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Module 4 Languages of the World (滿分：120分；時(shí)間：100分鐘) Ⅰ.閱讀理解(共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分) A (2016河北省八校高三第一次聯(lián)考)We do not usually think about how our language works.Talking is such a natural，everyday activity that we do not often stop to consider how it actually works.When we do study our language，though，we are often surprised that we are able to understand our conversations.Words can mean so many different things.However, it turns out that the speaking situation helps a lot in making language work. First，the speaking situation helps make words more particular.For example，the word “dog” can describe a dog that a speaker saw in a dream.It can also be used to discuss a neighbors dog.No language has a separate word for the idea “dog that I saw yesterday” and another word for the idea “dog that I saw in a dream”．This is because the speaking situation makes it clear what speakers mean when they use words.So，when you have a conversation with your neighbor, the knowledge that you have a dog tells your neighbor what the word “dog” probably means in that situation. The speaking situation also helps make language clearer.For example，the word “bank” has two possible meanings.It can mean “a place where people keep money” ，but it can also mean “the side of a river”．So the sentence “I went to the bank” is not clear.It could mean I went to the side of the river or it could mean I went to the place where my money is kept.However，if the speaker is talking about fishing or going to the mountains，others probably know that “bank” means “the side of a river”． The things that speakers say may not always be clear.Sometimes the words are not very particular，but the speaking situation can provide the meaning.Other times words may have many meanings.Then the speaking situation limits the right meaning.This extra knowledge from the situation is very important to understand language. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文講述了語(yǔ)境對(duì)語(yǔ)言的理解起著很大作用。 1．The passage is mainly about ________. A．the best time and place to talk to others B．how the speaking situation helps language work C．what to say in difficult situations D．how our language works 【解析】　主旨大意題。本文講述了語(yǔ)境對(duì)語(yǔ)言的理解起著很大作用。故選B。 【答案】　B 2．According to the passage，we can safely say that ________. A．the speaking situation does not affect the meaning of words B．speaking is not very natural for most people C．the speaking situation is not important D．people often do not consider how talking works 【解析】　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“We do not usually think about how our language works.Talking is such a natural，everyday activity that we do not often stop to consider how it actually works”可知，選D。 【答案】　D 3．By using the example of the word “dog” ，the writer wants to show that ________. A．a(chǎn) word may need to be explained in a conversation B．a(chǎn) word may have different meanings C．the speaking situation helps people understand the particular meaning of a word D．the meaning of words is not particular 【解析】　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的第一句話“First，the speaking situation helps make words more particular”和下文的“For example”可知，下文正是用dog一詞舉例來(lái)論證第二段的第一句話。故選C。 【答案】　C B 【導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)：04940048】 (2016合肥市高三第一次教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè))Its the universal cry of parents.“Get a job！” Solimans mother told Soliman on the second day of his college breaks. After years of delivering furniture for his mothers store，he knew many people had things they wanted to get rid of.If he borrowed his moms truck，he could make a little money by carrying away their garbage. One night，Soliman came up with a name for his new business—College Hunks Hauling Junk.He advertised the next day，and within hours，his phone rang.He asked his friend Friedman to help.They made $220 in three hours by cleaning out a womans garbage.Soliman and Friedman earned $10,000 that summer.But the two werent ready to become fulltime garbage men after graduation.“We were trained to finish college and get a good job，” says Soliman，who first worked at a research firm.Friedman became an economic analyst. After working for the firm and the company for a while，both of them changed their minds.They quit their jobs and restarted their business，but had trouble finding a bank willing to lend them money.“Within months，” says Friedman，“we were pretty upset.” At last，one bank risked lending them $50,000.At first，they lost money.One customer asked them to deal with a dozen garbage cans filled with construction garbage.They measured the job by volume instead of by weight and charged just $130.“The cans were so heavy that it took us two and a half hours，” says Soliman，“and it cost us more than $250 to carry the load.” However，the tough experience taught them a lesson.They reduced the cost of unloading by recycling metals and electronics.Just four years later, they ran a nationwide company that earned $3 million in 2014.“I figured if Nick and I failed，wed learned more from failing than from not trying at all，” says Soliman. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　Soliman通過(guò)為媽媽的商店運(yùn)家具，了解到許多人有不想要的東西。于是他有了一個(gè)想法——通過(guò)運(yùn)送別人不想要的東西來(lái)掙錢。他和朋友開(kāi)始創(chuàng)業(yè)時(shí)遇到了一些困難，但是通過(guò)不懈的努力以及分析和總結(jié)，最后他們終于成功了。 4．What does Soliman find when helping to deliver furniture? A．Some parents want their kids to work at college breaks. B．Many families have things they dont want to keep. C．His moms truck works well in carrying heavy furniture. D．Its hard to make money by carrying away the garbage. 【解析】　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“After years of delivering furniture for his mothers store，he knew many people had things they wanted to get rid of”可知，Soliman在為母親的商店運(yùn)送家具之后，他了解到很多人有他們不想要的東西。故選B。 【答案】　B 5．What makes Soliman think of starting his new business? A．His working experience in his mothers store. B．His strong desire to make use of the garbage. C．His hatred for peoples throwing away things. D．His much available time at college breaks. 【解析】　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“If he borrowed his moms truck，he could make a little money by carrying away their garbage”可知，當(dāng)他知道很多人都有不想要的東西時(shí)，他就想到如果他借媽媽的卡車來(lái)運(yùn)走這些不想要的東西，他就可以掙到錢。所以這種想法應(yīng)該是他幫媽媽做事時(shí)想到的。故選A。 【答案】　A 6．How did Soliman and Friedman cut the cost of the company? A．By filling the cans with more garbage. B．By measuring the job by volume. C．By reducing the working hours. D．By recycling something useful. 【解析】　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的“They reduced the cost of unloading by recycling metals and electronics”可知，他們通過(guò)循環(huán)利用金屬和電子設(shè)備來(lái)減少運(yùn)載的費(fèi)用。故選D。 【答案】　D 7．Which of the following can be learned from the passage? A．Easier said than done. B．Nothing succeeds like success. C．Two heads are better than one. D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 【解析】　推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，Soliman和朋友在創(chuàng)業(yè)階段很不順，但是通過(guò)堅(jiān)持不懈的努力以及分析和總結(jié)，最后他們終于獲得了成功。這個(gè)故事也驗(yàn)證了這句名言：有志者事竟成。故選D。 【答案】　D C Most people who move to a foreign country or culture may go through some form of culture shock, and its degree is determined by the differences between cultures, the anxiety to adapt to a new culture and the familiarity with a new culture, etc.If you go, for example, to a culture that is far different from your own, youre likely to experience culture shock more sharply than those who move to a new culture knowing the language and the customs of it. It is important to understand and learn how to deal with culture shock if you adapt successfully to your new homes culture.There are four general stages of cultural adjustment, and being aware of them helps you understand that culture shock wont last long.Its just a process you are going through rather than a constant situation. The first stage is usually referred to as the “honeymoon” stage.Upon arriving in a new environment, youll be interested in the new culture.Everything will seem thrilling and everyone will seem friendly and helpful.During this stage you are merely taking in these impressions passively. But it isnt long before the honeymoon stage gives way to the second stage—the withdrawal stage.The excitement you felt before is gone and the problems arise.The language is hard to learn；people are unusual and unpredictable；friends are hard to make；and simple things like shopping and going to the bank are challenges.It is at this stage that you are likely to feel anxious and homesick, and you will probably find yourself complaining about the new culture or country.This is the stage called “culture shock”． At some point, if you can manage it well, youll begin the transition into the next stage, the “recovery” stage, in which youll feel more confident functioning in the new culture.Customs and traditions are clearer and easier to understand.At this stage, youll deal with new challenges with humor rather than anxiety. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了來(lái)到異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng)的人們多多少少會(huì)遇到一些文化沖擊，他們?cè)谖幕m應(yīng)的過(guò)程中往往要經(jīng)歷四個(gè)階段，了解這些階段可以讓人們明白：文化沖擊只是階段性的，不會(huì)持久。 8．According to the passage, culture shock can be________. A．dealt with more easily for some people B．reduced by learning the language alone C．a(chǎn)voided by knowing adjustment stages D．got rid of by learning just the customs 【解析】　根據(jù)第一段最后一句中的“youre likely to experience culture shock more sharply than those who move to a new culture knowing the language and the customs of it”可推斷，文化沖擊對(duì)于某些人來(lái)說(shuō)比較容易處理。故選A項(xiàng)。 【答案】　A 9．The “honeymoon” stage here refers to________. A．the first month after the wedding B．the period of excitement C．the stage of adaptation D．the holiday for a newlymarried couple 【解析】　根據(jù)第三段第二、三句“Upon arriving in a new environment，youll be interested in the new culture.Everything will seem thrilling...”可推斷，“honeymoon”是一個(gè)令人興奮的階段。故B項(xiàng)正確。 【答案】　B 10．Which of the following doesnt belong to the second stage? A．Becoming upset. B．Missing family. C．Feeling confident. D．Making complaints. 【解析】　根據(jù)第四段第四句“It is at this stage that you are likely to feel anxious and homesick，and you will probably find yourself complaining about the new culture or country.”可知，A、B、D三項(xiàng)均是第二階段的表現(xiàn)。故選C項(xiàng)。 【答案】　C 11．What would be probably discussed in the paragraph that follows? A．Consequences of culture shock. B．Challenges in a new country. C．Preparations for a new culture. D．The 4th stage of cultural adjustment. 【解析】　根據(jù)第二段第二句中的“There are four general stages of cultural adjustment”以及文章已談到了“honeymoon”“the withdrawal stage”和“recovery”這三個(gè)階段可推知，接下來(lái)應(yīng)該要討論文化適應(yīng)的第四個(gè)階段。故選D項(xiàng)。 【答案】　D D During lectures, my students often ask which is the most difficult language to learn.Its not easy to answer because there are many factors to take into consideration.For a persons first language these factors are unimportant because people learn their mother tongue naturally.So the question of how hard a language is to learn is only relevant when learning a second language. Studies have shown that native speakers of Spanish find Portuguese much easier to learn than, say, native speakers of Chinese, because Portuguese is very similar to Spanish, while Chinese is very different.So a persons first language affects their learning of a second language.The greater the differences between a second language and the first, the harder it will be for most people to learn.Many Westerners think that Chinese is the hardest language to learn because of its writing system and pronunciation.But for Japanese speakers, who already use Chinese characters in their own language, learning writing is less difficult than for speakers of languages using the Roman alphabet. A recent study reported that British embassy staff found that the second hardest language to learn was Japanese.More surprising was the language that they found most problematic—Hungarian.In this case the issue was not the writing system (as both English and Hungarian use a similar alphabet) but grammatical complexity. Hungarian has 35 cases (forms of a noun according to whether it is subject, object, genitive, etc.) and it was this that caused the British diplomatic personnel most difficulty.One suspects they would have even more problems with Tabassaran, a Caucasian language with 48 cases, if they ever had to learn it. Teachers and the circumstances in which a language is learned also play important roles, as does each learners motivation for learning.If people learn a language because they need to use it professionally, they often learn it faster than people studying a language that has no direct use in their daytoday life. Put simply, no language is easy to learn well, though languages which are related to our first language are easier.Learning a completely different writing system is a huge challenge, but that does not necessarily make a language more difficult than another.In the end, it is impossible to say that there is one language that is the most difficult language in the world. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者認(rèn)為沒(méi)有一種語(yǔ)言是世界上最難學(xué)的語(yǔ)言，因?yàn)橛绊懻Z(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的因素是多方面的，包括一個(gè)人的第一語(yǔ)言與新語(yǔ)言的相似度、老師的指導(dǎo)、學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境以及學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)等方面。 12．According to the passage, who is likely to have the most difficulty learning a new language? A．A Korean person learning French. B．A Spanish person learning Portuguese. C．A German person learning English. D．A Chinese person learning Japanese. 【解析】　根據(jù)文章第二段中的“So a persons first language affects their learning of a second language.The greater the differences between a second language and the first，the harder it will be for most people to learn.”可知，一個(gè)人的第一語(yǔ)言影響了其第二語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)，如果這兩種語(yǔ)言差別越大，則其第二語(yǔ)言越難學(xué)。由此可推出，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，韓國(guó)人學(xué)法語(yǔ)最難。故答案選A。 【答案】　A 13．Which language do British embassy staff find most difficult to learn? A．Japanese. B．Caucasian. C．Hungarian. D．Tabassaran. 【解析】　根據(jù)文章第三段第二句話“More surprising was the language that they found most problematic—Hungarian.”可知，對(duì)British embassy staff來(lái)說(shuō)，最難學(xué)的語(yǔ)言是Hungarian(匈牙利語(yǔ))。故答案選C。 【答案】　C 14．Why does the author believe theres no single hardest language? A．All languages are equally difficult to learn well. B．With enough effort, any language can be learned well. C．There is not enough evidence to make any final conclusion. D．Peoples background and learning situations determine which language is hardest. 【解析】　通讀全文可知，作者認(rèn)為沒(méi)有一種語(yǔ)言是世界上最難學(xué)的語(yǔ)言，因?yàn)橛绊懻Z(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的因素是多方面的，包括一個(gè)人的第一語(yǔ)言與新語(yǔ)言的相似度、老師的指導(dǎo)、學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境以及學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)等方面。D項(xiàng)符合文意，故答案選D。 【答案】　D 15．The writer is probably________. A．a(chǎn) language learner B．a(chǎn) language teacher C．a(chǎn) newspaper journalist D．a(chǎn)n embassy official 【解析】　根據(jù)文章第一段第一句話“During lectures，my students often ask which is the most difficult language to learn.”并結(jié)合全文可推知，作者很有可能是一名語(yǔ)言教師。故答案選B。 【答案】　B Ⅱ.閱讀填句(共5小題；每小題2分，滿分10分) Taking good notes is a timesaving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways.　16　Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test.Third, notetaking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest. You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while reading a textbook or doing research for a report.　17　Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that notetaking is a selective process.　18　 The following methods may work best for you. ●Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it. ●Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting facts. ●Write your notes in your own words. ●　19　 ●Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written. As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速記)．When you do, be sure that you understand your symbols and that you use them all the time.　20　 A．Use words, not complete sentences. B．There are three practical notetaking methods. C．You must write your notes on separate paper. D．Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later. E．You will also want to develop your own method for taking notes. F．That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes. G．First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it. 【答案】　16－20　GEFAD Ⅲ.完形填空(共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分) When I met my husband, Mark, I found out that his parents speak only Spanish.As our relationship__21__， I knew that I had to take it upon myself to learn the language.It was terrifying, but__22__and I wanted to make the effort.I thought that the best way to show his parents how much I__23__about their culture and their son was to enroll in(注冊(cè)) a Spanish school in Mexico to study and learn their__24__language.I know, I could have taken Spanish class anywhere, but I__25__that if I was going to really learn the language, I should__26__it. So I__27__to San Miguel Allende, a small Spanish colonial(殖民的) town in central Mexico, I__28__a house and enrolled in classes for a month.His parents were so__29__at it that they wanted to come and live with me for that month.We would be__30__！ It actually__31__great.We cooked and shopped together, and in the evenings we would go into the town square and listen to__32__music.It so__33__that there were several friends of them living near the language school.We were often invited to attend their family__34__and social clubs.There I met some more friends__35__they really helped me a lot in learning Spanish. It was__36__.In the beginning, I only knew how to say “Hola”， but by the __37__of that trip I have a basic vocabulary and have started a great__38__with Marks parents.On the last day of school my husband flew down and we had a grand party to celebrate my “__39__”．Needless to say, my trip to Mexico was well__40__it! 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述“我”跟丈夫相識(shí)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)他的父母只會(huì)說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)。隨著“我”與丈夫關(guān)系的不斷推進(jìn)，“我”決定努力學(xué)好西班牙語(yǔ)?！拔摇眻?bào)名上西班牙語(yǔ)課，并在他父母和朋友的幫助下，“我”的西班牙語(yǔ)獲得了突破，同時(shí)跟他父母的關(guān)系也很融洽。 21．A.improvedB．progressed C．matched D．envied 【解析】　根據(jù)上文中的“I met my husband”可知，隨著時(shí)間的流逝，我們的關(guān)系應(yīng)該是有了“進(jìn)展”。progress意為“進(jìn)展”，符合語(yǔ)境。 【答案】　B 22．A.exciting B．tiring C．easy D．frightening 【解析】　根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but以及后半句“I wanted to make the effort.”可知，西班牙語(yǔ)既令人可怕又令人興奮。exciting意為“令人興奮的”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選A項(xiàng)。 【答案】　A 23．A.set B．brought C．cared D．talked 【解析】　句意：我認(rèn)為向他父母展示我有多么關(guān)心他們的文化和他們的兒子的最好方法是……care about意為“關(guān)心”，符合語(yǔ)境。 【答案】　C 24．A.oral B．spoken C．foreign D．native 【解析】　根據(jù)上文可知，西班牙語(yǔ)是作者的丈夫與他父母的母語(yǔ)(native language)，故選D項(xiàng)。 【答案】　D 25．A.figured B．counted C．doubted D．underlined 【解析】　句意：我知道我本來(lái)能在任何地方上西班牙語(yǔ)課，但我認(rèn)為如果我打算真正地學(xué)習(xí)這門語(yǔ)言，我就應(yīng)該用這門語(yǔ)言生活。figure意為“認(rèn)為”，符合語(yǔ)境。 【答案】　A 26．A.spend B．live C．work D．enjoy 【解析】　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處是指如果“我”打算真正地學(xué)習(xí)這門語(yǔ)言，“我”就應(yīng)該用這門語(yǔ)言生活。live意為“生存；生活”，符合語(yǔ)境。 【答案】　B 27．A.removed B．a(chǎn)rranged C．a(chǎn)dvanced D．moved 【解析】　句意：因此我搬到San Miguel Allende。move to意為“搬到”，符合語(yǔ)境。 【答案】　D 28．A.rented B．hired C．employed D．managed 【解析】　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，搬到新的地方，自然與“租房”有關(guān)。rent a house意為“租了一間房”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選A項(xiàng)。 【答案】　A 29．A.disappointed B．interested C．delighted D．a(chǎn)stonished 【解析】　根據(jù)下文的“they wanted to come and live with me for that month”可知，他們很高興。delighted意為“高興的”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選C項(xiàng)。 【答案】　C 30．A.roommates B．friends C．members D．teammates 【解析】　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，他們來(lái)跟“我”一起住一個(gè)月，自然我們成了室友。roommate意為“室友”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選A項(xiàng)。 【答案】　A 31．A.took out B．looked out C．set out D．turned out 【解析】　take out意為“取出”；look out意為“注意”；set out意為“出發(fā)；開(kāi)始”；turn out意為“結(jié)果是”。根據(jù)下文可知，“我”跟丈夫的父母一起住最終證明是很好的。故選D項(xiàng)。 【答案】　D 32．A.local B．popular C．folk D．countryside 【解析】　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，在傍晚，我們會(huì)到小鎮(zhèn)廣場(chǎng)上聽(tīng)當(dāng)?shù)氐囊魳?lè)。local意為“當(dāng)?shù)氐摹?，符合語(yǔ)境。故選A。 【答案】　A 33．A.occurred B．broke out C．happened D．took place 【解析】　句意：碰巧他們的好幾個(gè)朋友住在這所語(yǔ)言學(xué)校的附近。It happened that...意為“碰巧……”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選C。 【答案】　C 34．A.meetings B．parties C．reunion D．weddings 【解析】　句意：我們經(jīng)常被邀請(qǐng)參加他們的家庭聚會(huì)和社交俱樂(lè)部。family party意為“家庭聚會(huì)”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選B項(xiàng)。 【答案】　B 35．A.so B．but C．or D．a(chǎn)nd 【解析】　句意：在那里我認(rèn)識(shí)了很多朋友，而且在學(xué)習(xí)西班牙語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中他們幫了我很多。前后分句之間為順承關(guān)系，所以用連詞and連接。 【答案】　D 36．A.impossible B．believable C．magical D．classical 【解析】　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，剛開(kāi)始“我”只會(huì)說(shuō)“Hola”，但不到一個(gè)月“我”就掌握了基本的西班牙詞匯，這是很神奇的。magical意為“神奇的；令人驚異的”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選C項(xiàng)。 【答案】　C 37．A.time B．end C．year D．stop 【解析】　根據(jù)“in the beginning”以及轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but可知，此處用by the end of...最符合語(yǔ)境，意為“到……結(jié)束時(shí)”。故選B項(xiàng)。 【答案】　B 38．A.organization B．realization C．hardship D．relationship 【解析】　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處指作者跟丈夫的父母相處得很融洽，說(shuō)明他們的關(guān)系很好。relationship意為“關(guān)系”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選D項(xiàng)。 【答案】　D 39．A.graduation B．return C．work D．employment 【解析】　根據(jù)本句中的“On the last day of school”可知，我們舉行一個(gè)盛大的晚會(huì)是為了慶祝“我”的畢業(yè)。graduation意為“畢業(yè)，結(jié)業(yè)”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選A項(xiàng)。 【答案】　A 40．A.valuable B．important C．helpful D．worth 【解析】　根據(jù)上文可知，此句應(yīng)譯為：不用說(shuō)，我的墨西哥之旅是很值得的。be well worth意為“很值得的”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選D項(xiàng)。 【答案】　D Ⅳ.語(yǔ)法填空(共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分) 【導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)：04940049】 Music is one of the most powerful things in my life.41.________(listen)to music can help to motivate me in trying times.When younger，I 42.______(have)no great love for music as I do now.I mainly listened to 43.________ my