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. —－可編輯修改，可打印—— 別找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育資料 ——全冊教案，，試卷，教學(xué)課件，教學(xué)設(shè)計等一站式服務(wù)—— 全力滿足教學(xué)需求，真實規(guī)劃教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié) 最新全面教學(xué)資源，打造完美教學(xué)模式 初一上冊各模塊知識點及考試重點 名詞所所有格： ⑴表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加 's, students' rooms, father's shoes。 (2). 如復(fù)數(shù)結(jié)尾不是s的仍加 's，如：Children's Day。 (3). 在表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用 's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。 (4). 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。 特殊情況： the key to the door/ the answer to the question the ticket for the concert (5). 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。 【注意】 　　如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有 's，則表示“分別有”，例如：John's and Mary's rooms（約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間）；Tom's and Mary's bikes（兩人各自的自行車）。 　　兩個名詞并列，只有一個's，則表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room（約翰和瑪麗共有一間）；Tom and Mary's mother（即Tom與Mary是兄妹）。 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 單復(fù)數(shù)通同形：人們說漢語和日語，瑞士人喜歡綿羊、鹿和雨 fish 、sheep、deer、people、Chinese、English 不規(guī)則變化：男女孩子的腳，踩住老鼠的牙 Women、 men 、feet、 mice、 teeth 1、would的用法 ①Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事嗎？提出建議邀請，如果同意，用YES，I’d love to./all right /A good idea.如果拒絕，也要客氣的回絕。 ②would like sth想要某物 Would like sb to do sth想讓某人做某事 Would like to do 想去做一件事情 ③Would you please do sth?請求 2、表示時間的介詞 At 后接時間點，周末at the weekend In 用在年、月、季節(jié)或上午、下午、晚上等名詞前 On 后一般跟具體的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上 3、look、see、watch、read Look集中注意力看，強調(diào)看的動作，如跟賓語，要用at See 強調(diào)看的結(jié)果，看見，看到 Watch 強調(diào)專注地看，有欣賞的意味，常用語看電視，看球賽 Read 閱讀，看書 1、would的用法 ①Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事嗎？提出建議邀請，如果同意，用YES，I’d love to./all right /A good idea.如果拒絕，也要客氣的回絕。 ②would like sth想要某物 Would like sb to do sth想讓某人做某事 Would like to do 想去做一件事情 ③Would you please do sth?請求 2、表示時間的介詞 At 后接時間點，周末at the weekend In 用在年、月、季節(jié)或上午、下午、晚上等名詞前 On 后一般跟具體的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上 初一下冊重點知識 2、形容詞和副詞 形容詞比較級用法： 1．最明顯的提示詞是than，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“A…+比較級+than+B”。 2．有表示程度的副詞a little，a bit，a few，a lot，much，even，still，far，rather，any等修飾時，用形容詞比較級。 3．表示兩者之間進行選擇“哪一個更…”時，句型“Which/Who is+形容詞比較級，A or B?” 4、表示“越來越……”，即“比較級+and+比較級”，多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞時用“more and more+形容詞原級”。 5、表示“越……就越……”時，用“the+比較級，the+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)。 形容詞最高級用法： 1．表示三者或三者以上的人或物進行比較時，用最高級形式。最高級前必須加定冠詞the，句末常跟一個in/of短語來表示范圍。 2．表示在三者或三者以上的人或物進行選擇時，用“Which/Who is+the+最高級，A，B or C?” 3、表示“最……的……之一”時，用“one of the+形容詞最高級”結(jié)構(gòu)， 4、形容詞最高級前面可以加序數(shù)詞，表示“第幾最…… 一、 詞匯 1、enjoy enjoy sth/doing 喜歡某物/做某件事情 enjoy oneself= have a good time玩的愉快 派生詞：enjoyable，令人愉快的 enjoyment, 樂趣 2、dress,put on, wear,be in dress后常跟人作賓語，給…穿衣服,get dressed或dress oneself put on意為穿上，強調(diào)穿的動作，賓語通常是衣服、鞋帽 wear穿著，戴著，強調(diào)穿的狀態(tài)，賓語可以是衣帽也可以是飾品 be in也表狀態(tài)，后面要加顏色，表示穿著什么顏色的衣服 3、 bring, take, carry 和get的用法。 bring意思為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。 Bring me the book, please. take意思是“拿走”，“帶走” It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you. carry 是“帶著、搬運、攜帶”的意思， 不表明來去的方向。 Do you always carry a handbag? Get 是去某處將某物拿回來。 Please go to my office to get some chalk. 4、strict adj. be strict with sb.對某人要求嚴(yán)格 be strict in sb 對某事要求嚴(yán)格 5、spend 人+spend+時間/金錢+ on sth/ (in) doing sth 6、get ready for get ready for sth 為…做準(zhǔn)備（強調(diào)動作） get ready to do sth 準(zhǔn)備去做…（強調(diào)動作） be ready for sth 準(zhǔn)備好… （強調(diào)狀態(tài)） be ready to do sth 準(zhǔn)備好去做…（強調(diào)狀態(tài)） get sth ready 把sth 準(zhǔn)備好 7、look forward to doing 8、be good/bad at do well/badly in 9、hope 與wish的區(qū)別： 希望去做… hope to do sth/wish to do sth 希望sb去做… wish sb to do … hope與wish后都可以接that從句. 二、 金牌句型 1、It is more difficult for old people to learn English. It is +adj.+(for sb)+to do sth. 2、It is the best way to get to school. 3、What’s the population of Shanghai? 在詢問有多少人口用“What’s the population of…”/ “How large is the population of…” 表示“有多少人口”用“…h(huán)ave/has a population of…” 形容人口的多少用large和small,而不用many,much和few,little 4、有關(guān)how的疑問句短語 How long… 多長時間或物體長度 How soon… 過多久，用于將來時間 How often… 頻率 How far… 多遠，指距離 5、What be sb like? 詢問某人什么樣，可以是外貌或性格等； What do/does sb look like? 詢問相貌。 初二上冊考試重點 一、語法 1、時態(tài)的考察，對于各種時態(tài)主要看時間標(biāo)志詞，尤其是：just now/just/now; ago/before; five years ago/since five years ago/for five years, 時態(tài)的考察以現(xiàn)在完成時為重點，注意非延續(xù)性動詞在現(xiàn)在完成加時間的情況下需要變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性狀態(tài)的詞。have been to /have been in/ have gone to 2、反義疑問句 ＊祈使句 Let引導(dǎo)的祈使句有兩種情況： 1) Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 2)Let us/me...， will you或won't you。 Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 3）動詞原形開頭的 祈使句都用will you 或won’t you ＊當(dāng)陳述部分含I think (believe, suppose...)that... 結(jié)構(gòu)時，其反意疑問句須與從句的主、謂語保持一致，注意主句的主語必須是第一人稱。例如： I don't think he will come, will he? 若是非第一人稱，則與主句的主語相一致 He thinks that she will come, doesn’t he? ＊當(dāng)陳述部分為從句時，若主句主語為 I ，反意部分的主語為從句主語;若不為 I ，反義部分的主語為主句主語。 ①I know your father is a worker, isn't he? ①she knows your father is a worker, doesn’t she? ＊當(dāng)陳述部分含有以下這些含有否定意義的詞時：few, little, seldom，hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等，其反意疑問句需用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。 例如： He is never late for school, is he? ＊陳述部分是there be句型時，其反意疑問句中要用there。　　 There was a hospital here, wasn't there? ＊陳述部分的主語是everything, nothing, anything或something 時，反意 疑問句的主語應(yīng)用代詞it。 Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it? 我的收音機出毛病了，是吧？ ＊陳述部分的主語是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 時, 其反意疑問句的主語需用復(fù)數(shù)代詞they。例如： Everyone is here, aren't they? 大家都到了，是嗎？ 3、to do 不定式 1. 不定式作主語時，常用it作形式主語，而將作主語的不定式放在句子后部。 It is exciting to surf the Internet. It's ... of sb. to do sth.與It's... for sb. to do sth. 形容詞形容人的時候用of,形容事情的時候用for It's very kind / nice of you to help me。 It's hard for the Chinese students to learn Russian. 中國學(xué)生學(xué)俄語是很難的。 2.動詞不定式在句中作賓語，如帶有賓語補足語時，要先用it作形式賓語，而將該不定式后置。 注意：一些動詞之后可以接to和doing作賓語時，如stop，forget，remember, try,need等 I don't think it right to do it in that way. 我覺得以那種方式去做是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹? I find it hard to get along with him. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)與他相處不是件容易的事。 4.作補語 有些動詞后跟不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語。 ① 感官動詞② 使役動詞③ help sb. do…或help sb. to do當(dāng)此類句子改為被動語態(tài)時，要補上to. He is often heard to sing this song. The workers were made to work 12 hours a day. 在 think, find, consider, discover等動詞后常用to be +adj.結(jié)構(gòu)作賓補，有時to be 可省略。 We all think/ consider/ find/ discover him (to be) kind and honest. 動詞不定式的省略 1）不定式在使役動詞 let, have, make和感官動詞 see, watch, notice , observe, hear, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補時，省略to。help 可帶to，也可不帶to →help sb (to) do sth。 2) Why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式。常用來表建議。 Why not have a break? 3）but和except：but/except前的部分出現(xiàn)實義動詞do時，其后面出現(xiàn)的動詞不定式可以不帶to。比較： He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. Last night I did nothing but (to )watch TV. He does everything except (to) work. 4) 由and, or或than連接的兩個不定式，第二個不定式的to 可以省去。例如： He wants to move to France and marry the girl. 5）通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be： He is supposed (to be) an honest man. 4、情態(tài)動詞 must是重點 1）表示義務(wù)。意為“必須”（主觀意志）。否定形式是needn’t, 2）表示揣測。意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定形式是can’t 3）musn’t本身表示“禁止”，“不允許”，“不能” 二、重點詞匯、句型 1、※What/how about doing …? ※Why not/why don’t you do…..? ※It is +adj.+for sb to do sth?此句型到第九模塊會重點講解 2、※other 系列詞 another adj./pron泛指多個中的另一個 other adj./pron,其他的，別的 one…the other 一個……另一個……（總共有兩者） one…another 一個……另一個……（總數(shù)三者以上者） other+n.=others 其余的一些 The other+n.=the others 其余的全部 3、※ a little 修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞，有點 修飾不可數(shù)名詞，一點，一些 a bit 修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞，有點,=a little 加介詞of后可修飾不可數(shù)名詞 a few 修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式 4、※ no one 和none no one（=nobody） 不加of who提問 沒有人 單三動詞 none 可加of how many提問 沒有人沒有物 單、復(fù)數(shù)動詞 5、bring, take, carry 和get的用法。 bring意思為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。 Bring me the book, please. take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來”或“拿到”某處之意。 It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you. carry 是“帶著、搬運、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag? Get 是去某處將某物拿回來。 Please go to my office to get some chalk. 6、through/across/over through 穿越，指從空間內(nèi)穿越 through the door across，橫越穿過，從表面走過，或從一邊到另一邊,across the road over翻越，跨越 7、provide /offer provide sth for sb / provide sb with sth offer sth to sb / offer sb sth（主動提供） 8、happen / take place happen指事件偶然發(fā)生，還可以表示“碰巧”之意,不用于被動語態(tài) sth happen to sb sb happen to do sth. It happens that+句子 take place多指按計劃或者安排而發(fā)生，不用于被動語態(tài) 9、compare…with…比較compare…to…. 比喻 10、depend on sb 依賴depend on sth 依…而定 初二下冊重點知識 一、重點詞匯 1、make make +賓語+動詞原形 He made us stay with him. make +賓語+ 形容詞 He tried to make his mother happy make +賓語+名詞- He made me his friend. make +賓語+介詞短語 He asked us to make ourselves at home. make +賓語+過去分詞 What made him so frightened? 2、seem Seem+形容詞 English seems a little difficult. Seem to do He doesn’t seem to have any friends. =It seems that he doesn’t have any friends. It seems as if they were in a dream. 3、suggest suggest+名詞、代詞 suggest doing建議做某事 suggest sb do 建議某人做某事 4、refuse to do sth拒絕做某事 5、beat 打敗，后接運動員、球隊、對手 win 接比賽、戰(zhàn)爭，獎項 6、avoid doing sth避免做某事 7、depend depend on sb 依賴 depend on sth 依…而定 8、on one’s own獨自 of one’s own 某人自己的 9、have problem with …在哪一方面有麻煩 have problem/trouble/difficulty (in)doing，其中trouble/difficulty是不可數(shù)名詞，前面用no/much/some/little any修飾 10、come up出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生 1)發(fā)芽，In March, lots of plants begin to come up. 2)太陽升起 3）發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)I'll let him know if anything comes up. 4）被提及A number of questions came up at the meeting. 11、in order to、to+動詞原形、so as to,so…that.so that，in order that in order to、to+動詞原形、so as to引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，有時為了表示強調(diào)，也可把in order to，to do放在句首，否定形式是in order not to,so as not to 12、as well as并且，還，可與not only…but also互換，但是as well as強調(diào)前面的內(nèi)容，not only…but also強調(diào)后面的內(nèi)容 1）連接兩個并列成分He as well as his friends likes going shopping. 2）as well as還可以表示“和…一樣好”，well是副詞，用于修飾實義動詞。 3）as well 可單獨做副詞，表示“也”，位于句末。 13、such adj. 如此，這樣 so +adj.+a/an+單數(shù)名詞 such+a/an+adj.+單數(shù)名詞 such +adj.+復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞， 當(dāng)adj.是many/much/few/little時用so 14、倒裝句 So + be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語“某人或某物也一樣” 　 I will go there tomorrow. So will she. So +主語+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞 “的確如此” "It was very cold yesterday.""昨天很冷。" 　　 "So it was.""的確如此。" 對于上述兩種情況，當(dāng)前一句是否定句時， so須改用neither或nor。 15、besides，but，except和except for besides：除了......還包括He has another car besides this. but與except同義，但but多用在every，any，no等和由這些詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞 except：除了；例句：Except you, there is no one can help me. 除了你沒人能幫我 except for：在一類中除去另一類，Smith is a good man， except for his bad temper 二、語法知識 1、賓語從句 賓語從句的語序 賓語從句的語序應(yīng)為陳述句的語序。例如： I hear (that) physics isn’t easy. I think (that) you will like this school soon. Can you tell me how I can get to zoo? Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting. 賓語從句的時態(tài) 主句 賓語從句 一般現(xiàn)在時 一切時態(tài) 一般過去時 過去范疇的某一時態(tài)（一般過去時；過去進行時；過去完成時；過去將來時） 如果主句的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時，賓語從句該用什麼時態(tài)就用什麼時態(tài)。 I don’t think (that) you are right. Please tell us where he is. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station? 如果主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時，賓語從句只能用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)（一般過去時， 過去進行時， 過去將來時，過去完成時）。例如： He asked what time it was. He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet. He asked if you had written to Peter. 知識拓展： 賓從的主語與主句的主語（或賓語）相同時，可把從句替換為“疑問詞 + to do” ①.I haven’t decided where I will go =I haven’t decided where to go ②.He asked me what I bought = He asked me what to buy. 2、狀語從句 ★ 時間狀語從句 1）由 when，as soon as ,before 等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時間。 2）帶有till或until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含義是“一直到……時”，謂語動詞只能用延續(xù)性動詞。如果主句用否定式，其含義是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 謂語動詞可用瞬間動詞。例如： The young man read till the light went out. We won’t start until Bob comes. ★ 條件狀語從句 1）條件狀語從句遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”原則，一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時間。 2）“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陳述句” 在意思上相當(dāng)于一個帶有條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句。 Hurry up, or you’ll be late. =If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late. ★ 結(jié)果狀語從句 結(jié)果狀語從句由so…that, such…that, so that 此知識點牽扯到重點詞匯中的 so +adj.+a/an+單數(shù)名詞 such+a/an+adj.+單數(shù)名詞 such +adj.+復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞， 當(dāng)adj.是many/much/few/little時用so 3、to do 和doing做賓語 常考的動詞后加-ing. 1.??Enjoy doing sth??????????????????????????喜歡做某事 2.??Like doing sth???????????????????????????喜歡做某事 3.??Have fun doing sth???????????????????????玩得開心 4.??Practice doing sth???????????????????????練習(xí)做某事 5.??Spend doing sth???????????????????????????花費時間做某事（主語是人） 6.??Keep doing sth???????????????????? 保持一直做某事 7.? How about doing sth??????????????????????做某事怎么樣（表建議） 8.? What about doing sth????????????????? 做某事怎么樣（表建議） 9.??Have a difficulty doing sth????????????? 做某事有困難 10.?Have a good time doing sth??????????? 玩得開心 11.?Feel like doing sth?????????????????? 想要做某事 12.?Can’t help doing sth????????????????????禁不住做某事 13.?start doing sth???????????????????????? 開始做某事 14.?go on doing sth??????????????????????????繼續(xù)做某事 15.?mind doing sth ??????????????????????????介意做某事 16.?finish doing sth????????????????????? 完成做某事 17.?be busy doing sth?????????????????????忙于做某事 18.?see/hear sb doing?????????? 看到/聽到某人正在做某事 19. remember doing sth???????????????? 記住曾做過某事 20. forget doing sth???????????????????? 忘記曾做過某事 21. try doing sth?????????????????????? 做某事試試看有何效果 22. mean doing sth???????????????????? 意味著做某事 23. can't help doing sth????????????????? 禁不住做某事 24. stop doing sth.????????????????????? 停止正在做的事 初三上冊考試重點知識 一、 語法知識 1、時態(tài) 名稱 時間狀語 用法 一般現(xiàn)在時 seldom,often,usually every week, on Sundays, once a week 經(jīng)常性習(xí)慣性的動作、 客觀真理、 條件或時間狀語從句中表示將來 一般過去時 …ago,last week,just now In+過去的時間，the day before 過去某個事件發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) 現(xiàn)在進行時 now,at this time,these days, 還有其他結(jié)構(gòu)：look，listen 現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)， 狀態(tài)動詞不用于進行時 過去進行時 at this time yesterday,at that time, When和while引導(dǎo)的狀語從句 過去某個時刻或某階段正在發(fā)生的動作 一般將來時 tomorrow,next week,soon,in+一段時間，how soon,from now on 將來某時要發(fā)生的動作 打算要做某事 Shall多于第一人稱連用，一般疑問句中表示請求、建議 現(xiàn)在完成時 ever,just,recently,before, already,yet,since+時間點 for+時間段，so far 過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響； 過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在；終止性動詞不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用 被動語態(tài)的特殊用法： 1、不及物動詞帶介詞和介詞賓語,在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,仍然要帶上介詞,如 The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class. The new students are looked after in the school. The things are take good care of . 2、當(dāng)動詞帶有符合賓語時,并且賓補是省去 “to”的動詞不定式時,在被動語態(tài)中應(yīng)加上 “to”, 一感，二聽，三讓，四看 They make us do all the work. We are made to do all the work. We often hear her sing English songs. She is often heard to sing English songs. I see him walk to school. He is seen to walk to school. 3、當(dāng)動詞帶雙賓語時,將其中一個賓語提前作被動語態(tài)的主語,另一個不動; 如果是將指物或指事的賓語提前,則指人的賓語前應(yīng)加上 to、for如: I am given some nice presents. They give me some presents Some nice presents are given to me. The children are often told some stories (by him) He often tells the children some stories. Some stories are often told to the children (by him). 動詞后加to：give,show,send,bring,lend,promise等。 動詞后加for: pay,buy,sing,make,get等 3、定語從句 修飾人只用who的情況： a. 先行詞是one , ones , anyone , those 時。 b. there be句型中修飾名詞時。 c. 先行詞后有一個較長的定語。 1)Anyone who hasn’t handed in his home- work should stay after school. 2)There is a girl who wants to see you at the school gate. 3)Did you see the man in the park yesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 修飾人或物只用that的情況： (1) 先行詞是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代詞時。 All that he said is true. (2) 先行詞被only, no, any, all,等詞修飾時。 He is the only foreigner that has been to that place. (3) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如： He was the second (person) that told me the secret. (4) 先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾的詞。 This is the best book (that) I have read this year. (5) 先行詞既包括人又包括物時。例如： 修飾物只用which的情況： a. 先行詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時 b. 先行詞為that時 1)This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived . 這就是魯迅以前住過的房子。 2)What’s that which you are holding in your arms? 你抱著的那個是什么？ 定語從句可簡化為短語 1．定語從句為被動語態(tài)時可簡化為過去分詞短語；定語從句為現(xiàn)在進行時可簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞短語。 2．定語從句的謂語(be)后是介詞短語，可簡化為介詞短語作定語。 3．定語從句的謂語動詞含情態(tài)動詞，可簡化為不定式。 eg.1)I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun. = I bought a book written by Lu Xun. 2)Tell the children who are playing there not to do that. = Tell the children playing there not to do that. 3)The book that is on the table is mine. = The book on the table is mine. 4) We have nothing that we should fear. = We have nothing to fear. 4、冠詞和數(shù)詞 1、a/an用在序數(shù)詞之前表示“再一次，又一次’ 2、the用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫婦”。例如： the Browns, the Whites等。 3. 表示一個具體數(shù)字時，hundred, thousand, million一律不用復(fù)數(shù)； 在表示一個不確定數(shù)字時則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： There are three thousand students in our school. After the war, thousands of people became homeless. 　 (3) 表示“……十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用來表示人的歲數(shù)或年代，例如： 　　 He is in his early thirties． 　　 He died still in his forties． 　　 This took place in 1930s． 5、主謂一致 1. 語法一致的原則 （2）并列主語如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如： His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl. The poet and writer has come. （3）由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語之前如果分別由each, every修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如： In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. （4）主語是單數(shù)時，盡管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with ,as well as等短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。例如：The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum. （5） 一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。The police are looking for lost boy. （7）有兩部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Where are my shoes? I can’t find them. Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them. 如果這類名詞前用了a pair of等，則往往用作單數(shù)，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式往往取決于pair 的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： My new pair of socks is on the bed. 2. 意義一致的原則 （1）表時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如： Twenty years is not a long time. Ten dollars is too dear. （2）有些集合名詞，如family, team等作主語時，如作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如指其中每個成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： My family is big one. My family are watching TV. （5）“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)/the rest+of+名詞”構(gòu)成的詞組作主語時，其謂語動詞要以of后面的名詞而定。名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)：名詞是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如： It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women. Three –fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. （8）凡是以“定冠詞+形容詞（或分詞）”作主語，往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果這種主語指的是一類人，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果指的是一個人或抽象概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. The dead is a famous person. 3. 鄰近一致的原則 （1）由連詞or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數(shù)，一個是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致。例如： Either you or I am right. Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it. （2）在“There be” 句型中,謂語動詞和靠近的主語一致。 　　 There are two apples and one egg in it. （4）以here開頭的句子，其謂語動詞和靠近的主語一致。 Here is a letter and some books for you. 詞匯 1、do some reviews about表示“對......做評論”; do an interview with表示“采訪......”. 2、too……to 太……而不能 He is too young to go to school so…that 如此…以至于, …enough to…, 注意同義句轉(zhuǎn)換 3、as far as 就…而言，據(jù)… as long as 只要：I don't mind as long as it doesn't rain. as soon as一…就…I'll write you as soon as I get there. as well as和…一樣He grows flowers as well as vegetables. 4、please兩個意思，一個是請，一個是取悅， Mark treid to please Jen. pleased，感到愉悅的，高興的 pleasure，名詞，相當(dāng)于fun，can you open the door for me？My pleasure. pleasant，是形容詞，舒服的，宜人的such a pleasant day 5、allow/encourage/advise sb to do sb be allowed/encouraged/advised 6、prefer to do…rather than do… prefer doing A to doing B would rather do …than do… would rather do…than do…. do A instead of doing B 7、above all,after all,first of all,in all above all,尤其是，最重要的是，強調(diào)內(nèi)容的重要性 after all 畢竟，終究 first of all 首先，表示順序上的首先 in all 總共 8、instead of /instead instead of 是介詞短語，常位于句中，而instead是副詞，可置于句中，常用逗號與句子主干分開，也可直接置于句末，通常用于上文已經(jīng)說明的被代替的對象。He is too busy, let me go instead. 9、in order to、to+動詞原形、so as to,so…that.so that，in order that in order to、to+動詞原形、so as to引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，有時為了表示強調(diào)，也可把in order to，to do放在句首，否定形式是in order not to,so as not to 10、some time 一段時間 sometime 某個時候 sometimes 有時候 some times 幾次 11、be used to do 被用來做某事 be used to dong 習(xí)慣于 used to do 曾經(jīng) 12、no one 和none no one（=nobody） 不加of who提問 沒有人 單三動詞 none 可加of how many提問 沒有人沒有物 單、復(fù)數(shù)動詞 13、so +adj.+a/an+單數(shù)名詞 such+a/an+adj.+單數(shù)名詞 such +adj.+復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞， 當(dāng)adj.是many/much/few/little時用so 14、be supposed to (do)被期望或要求; 應(yīng)該 suppose that假定 15、progress,不可數(shù)名詞 make progress 16、倒裝句 So + be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語“某人或某物也一樣” 　 I will go there tomorrow. So will she. So +主語+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞 “的確如此” "It was very cold yesterday.""昨天很冷。" 　　 "So it was.""的確如此。" 對于上述兩種情況，當(dāng)前一句是否定句時， so須改用neither或nor。 初三下冊知識重點 一、詞匯 1、debate v.&n.辯論 1）debate about sth.爭論某事 2）de