是不能引導(dǎo)定語從句的。定語從句中如果缺少的成分是主語、賓語、表語，我們選擇的是關(guān)系代詞that或其他。現(xiàn)在山頭換了，到了名詞性從句的知識范圍了。What在名詞性從句中就很有用武之地了。還是分析成分，what 在從句中作的主語、賓語、表語。而that只是一個“連接詞”，既不作什么成分，也沒有什么意義。如: What you did doesn’t agree with what you promised. What he couldn’t understand was why his teacher was never satisfied with him. The matter of salary is what I care most if I decide to change my profession. What we can’t get always seems better than what we have already got. I think that your composition is no better than his. That you don’t love her is not my business. What we have seen is different from _______. A. we heard B. we have heard C. what we heard D. what we have heard I couldn’t agree with ______ at the meeting. A. that you said B. which you said C. all what you said D. what you said 【考點三：that和whether的區(qū)別問題】 　　　有時候，它們兩個比較難以區(qū)別，因為，它們都是連接詞，都在從句中不作成分。但是，它們之間最大的區(qū)別在于“意義”。即that在從句中既不作成分，也沒有自己的意義；而whether就不同了。它雖然不在從句中作什么成分，但是它又意義，即“是否”。這就能夠左右從句的意思，使從句所表達(dá)的意思變成一個還沒有確定的因素。如： I don’t know whether he can join us or not. I’m sure that he can join us. It is none of your business whether I love her. It is none of your business that I don’t love her. 綜上所述，區(qū)分that還是whether，重要一點就是看主句需要從句表達(dá)一個什么意思，是確定的，還是不確定的；是事實還是疑問。前者選that，后者選whether。如： I have no doubt _____ Mr. Johnson will make it here on time. A. that B. whether C. why D. when 答案：Ａ。這個題之所以選擇that，就是因為前面的I have no doubt（毫無疑問），這樣 　　　　　的主句已經(jīng)不再需要從句表達(dá)什么“是否”了。 No one can be sure _____ the board will accept our conditions. A. that B. whether C. why D. what 答案：Ｂ?！∵@個題中的No one can be sure（沒有人能肯定）就要求從句表達(dá)一個“董 　　　　　事會能否接受我們的條件”的意思，而不能是一個既定的事實。 【考點四：if和whether的區(qū)別問題】 二者在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時都有“是否”之意。但并不是永遠(yuǎn)可以互換。一般認(rèn)為，二者可　 以互換的環(huán)境也只有在賓語從句中。如： He didn’t give us explicit reply whether/if he will attend our wedding ceremony. 而在介詞的賓語從句中，在主語從句中，在表語從句中，在同位語從句中，在和不定式搭配的結(jié)構(gòu)中等等，習(xí)慣上只能用whether。如： 　1. _______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 　2. The question of _______ they are old or young is not important. A. which B. whether C. how D. if 　3. The question is ______ the film is worth seeing. A. if B. what C. whether D. how 4. He doesn’t know ______ to stay or not. A. if B. when C. whether D. how 5. The news _____ our team has won the match is unknown. A. which B. if C. whether D. then 　值得注意的是：有些資料依然強調(diào)if不能與or not搭配的問題。過去有過這樣的規(guī)定，只是在現(xiàn)代英語中，已經(jīng)不再強調(diào)了而已?，F(xiàn)在認(rèn)為if… or not也可以接受。 【考點五：wh-詞和wh-ever的區(qū)別問題】 一般認(rèn)為，wh-詞在引導(dǎo)從句時，依然保留了很大部分的疑問詞的本色，所以，它們引導(dǎo)的從句在意思上應(yīng)該表達(dá)的是一個“問題”，如：“誰？什么？何時？何地？為何？怎么？”等。而wh-ever已經(jīng)沒有這層色彩，不再關(guān)心這樣的“問題”，而是充滿了讓步的意味，多有“無論．．．”之意。如： The police wanted to know who will benefit most from the old man’s death. 警方想知道誰將從老人的去世中受益最多。 Whoever will benefit from the old man’s death will be questioned by the police. 能從老人的去世之中受益的所有人都將受到警方的盤問。 Who will be sent to help the people in the flooded areas hasn’t been announced. 誰將被派往洪災(zāi)區(qū)去救援還沒有宣布。 Whoever will be sent to work in the flooded areas will spare no effort to help 　 　　the people in need. 不管是誰被派往災(zāi)區(qū)救援都會全力以赴地幫助災(zāi)民。 【考點六：no matter wh-和wh-ever的區(qū)別問題】 二者都有“無論．．．”之意。在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時確實可以互換，沒有什么區(qū)別。但是，no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)狀語從句，不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。Wh-ever則二者兼收，來去自由。由此包含與被包含的關(guān)系決定，二者同時出現(xiàn)而必選其一時，答案肯定是wh-ever。如： Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. (主語從句) Whoever/ No matter who breaks the rules, he/she will be punished. (狀語從句) Don’t believe whatever he tells you. (賓語從句) Don’t believe him, whatever/ no matter what he tells you. (狀語從句) 【考點七：名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣問題】　 　　先看賓語從句的虛擬語氣。一般說來，如果從句作的是表示說話人某種觀點、態(tài)度或要求等語氣的動詞的賓語時，從句中要求用should＋動詞原形的虛擬語氣（should經(jīng)?？梢允÷裕＿@些動詞常見的有：desire, demand, require, request, order, propose, command, advise, suggest等。如： 例：He insisted that she （should）spend more time studying. He demanded that we （should）be on time. 　　The boss required that all waiters (should) keep standing all day long. The publishing house suggested that I (should) type my book out. 　有兩個特例是高中老師不愿意錯過的。那就是suggest和insist。它們倆后面的賓語從句是否用虛擬語氣還要看具體語境來定。如： 　The doctor suggested that I had a cold?！? 　　　(這個suggest的意思是“解釋，說明”。后面不用虛擬語氣) The big smiles on her face suggested that she had passed the test. (這個suggest的意思是“表明”。后面不用虛擬語氣) 　The doctor suggested that I (should) stay in bed for a few day. (這個suggest的意思是“建議”。后面用虛擬語氣) 　The young man insisted that he was well enough to serve in the army. (這個insist堅持的是一個事實不是一種觀點。后面不用虛擬語氣) 　That young man insisted that he should be sent to the front. (這個insist堅持的是一種觀點，即“他應(yīng)該被派往前線”。后面用虛擬語氣) 以上是賓語從句中的虛擬語氣現(xiàn)象。如果是其他三種名詞性從句，只要和上述動詞有關(guān)，也享受同樣的待遇。如： 　 The headquarters’ suggestion is that we (should) wait for another few days. (表語從句) 　 His order that all the soldiers (should) swim across the river was refused. (同位語從句) 　 It is strongly recommended that you (should) take a taxi. (主語從句)　 另外，在下面這幾個特殊的句型中，后面的主語從句也用虛擬語氣。 a. It is important/ necessary/ natural/ a wonder/ essential（必要的）/suggested that…should do… 如： 　It is important that you （should）be on time. It is necessary that you (should) exercise regularly. b. I wish that … did…. 如： I wish I were a bird. I wish one day I could live on the moon. c. I’d rather that… did… 如： I’d rather you did it yourself. I’d rather I hadn’t lent you that bicycle yesterday. 【考點八：賓語從句的反意疑問句的問題】 眾所周知，反意疑問句是由句子的謂語和主語的代詞形式共同構(gòu)成。如： He is ignorant, isn’t he? He isn’t strong, is he? 但是，如果前面的句子中含有賓語從句，怎么辦？答案是一定針對主句的主語、謂語。如： You know he is ignorant, don’t you? I told you he isn’t strong, didn’t I? 有一種例外，當(dāng)主句的主語是I,且謂語動詞是表示觀點的動詞如think, believe, suppose, expect, am afraid等時，就只能針對從句反問了。因為沒有人會對自己的觀點嗎上進(jìn)行反詰。如： I think he is ignorant, isn’t he? I believe he isn’t strong, is he? 【考點九：it在名詞性從句中的作用問題】 代詞it的用法有很多。但近幾年的高考關(guān)注的卻比較集中，即it作為普通回指代詞的用法和在名詞性從句中作形式賓語和形式主語的用法。如： 作形式主語： It worried me a bit that he didn’t phone. It occurred to me that she might have forgotten the date. It doesn’t matter when you arrive--- just come when you can. It wasn’t clear to anyone why he didn’t come. It was surprising how many unhappy marriages there are. 作形式賓語： I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan. I find it necessary that we should spend more time practising spoken English. I think it important that we should keep calm. Don’t take it for granted that your parents should do everything for you. He doesn’t want it to be known that he’s going away. You may depend upon it that all the goods will be delivered in time. 【考點十：主語從句和強調(diào)句型的混淆問題】 從表面上看，it作形式主語的主語從句有時候和強調(diào)句型有些相似。如： It is impossible that we can persuade him to join us. (主語從句) It is with Tom’s help that we were able to persuade him to join us. (強調(diào)句型) 其實，強調(diào)句型其實很簡單，即在It is/was 與that之間放上我們想要強調(diào)的某個句子成分。大部分考題都是考查that的選擇問題。即考查考生判斷某句是否是強調(diào)句型的問題。這個看似容易的問題在出題人的多種變化之下有時也會變得很令人頭疼。下面是幾種常見的出題形式： 1．基本式： It was on the top of the mountain that we met the foreign tourist. 2. 一般疑問句式： Was it on the top of the mountain that you met the foreign tourist? 3. 特殊疑問句式： Where was it that you met the foreign tourist? 4．復(fù)合句式： Can you tell me where it was that you met the foreign tourist? 5．套定語從句式： It was in the house which was built by his father that he was born. 6. 套定語從句加省略式： --- Where did you meet the foreign tourist? --- It was in the hotel where we lived (that we met the foreign tourist). 判斷一個句子是否是強調(diào)句型是個關(guān)鍵。這里重要思路是當(dāng)去掉強調(diào)句型、各個成分各歸其位以后，該句子是否還成立。下面幾個例子就不是強調(diào)句型： It was not yet seven o’clock when he came back last night. 因為，*He came back last night not yet seven o’clock.就不是個正確的句子。 --- I heard that Tom was once almost drowned. When was that? --- It was in 2000 when he was swimming in a pool. 同理，*He was swimming in a pool in 2000. 從邏輯上看也不成立。因為，我們不可能一整年都在游泳。 第三節(jié) 鞏固練習(xí) （一）、【夯實基礎(chǔ)】 1. America was ________ was called “India” by Columbus. A. that B. where C. what D. the place 2. --- I’d like to invite you to a concert this evening. --- Thank you, but ______ I’ll be free I’m not sure at the moment. A. while B. if C. when D. whether 3. I kept looking at the man, wondering ______________. A. whether I have seen him before B. where I had seen him before C. that I had seen him before D. when I had seen him before 4. You have not yet answered my question ________ I can join in the party tonight. A. whether B. if C. which D. that 5. Information has been put forward _______ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as 6. A computer can only do _______ you have instructed it to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when 7. It is a common belief _______ teenagers today know about computers and are familiar ______ using them in all aspects of life. A. that; out B. what; with C. that; with D. what; about 8. Don’t leave for tomorrow _______ you can do today. A. if B. what C. that D. unless 9. Was it because it rained yesterday ______ he didn’t come? A. why B. when C. then D. that 10. ______ all the inventions have in common is ______ they have succeeded. A. What; what B. That; that C. What; that D. That; that 11. --- What clothes should we wear to attend the ball? --- Dress _______ you like. A. what B. however C. whatever D. how 12. ________ has ridden on a railway train knows how _____ another train flashes by when it is traveling in the opposite direction. A. Anyone who; rapid B. Whoever; rapidly C. Anything; rapid D. Whatever; rapidly 13. We believe _______ you have devoted yourself ________ sure to come true. A. that; is B. all that; to be C. that all; are D. what; to is 14. You may give the film ticket to _______ you think needs it. A. no matter who B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter whom 15. Was it in 1998, when he was still at middle school, ______ this boy became expert at computer? A. which B. where C. when D. that 16. It was ______ he came to Macao ______ he knew what kind of place it was. A. that; when B. until; that C. not until; when D. not until; that 17. All finished, we sat down to enjoy ______ we thought the most delicious dinner. A. that B. which C. what D. it 18. It was not until he explained it a second time _______ it. A. when we understood B. that we understood C. did we understand D. that did we understand 19. The Beaches held _____ they called “family day” once each year. A. that B. which C. what D. when 20. --- How did he fail the examination? --- It was because he was too careless _______ he made so many mistakes. A. therefore B. that C. so that D. so 21. In some countries, ______ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights fro all people. A. that B. what C. which D. how 22. --- ______ helps others will be helped. --- So I’ll be thankful to and try to help _______ has helped us. A. Whoever; whomever B. Whoever; whoever C. Who; whoever D. Who; whomever 23. Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just _______ worries the public. A. why B. which C. that D. what 24. It was not until dark _______ he found ________ he thought was the correct way to solve the problem. A. that; what B. that; that C. when; what D. when; that 25. The question came up at the meeting _______ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. what C. which D. whether 26. _______ she was invited to the ball made her very happy. A. If B. That C. When D. Because 27. ______ we are doing has never been done before. A. That B. What C. Which D. Whether 28. Scientists believe native Americans arrived by crossing the land bridge that connected Siberia and _______ more than 10,000 years ago. A. this is Alaska B. Alaska is now C. is now Alaska D. what is now Alaska 29. Please tell me ______ you would like to have your coffee ---- black or white? A. what B. where C. which D. how 30. Many workers were organized to clear away _______ remained of the World Trade center. A. those B. that C. what D. where (二)、【真題實戰(zhàn)一】 1. ____ matters most in learning English is enough practice.　 A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which 2. Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for. A. what B. why C. how D. whether 3.It is none of your business other people think about you. Believe yourself. A. how B. what C. which D. when 4. parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. A. That B. Which C. What D. As 5. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s ______ the best jobs are. A. where B. what C. when D. why 6. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ________ it is. A. what B. which C. how D. where 7. Could I speak to ________ is in charge of International Sales, please? A．a(chǎn)nyone B．someone C．whoever D．no matter who 8. ______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where 9. The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. A. when B. why C. whether D. that (三)、【真題實戰(zhàn)二】 1. We haven’t settled the question of ______ it is necessary for him to study abroad. A. if B. where C. whether D. that 2. See the flags on top of the building? That was______ we did this morning. A. when B. which C. where D. what 3. Please remind me______ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. A. where B. when C. how D. what 4. –What did your parents think about your decision? –They always let me do _______ I think I should. A. when B. that C. how D. what 5. With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ________he was a man of action. A. which B. that C. what D. whether 6. Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class________he had to meet his uncle at the air port. A. why B. that　　 C. where D. because 7. --- Could you do me a favour? --- It depends on ______ it is. A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever 8. Engines are to machines ____ hearts are to animals. A. as B. that C. what D. which 9. ____ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. A. No matter what B. No matter which C Whatever D. Whichever 10. _______ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. A. As B. That C. This D. It 11. — Its thirty years since we lest met. — But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ____we got lost on a rainy night. A. which B. that C. what D. when 12. A warm thought suddenly came to me I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday． A．if B．when C．that D．which 13. makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever 14. There is much chance Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. A. that B. which C. until D. if 15. These shoes look very good. I wonder _____. A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost 16. Doris success lies in the fact ___ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others. A. which B. that C. when D. why 17. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made _________her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town. A. this B. that C. one D. it 18. I’d appreciate ____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. A. that B. it C. this D. you 19. If I can help_______, I dont like working late into the night. A. so B. that C. it D. them (四)、【真題實戰(zhàn)三】 1. Mary wrote an article on ______ the team had failed to win the game. A. why B. what C. who D. that 2. As soon as he comes back, I will tell him when _____ and see him. A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come 3. _______ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account. A. What is required B. What requires C. It is required D. It requires 4. The old lady’s hand shook frequently. She explained to her doctor ____ this shaking had begun half a year before, and _____, only because of this, she had been forced to give up her job. A. when; how B. how; when C. how; how D. why; why 5. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ____ silly mistakes I had made. A. what B. that C. how D. which 6. He hasn’t slept at all for three days. ______ he is tired out. A. There is no point B. There is no need C.