581 重型自卸汽車設計（離合器設計）（有cad圖）,581,重型自卸汽車設計（離合器設計）（有cad圖）,重型,汽車,設計,離合器,cad 1 外文資料翻譯 THE RESEARCH AND DESIGN USING CAD SYSTEM FOR THE CLUTCH OF AUTOMOBILE Clutch is used to transfer and switch of the powers which are coming from the engine. In automobile, clutch is connected with engine and derailleur. It can shut of and stably transfer the power between them. How to reasonably, efectively and speedily design clutch always is the pursuing destination of all clutch factories. The appearance of CAD which is the abbreviation of computer aided design make it possible. Automobile CAD is the forerunner of CAD all the times. CAD is fist used in automotive industry and become more and more indivisible with CAM, CAE and CAP furthermore, integration is becoming to reality. Researching how to use computer to aid us design the automobile clutch and how to develop a useful and advanced automobile clutch computer aided design system-abbreviation is ACCAD that can make a steady system framework for automobile cultch integrated design and manufacture system. are the destination of this thesis. ACCAD system should firstly be able to aid engineer design clutch, secondly to aid engineer analyze the designed clutch, finally to organize and manage the data of design. From the long-term consideration it should also be able to aid workshop manufacture clutch and help manager supervise all the lifecycle of clutch. So it should have a core which can integrate all these subsystem. Engineering database (EDB) is just for this use and Using EDB to construct CIMS become an inevitable current. In order to expand ACCAD and realize clutch CIMS in the future ACCAD system also need EDB as the core to integrate each design and management subsystem into a whole system. At the third chapter of this thesis the technology of EDB and how to design automobile clutch EDB are researched and automobile clutch EDB is set up according to the framework of entire database, project database and design database. The traditional procedures of the design of automobile clutch are: selecting storing coeficient, designing clutch structure type, friction flat, clutch sketch, assembled 2 module and each part of clutch. In our country, all these procedure are handmade, but in the coming years with the application of computer aided drawing software such as AutoCAD of AutoDesk corp. engineering drawing can basically be done by computer. But the depicting capability of this two-dimension engineering drawing module is so deficient that it can only be used as drawings and can't be used to analyze by computer. Along with the appearance of B-P modeling and curve-based or solid-based modeling, mechanic parts are denoted by three-dimension module which can beter aid engineer design and analyze them. But this module loses parts of the whole information of them, so it results in much dificulty to integrate aided design subsystem, aided manufacture subsystem and computer analyzing subsystem. Feature-based modeling can just make up this shortcoming, and also if it combines with parameter design technology it can enhance the capability not only of depicting but also of fast amending. At the forth chapter of this thesis the technology of feature-based is researched and the parametric feature-based solid models are created upon MDT that is belonging to AutoDesk corporation. In order to aided engineers to design clutch faster computer is used to simulate engineers to use variant design technology to design clutch products that are based on original models. Variant design technology has some intelligence. Intelligent CAD is a direction of developing CAD. At the fifth chapter of this thesis the technology of variant design is researched and variant design of automobile clutch is achieved on MDT by the technology of parameter table-driven and feature restrained Besides some degree of integrity and intelligence ACCAD system should have some degree of automation, that is to say that ACCAD can automatically design clutch according to primitive design requests, analyze, check and optimize some basic parameters of clutch. At the sixth chapter of this thesis the combining model of clutch is analyzed, some formulas of designing and calculating basic parameter are deduced, the working instances of diaphragm spring are analyzed and the characters of load- distortion and stress-strain are calculated simulatively by the formulas of A-L which are approbatory internationally nowadays. The optimizations of some basic parameters and diaphragm spring are carried out by multi-body arithmetic in which design destinations, design restrictions and the primitive value of design variables can be changed according 3 to real demands. Instances deduction and design templates are used to design the model of each part of clutch and all these models are assembled automatically after that basic parameters and structure type are completed according to primitive design demands. The design templates are deduced in existing design instance of clutch product by inteligent instance-deducing technology. Then designers can mend and to-and-fro design them till they can meet the design demands. So computer aided function and man's initiative can be fully enlarged, automatic design and mutual design are combined indeed . It needs not only much knowledge of automobile clutch design and CAD but also much high lever of software design and computer application to really realize such a complicate and advanced ACCAD system. So I also researched the method of object- oriented and the operation system of Windows and study many sorts of program design language. The theory of software engineering is used to analyze ACCAD system in requirement, function structure, flow chart, project design and module design. The software developing tools of Visual Basic and Visual C++ are used to design and implement the ACCAD system. Yi-Dong clutch corporation have applied it to design clutch. Practice proves that the ACCAD system can aid designers to design clutch well, remarkably improve the ability of clutch product design, greatly shorten the design cycle and also it has very high stability and extensibility. INVESTIGATION TO DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OFVEHICLE AMT CLUTCHES DURING ENGAGEMENT China Automotive Parts enterprises face more and more pressure and challenge with China joining WTO.The global Automotive and Parts MNC are gradually entering the lastly and largest potential market of the world.The local automotive industry especially parts is not so good as MNC no matter in scale, capital capacity, products technical level and marketing level.So in order the to exist,the local automotive parts enterprises must improve themselves as quickly as possible in some the fields. One of the important reasons for this risk is the slow Product Engineering with low technical 4 content.It is caused by several reasons that are outdated engineering method，insufficient working experiences，low quality of the working people and the outdated methodology of product Engineering，and the last one is the most important reason. In comparison with hydraulic Automatic Transmission (AT) and Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT), Automatic Mechanical Transmission (AMT) has advantages of much lower cost in manufacturing and easier installation in driveline system .This means that there exists a vast potential market for development of such a mechatronical technology. As an important functional module in AMT vehicles, however, the automatic clutches developed by far still have some shortcomings, for example, of road startup failure, considerable shock, unstable shifting, friction-caused service life reduction, and time-delay response. The key concern is therefore concentrated in this dissertation on real implementation of optimal transient responses and control laws during engagement of the clutches, and detailed investigations are made both in theory and experiment. Strong nonlinearities exist in such component systems as engine, clutch membrane spring and servo actuator and consequently dificulties are encountered in design of the optimal control for improving transient responses of the automatic clutch. A system synthesis is proposed herein for the study of nonlinear dynamics and control of AMT automatic clutches. Based on principles of automotive powertrain systems, the main system under consideration can be decomposed into two sub-systems, engine and transmission systems. The Popov super stability theory has adopted for the first time in association with reference, model following adaptive control for the engine. monitoring. The engine monitor requires accurate predictions of rational velocities. A prediction model is constructed on the basis of flat neural network A fast recursive algorithm is used to improve the learning speed by forgetting factor. Accordingly, the present neural network algorithm leads to considerable reduction of efort in network weighting matrix as wel as increase of self-learning and adaptability of neural network algorithms to nonlinear and nonstationary systems. It has been shown by comparison of the numerical results with experiments that the modified algorithm is proved to be reliable and 5 efective in the engine condition monitoring. In modeling the system, the load-deflection relationship of the clutch membrane spring is generally treated as a black box, and as a result many advanced control methods can not be applied. A new approach for the black box is required nevertheless in development of the accurate model. The nonlinear relationship is mathematically derived out for the clutch system during engagement and a further progress is thus made to certain extent for the Almen-Lazslo method. By matching control inputs of the two subsystems, a synthetically optimal performance of the system can be achieved. It can be seen that by the system synthesis, not only the design of a feedback controller is accommodated according to longitudinal dynamic requirements of the whole vehicle, but an efective procedure is established for solving problems of time-delay and inaccuracy due to the use of the analysis method of upper- lower layers. Diferential geometry provides a powerful tool for the analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems. With consideration of the automatic clutch which is a typical afine nonlinear system, the diferential manifold and corresponding a companion form to the original system with nonlinearities can be constructed by using feedback linearization approach. It is demonstrated by simulations and experiments that this method simplifies the design of the controller, and is of practical significance for real engineering applications. In this dissertation, ∮ operator and its transform in frequency domain are introduced for the first time into the field of automotive electronics technology. In comparison with the conventional z operator, digital iterations of ∮ operator are featured by higher precision and more stability while sample time T -4 0.The nonlinear sliding mode controller is taken as an example, the implementation form of ∮ operator discretization control, the error analysis and the algorithms stability are studied both theoty and engineering application. In high frequency sampling systems the approach has advantages in industrial applications and enriches its new fields of application, especially in vehicle eletronics. Based upon the minimum value principle, a multi-objective optimal control is applied to derive out for the first time the optimal response in analytical form by compromising longitudinal shock and plane slipage of the automatic clutch related with each other in the transmission sub-systems. The real significance of the synthetic 6 optimal control lies in expression of the theoretical optimal performance. For preventing the control system from system uncertainties and external perturbations the robust sliding mode controller is designed to guarantee the system to trace the optimal trajectory. Since dynamic properties of the sliding mode is invariant to extraneous disturbance, the SMC method may apply for a kind of complicated systems with nonlinearities and uncertainties like the automatic clutch. It is shown through numerical simulations that errors of the SMC in reference model following are far less than the PID controler whenever the damping orifice flux coeficient of an on-of solenoid, the frictional plate wear qualilty, friction coeficient and the driveline elastic coeficient may be deviated in a permissible range, respectively. Hence, the present work possesses of significant value in engineering application. As an important part of the dissertation, the virtual mechanical prototyping and real on-vehicle experiments for the automatic clutch system are made, respectively. The virtual machine is modeled in ADAMS software and verified by real vehicle experiments. Therefore, through comparison of the virtual experiments within ADAMS environment with theoretical predictions for transient responses of the clutch during engagement, reliable and efective instructions are provided for design of the hydraulic actuator and PC controller required in real vehicle experiments. The control apparatus for automatic clutch include sensors, microcomputer and their interfaces. All experiments are carried out on the Santana LX car, and much atention is focused to typical dificult working conditions, such as small throtle angle, heavy load, high gear and steep ramp. It is shown by the results obtained from the experiments that fairly good transient responses during the clutch engagement are achieved. By the control strategies presented in this dissertation, the engine is prevented from flameout, moreover, vehicle startup and gear shift smoothly can be adjusted with short friction duration and quick response of the actuator. All these mean that the adaptability for subjective will, time varying driving conditions of vehicle and complicated surroundings. In a word, on the basic of theoretical research and control technology, the performance of AMT automatic clutch is improved markedly, moreover, the apparatus for experiments establishes a massy foundation for future product development. 7 汽車離合器 CAD 系統(tǒng)的研究與設計 離合器是用來傳遞和切斷從發(fā)動機傳來的動力的一種機構。在汽車上， 它 和發(fā)動機的飛輪相連接，切斷和平穩(wěn)地實現發(fā)動機和變速器之間的動力傳遞。如 何合理、高效、快捷地設計離合器一直是國內外離合器廠家追求的目標，CAD (Computer Aided Design)的誕生將此希望變?yōu)榭赡?。汽?CAD 一直是 CAD 技術 的先驅，CAD 技術最先是應用在汽車工業(yè)上，而且與 CAM. CAE 和 CAPP 越來越不 可分割，集成化正成為現實。研究如何應用計算機來輔助設計汽車離合器，以及 如何設計開發(fā)出一個實用的、先進的汽車離合器 CAD 系統(tǒng)— 簡稱 ACCAD (Automotive Clutch CAD)，為實現汽車離合器集成設計制造系統(tǒng)打下一個堅實 的系統(tǒng)框架，正是本文的目的。 汽車離合器 CAD 系統(tǒng)首先必須能夠輔助工程設計人員設計離合器、其次能夠 8 輔助設計人員分析設計的離合器、最后還能夠很好的組織和管理設計過程中的數 據。從長遠考慮它還應該能夠輔助生產車間制造新產品、管理人員管理整個產品 的生命周期，所以必須有一個核心能夠將這些子系統(tǒng)集成在一起。工程數據庫正 是在這種需求下誕生的，以工程數據庫為核心構建 CIMS 已成了必然的趨勢。為 今后汽車離合器 CAD 系統(tǒng)的擴充和發(fā)展，以及逐步實現 CIMS 創(chuàng)建一個堅實的框 架，ACCAD 系統(tǒng)同樣也需要以工程數據庫為核心將個設計和管理子系統(tǒng)集成為一 個整體。本文第三章對工程數據庫技術進行研究，并對汽車離合器 CAD 系統(tǒng)的工 程數據庫設計進行了討論，按全局庫、項目庫和設計庫的組織結構創(chuàng)建了汽車離 合器工程數據庫。 傳統(tǒng)的汽車離合器設計基本上是選擇后備系數、離合器型式、設計摩擦片、 設計草圖、設計裝配總成、設計各零件。在國內，這些過程基本上都是人工進行 的，但近些年來，隨著計算機輔助繪圖軟件如 AutoDesk 公司的 AutoCAD 的應用， 工程圖的繪制基本上可在計算機上進行。用這種二維工程圖的模型，計算機只能 輔助工程設計人員繪制工程圖紙，無法對零部件進行分析，這種模型描述能力低 下。隨著線框建模技術、基于曲面或實體建模技術的出現，零部件在計算機中將 以三維的方式表示，它能夠很好地輔助工程設計人員設計和分析零部件。但這種 模型缺乏對產品零部件信息的完整描述， 從而導致計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)、制造 系統(tǒng)和分析系統(tǒng)集成困難。特征建模技術正好能夠彌補這種缺陷，而將特征建模 技術和參數化建模技術結合起來則 既能提高產品模型的描述能力又能夠提高產品模型的快速修改能力。本文第 四章對參數化特征建模技術進行研究，并用參數化特征建模技術在 AutoDesk 公司的 Mechanical Desktop(簡稱 MDT)軟件上對汽車離合器零部件建立了產品模 型。 為使汽車離合器 CAD 系統(tǒng)輔助設計人員更快地開發(fā)離合器新產品，讓計算機 模擬工程設計人員根據原有的產品模型進行變型設計是 CAD 系統(tǒng)智能化的一個表 現。智能 CAD 是 CAD 的一個發(fā)展方向。本文的第五章對變型設計技術進行了研究， 并應用參數表驅動和特征抑制技術在 MDT 上實現了汽車離合器零部件的智能化變 型設計。 汽車離合器 CAD 系統(tǒng)除了具有一定的集成化和智能化之外還應該具有一定的 自動化，也就是說系統(tǒng)能夠根據設計要求自動地設計離合器、并對離合器的一些 基本參數和零部件進行校核分析和優(yōu)化。本文的第六章對離合器的結合模型進行 9 了分析，推導出了一些基本參數設計計算公式;對膜片彈簧的工作情況進行了分 析，運用當前國際上比較認可的 A-L 法對膜片彈簧的載荷變形特性和應力應變特 性進行了仿真計算。汽車離合器基本參數優(yōu)化和膜片彈簧的優(yōu)化均采用復合形優(yōu) 化算法，其中設計目標、設計約束和設計變量的初始值，設計人員可以根據實際 要求改變。根據設計和優(yōu)化了的離合器的基本參數、離合器的型式、初始條件， 采用實例推理法和設計模板法初步設計離合器的各零部件，并自動將其裝配起來， 形成離合器零部件及裝配模型的設計模板。設計模板是通過智能化實例推理技術 從現有的實例中推理而來， 然后用戶則在此基礎上采用交互的方式逐步改進、 往復設計，直到滿足設計要求為止。因此這樣既發(fā)揮了計算機的輔助作用，也充 分地擴展了人的主動地位，真正地實現了自動化設計和交互式設計相結合。 如何真正地實現如此復雜和先進的汽車離合器 CAD 系統(tǒng)，這不僅需要許多的 汽車離合器設計和 CAD 方面的專業(yè)知識，更需要很高的計算機軟件設計和計算機 應用水平。本人還對面向對象的程序設計方法和當前的 Windows 操作系統(tǒng)進行了 研究，學習了多種程序設計語言和一些軟件開發(fā)工具。運用軟件工程的理論對 ACCAD 系統(tǒng)進行了需求分析、功能結構分析、流程圖分析、方案設計、模塊設計。 運用面向對象的程序設計方法、多種程序設計語言，用 Visual Basic 和 Visual C++開發(fā)工具設計并實現了汽車離合器 CAD 系統(tǒng)。一汽東光離合器廠已經大量應 用該系統(tǒng)，實踐證明 ACCAD 系統(tǒng)能夠很好的輔助設計人員設計離合器、能顯著地 提高離合器產品的設計能力、大大縮短離合器產品的開發(fā)周期，而且系統(tǒng)具有很 高的穩(wěn)定性和可擴充性。 汽車 AMT 自動離合器接合過程的動力學與控制研究 隨著中國加入 WTO，中國汽車零部件企業(yè)面臨著越來越大的壓力和挑戰(zhàn)， 全球性的跨國汽車及零部件公司正逐漸地入侵中國這一個世界上最大也是最后一 個潛在汽車市場。國內汽車行業(yè)尤其是汽車零部件與跨國公司相比，無論是從規(guī) 模、資金實力、研發(fā)能力、還是管理水平上看，都不在一個數量級上。國內零部 件企業(yè)為了生存下去，必須從某個方面有所突破，形成一定的競爭優(yōu)勢。過去， 一直在國家關稅政策保護卜生存的中國汽車這一競爭行業(yè)的企業(yè)， 面臨著生存 的危機，競爭力弱的很重要的一個原因就是產品開發(fā)速度慢，水平低。究其原因， 有的是開發(fā)手段落后，有的是經驗不足，有的是開發(fā)人員素質達不到客觀要求， 10 還有一個重要的原因，就是我們產品開發(fā)的方式的落后。 與液力自動變速器(AT)和無級變速器(CVT) 相比，機械自動變速器 (AMT) 的制造成本要低得多，且結構簡單，安裝方便，市場潛力巨大。作為 AM 下系統(tǒng) 中的一個重要功能模塊，當前自動離合器在技術開發(fā)中存在的主要問題包括:復雜 工況下起步失敗、沖擊劇烈、換檔不平穩(wěn)、摩擦片壽命縮短和響應遲滯過大等。 本文圍繞問題的關鍵，即離合器接合過程瞬態(tài)響應作了深入的理論分析和試驗研 究· 發(fā)動機、膜片彈簧、伺服執(zhí)行機構等具有強非線性特性，這給自動離合器系 統(tǒng)最佳瞬態(tài)響應的控制設計帶來困難。本文提出以系統(tǒng)綜合的方法來研究 AMT 自動離合器的非線性動力學與控制。根據汽車傳動系統(tǒng)動力學原理，被控主系統(tǒng) 可以分統(tǒng)和傳動系統(tǒng)。本文首次將 Popov 超穩(wěn)定性理論和參考模型自適應控制結 合并應用于發(fā)動機的狀態(tài)監(jiān)測。發(fā)動機監(jiān)測器以精確的轉速預測為前提，通過構 建扁平化神經網絡預測模型，并根據遺忘因子思想改進快速遞推算法，既減少網 絡權矩陣的計算量，又充分發(fā)揮神經網絡算法對非線性和非平穩(wěn)系統(tǒng)的自學習能 力。比較分析表明，改進算法可以確保發(fā)動機狀態(tài)監(jiān)測是可靠和有效的。在建模 過程中，膜片彈簧的載荷·變形關系通常作為“黑箱”問題，使得許多精確控制 策略無法應用。為此，本文進一步發(fā)展了 Almen-Lazslo 法，推導出離合器接合過 程中膜片彈簧的載荷·變形非線性數學模型，解決了“黑箱”的精確建模問題。 通過協(xié)調二個子系統(tǒng)的控制量，可以得到一個綜合最優(yōu)動態(tài)響應。系統(tǒng)綜合為直 接根據整車性能設計反饋控制器提供了方便，而且為解決“分層”控制思路帶來 的響應延遲和不精確性開辟了一條有效的途徑。 沖擊度和滑摩功這兩個與傳動系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)有關的性能指標相互制約。本文采用 最小值原理進行多目標最優(yōu)控制，首次得到以解析式表達的多目標綜合最優(yōu)軌線。 綜合最優(yōu)控制的真實意義在于給出了系統(tǒng)的最優(yōu)性能。為使控制系統(tǒng)不受系統(tǒng)不 確定性因素和外界千擾的影響，設計了魯棒性強的滑模控制器，保證系統(tǒng)能夠跟 蹤綜合最優(yōu)軌線。數值仿真表明，當高速開關閥的節(jié)流孔流量系數、摩擦片的磨 損量、摩擦系數、傳動系的彈性系數等因素在允許范圍內變化時，滑?？刂破鞯?跟蹤誤差遠低于一般的 PID 控制器。 微分幾何理論為非線性動力系統(tǒng)的分析提供了有力的工具。針對這一典型的 仿射非線性系統(tǒng)，通過反饋線性化方法構建微分流形，得到原系統(tǒng)的相伴形。仿 真和試驗結果表明，該方法能簡化控制系統(tǒng)的設計，對工程應用具有實際意義。 11 在實施非線性控制中，本文首次將∮算子及其在頻域上對應的變換引入到汽車電 子控制領域。與常規(guī)的之算子相比，當采樣周期趨于無窮小時，∮算子的數字迭 代格式精度更高，穩(wěn)定性更好。本文以非線性滑?？刂破鳛閷嵗瑥睦碚摵凸こ?應用兩個方面探討了∮算子離散化控制的實現格式、誤差分析、以及穩(wěn)定性。這 種方法在高頻采樣系統(tǒng)中具有工業(yè)應用優(yōu)勢，豐富了其新的應用領域。 作為本項工作的重點之一，本文分別對自動離合器系統(tǒng)的虛擬樣機仿真和實 車試驗。利用大型系統(tǒng)動力學分析軟件 ADAMS，開發(fā)出自動離合器系統(tǒng)的虛擬 樣機模型，通過虛擬試驗分析離合器接合過程瞬態(tài)響應的理論預測結果，為實車 試驗所需的液壓執(zhí)行器和計算機控制器的設計提供了可靠而有效的依據。自動離 合器控制器包括傳感器、微處理器及其接口;執(zhí)行器為液壓機構。所有試驗都在 Santana LX 轎車上實車進行，重點考察小油門、大載荷、高檔位、上坡等高難度 工況。試驗結果表明，本文實施的控制策略使自動離合器的接合過程具有良好的 動態(tài)特性，對人的主觀意圖、汽車多變的工況和復雜的行駛環(huán)境具有自適應能力， 能夠保證發(fā)動機不熄火，車輛平穩(wěn)起步和換檔，滑磨過程縮短，執(zhí)行機構響應迅 速。仿真和實驗結果均表明，本文提出的分析方法和控制技術能夠顯著提高 AMT 自動離合器的工作性能，為該技術的進一步產品化開發(fā)奠定了基礎。