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WilliamShakespeare(1564—1616),“Alltheworldsastage,/Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”——WilliamShakespeare,WilliamShakespeare(1564—1616),1.Hislife2.Hisliterarycareer3.Featuresofhisdrama4.TextStudy:Hamlet5.HisPoems6.TextStudy:Sonnet18,5.HisPoems,1)Shakespearewrote2narrativepoemsand154sonnetswhichwereaddressedtoahandsomeyoungmanandadarklady.2)Hisplaysarepoeticaldramas,manyimportantdialoguesandsoliloquiesintheplaysassumetheformofpoetry.,Sonnet,Apoemconsistingof14lineswithrhymesarrangedaccordingtooneorotherofcertaindefiniteschemes,ofwhichthePetrarchanandtheElizabethanaretheprincipal,namely:(1)abbaabba,followedbytwo,orthree,otherrhymesintheremainingsixlines;(2)ababcdcdefefgg.ThesonnetsofShakespeareareinthelatterform.(seeP118-119),IambicPentameter,抑揚格(iambic):如果一個音步中有兩個音節(jié)，前者為輕，后者為重，則這種音步叫抑揚格音步，其專業(yè)術語是（iamb,iambic.）。輕讀是“抑”，重讀是“揚”，一輕一重，故稱抑揚格。,IambicPentameter,英語中有大量的單詞，其發(fā)音都是一輕一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英語寫詩，用抑揚格就很便利。也就是說，抑揚格很符合英語的發(fā)音規(guī)律。因此，在英文詩歌中用得最多的便是抑揚格，百分之九十的英文詩都是用抑揚格寫成的。,,詩行的長短以音步數(shù)目計算：英文詩行的長度范圍一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的詩行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的詩。（各種長短詩行的專門術語：一音步詩：monometer二音步詩：dimeter三音步詩：trimeter四音步詩：tetrameter五音步詩：pentameter六音步詩：hexameter七音步詩：heptameter八音步詩：octameter.）,,音步：我們知道凡是有兩個以上音節(jié)的英文單詞，都有重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)之分，在一句話中，根據(jù)語法、語調(diào)、語意的要求，有些詞也要重讀，有些要輕讀。如Hewenttotowntobuyabook.I’mgladtohearthenews.英文中有重讀和輕讀之分，重讀的音節(jié)和輕讀的音節(jié)，按一定模式配合起來，反復再現(xiàn)，組成詩句，聽起來起伏跌宕，抑揚頓挫，就形成了詩歌的節(jié)奏。多音節(jié)單詞有重音和次重音，次重音根據(jù)節(jié)奏既可視為重讀，也可視為輕讀。讀下面這兩句詩：,,Alone│shecuts│andbinds│thegrain,Andsings│ame│lancho│lystrain.這兩行詩的重讀與輕讀的固定搭配模式是：輕——重。在每行中再現(xiàn)四次，這樣就形成了這兩行詩的節(jié)奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相當與樂譜中的“小節(jié)”。一輕一重，就是這兩行詩的音步。一行詩中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù)，這兩行詩的音步數(shù)都是四，所以就稱其為四音步詩。,在分析一首詩的格律時，既要考慮此詩的基本音步類型，也要考慮此詩中詩行的音步數(shù)目?？聪旅娴囊皇锥淘姡篈nEMPTYHOUSEAlexanderPopeYoubeat│yourpate,│andfan│cywit│willcome:Knockas│youplease,│there’sno│body│athome.（你拍拍腦袋，以為靈感馬上就來?？扇文阍趺辞么?，也無人把門打開。pate，腦袋。fancy，動詞：以為，想象。）在此詩的基本音步類型是抑揚格，每行五音步。因此稱此詩的格律是“抑揚格五音步”（iambicpentameter）。一首詩的音步類型和詩行所含的音步數(shù)目構成此詩的格律（meter）。,Hamlet,?Oldwords:Thee,obj.,thou,sub.,thy=your,thine=yours,oryour(beforevowel).“You”tostrangersanduppers;“thou”intimateorfamiliarsandtoinferiorpeople,Hamlet,?Oldwords:Dost/doest=do(2ndsing),doth/doeth=doesHast=have(2ndsing),hath=has,hadst=had(past)layst,mak’st,canst,whilst,Hamlet,?Oldwords:Ere=beforestill=alwaysoft=oftenHappily=haply=perhapseven=eveningmorn=morning,6.TextStudy:Sonnet18,ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;,ShallIcompareyoutoasummersday?Youaremorelovelyandmoreconstant:RoughwindsshakethebelovedbudsofMayAndsummerisfartooshort:,可否把你比作美麗的夏天？可你比夏天更加可愛如繡：狂風搖曳著五月里的花冠，夏天的租期不肯太長逗留，,Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;,Attimesthesunistoohot,Oroftengoesbehindtheclouds;Andeverythingbeautifulsometimewillloseitsbeauty,Bymisfortuneorbynaturesplannedoutcourse.,有時候蒼之巨眼未免焦灼，他金色的臉也會經(jīng)常暗退。所有的美麗總會不免衰落，偶然或永恒總將美麗殘催。,Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;NorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;,Butyouryouthshallnotfade,Norwillyoulosethebeautythatyoupossess;Norwilldeathclaimyouforhisown,Becauseinmyeternalverseyouwillliveforever.,但是你的妖艷會永不退萎。你不會失去你擁有的美麗，死神也懼把你送陰間吹擂；這時你將于詩中永存與日。,Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.,Speakers’Corner,Solongastherearepeopleonthisearth,Solongwillthispoemliveon,makingyouimmortal.,只要人類呼吸，目放光芒，詩行也會同長，使你命芳。,Sonnet18ofShakespeare,Structureproposal(1-2)argument(3-12)conclusion(13-14),Sonnet18,ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,——∨—∨—∨—∨—aAndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—b,Sonnet18,Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—d,Sonnet18,Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;∨—∨—∨∨∨—∨—fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,∨∨——∨—∨∨∨—eWhenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;∨∨∨—∨—∨—∨—f,Sonnet18,Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—g,Rhetoricinsonnet18,1.simile2.rhetoricalquestion3.metaphor4.personification5.pun6.paradox7.alliteration8.hyperbole9.synecdoche10.inversion,Sonnet18,WilliamShakespeare,SomebasicconceptsaboutpoetryAsonnetisapoemoffourteenlineswithvariousrhymingschemes.Rhyme----thelikenessoftheendingsoundsofthepoeticlines.,OldPoeticUse,Thou:“you”assubjectThee:“you”asobjectThy:“your”followedbyaconsonantThine:“your”followedbyavowelArt:areEst,st:secondpersonsingularHath:hasThispoemmightbedividedinto3parts.,Questions,Analysetherhymingschemeandrhythmicpatternofthepoem.Whydoesthewritercomparetheaddresseetoa“summer’sday”?Whatistheresultofthecomparison?Howdoyouunderstandthethemeofthepoem?,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thespeakeropensthepoemwithaquestion.Thisquestioncompares“Thee”toasummer’sdaybecausesummerisconsideredasthebesttimeoftheyear.Thenext11linesaredevotedtothecomparisonbetweenthesummer’sdayand“thee”.Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.Why?,RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimm’d;,五月花蕾惡風落地，夏日租約轉(zhuǎn)瞬到期，有時天眼高灼炎炎難耐，更見烏云常蔽金色面容古今紅顏難逃色衰，命運無常季候摧殘；每一個美人總要失去美貌，即使沒有突發(fā)的以外事件，也逃不過自然界生老病死的變遷,Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowest;NorshallDeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,,你的永恒夏日欲將長存，美貌紅顏必也永世不減,死神難夸你在他影中躑躅，,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowest:Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.,因你芳名已成不朽詩篇。只要一天有人類，或人有眼睛，這詩將長存，并且賜給你生命。,Animportantthemeofthissonnetisthepraiseabouttheeternalbeautyof“thee”.Anotherthemeisthepowerofthespeaker’spoemtodefytimeandlastforever.,詩人表達了這樣一種思想：美麗的事物可以依靠文學的力量而永遠不朽；文學是人所創(chuàng)造的，因此這有宣告了人的不朽。,一個重讀音節(jié)與一或兩個輕讀音節(jié)按一定的模式搭配起來，有規(guī)律地反復出現(xiàn)就是英文詩歌的節(jié)奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot），一行詩中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù)（meter)。輕讀音節(jié)是“抑”，重讀音節(jié)是“揚”，如一輕一重，為抑揚格。英語中有大量的單詞，其發(fā)音都是一輕一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英語寫詩，用抑揚格就很便利。也就是說，抑揚格很符合英語的發(fā)音規(guī)律。因此，在英文詩歌中用得最多的便是抑揚格，百分之九十的英文詩都是用抑揚格寫成的。,MeterandFeetThemeterofaversecanbedescribedasasequenceoffeet,eachfootbeingaspecificsequenceofsyllabletypes.某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot)。一行詩中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù)”（meter)。英文詩行的長度范圍一般是一至五音步一音步詩：monometer二音步詩：dimeter三音步詩：trimeter四音步詩：tetrameter五音步詩：pentameter,Forexample,themostcommonmeterinEnglishpoetry,theiambicpentameter,isasequenceoffiveiambicfeet,consistingofanunstressedsyllableandastressedsyllable.如果一個音步中有兩個音節(jié)，前者為輕，后者為重，則這種音步叫抑揚格音步，其專業(yè)術語是（iambic）。輕讀是“抑”，重讀是“揚”，一輕一重，故稱抑揚格。ShallI│compare│theeto│asum│mer’sday?,Comedy,aplaywrittenchieflytoamuseitsaudiencebyappealingtoasenseofsuperiorityoverthecharactersdepicted.Acomedywillnormallybeclosertoeverydaylifethanatragedy,andwillexplorecommonhumanfailingsratherthantragedy’sdisastrouscrimes.Itsendingwillusuallybehappyfortheleadingcharacters.Amongitslesssophisticatedformsareburlesque諷刺模仿andfarce鬧劇.,十四行詩(Sonnet)，源于中世紀民間抒情短詩，十三、十四世紀流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）為代表人物，每行十一個音節(jié)，全詩一節(jié)八行，加一節(jié)六行，韻腳用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提問，后六行回答。后來，懷亞特（ThomasWyatt,1503-1542）將十四行詩引人英國，五音步抑揚格，全詩三個四行一個二行,前三節(jié)提問，后二句結(jié)論。斯賓塞（EdmundSpenser,1552-1599）用韻腳abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亞（WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616）用韻腳abab,cdcd,efef,gg，稱英國式或莎士比亞式。,anoctave+asestet,3quatrains+acouplet,abbaabbacdecde,ababbcbccdcdee,ababcdcdefefgg,ItalianSonnet:,SpenserianSonnet:,ShakespearianSonnet:,3quatrains+acouplet,FrancescoPetrarch,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5-footIambus(IambicPentametre),（五步抑揚格）,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,TheWordsUsedinPoetry,Thou=You的主格Thee=You的賓格Thy=YourThine=Your用在元音前Methink=ItseemstomeHie=goquicklyPleasance=EnjoymentForsooth=NodoubtQuoth=SaidPerchance=BychanceMead=Meadow,TheWordsUsedinPoetry,Damsel=MaidenBefide=HappenWeal=Well-beingBard=PoetVale=ValleyFoe=EnemyWoe=SorrowValiant=BraveForlorn=LonelyWarrior=FighterYonder=Overthere,TheWordsUsedinPoetry,Behold=SeeSunder=BreakSwine=PigsSwain=PeasantMain=SeaLowly=HumbleIngrate=Ungrateful,Mute=SilentFond=FoolishReckless=CarelessDoleful=sorrowfulArtless=InnocentHapless=UnluckyHaply=PerhapsAnon=Atonce,TheWordsUsedinPoetry,Erst=FormerlyQuit=leaveWax=GrowSojourn=LodgeTarry=RemainWrought=WorkedFare=walk,Clad=ClothedWilt=WillShalt=ShallCanst=CanDost=DoDidst=DidEre=BeforeAlbeit=Although,Tragedy,aseriousplayornovelrepresentingthedisastrousdownfallofacentralcharacter,theprotagonist.AccordingtoAristotle,thepurposeistoachieveacatharsisthroughincidentsarousingpityandterror.Thetragiceffectusuallydependsonourawarenessofadmirablequalitiesinheprotagonist,whicharewastedterriblyinthefateddisaster.,Monologue,anextendedspeechutteredbyonespeaker,eithertoothersoralone.Significantvarietiesincludethedramaticmonologue(akindofpoeminwhichthespeakerisimaginedtobeaddressingasilentaudience),andthesoliloquy(inwhichthespeakerissupposedtobe“overheard”whilealone).獨白,Soliloquy,adramaticspeechdeliveredbyonecharacterspeakingaloudwhileundertheimpressionofbeingalone.Thesoliloquistthusrevealshisorherinnerthoughtsandfeelingstotheaudience,eitherinsupposedself-communionorinaconsciouslydirectaddress.Itisalsoknownasinteriormonologue.內(nèi)心獨白,