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附 錄1
小型玉米脫粒機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
1、 引言
玉米脫粒機(jī)是我國(guó)糧食收獲的重要農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械之一。軸流式玉米脫粒機(jī),全機(jī)有入料斗、脫粒、風(fēng)選、篩選、機(jī)架等五個(gè)重要部分。脫粒部分由釘齒滾筒、凹板、螺旋板組成。凹板下方有流斗。風(fēng)選部分有風(fēng)扇和出糠口。篩選部分有篩子和偏心滾輪振動(dòng)器，篩子由偏心滾輪振動(dòng)器帶動(dòng)做往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，將玉米芯中夾帶的子粒篩出，由篩孔漏下。其加工流程如下：玉米穗通過(guò)料斗進(jìn)入滾筒，在高速回轉(zhuǎn)滾筒的沖擊和玉米穗、滾筒、凹板的相互作用下被脫粒。脫下的子粒大部分通過(guò)凹板孔，由子粒滑板滑出機(jī)外。穗軸則沿滾筒軸向往后移動(dòng)，通過(guò)篩子表面流出機(jī)外。夾帶在穗軸中的部分子粒經(jīng)過(guò)篩孔漏下。風(fēng)扇的作用是將夾在子粒中的輕雜帶走。
2、 喂入口和排出口的設(shè)計(jì)
為保證玉米穗順利喂入而不堵塞滾筒，料斗底板應(yīng)有一定的斜度；進(jìn)入滾筒的入口應(yīng)偏向滾筒向下回轉(zhuǎn)的一側(cè)。軸流式滾筒式脫粒裝置的喂入口和排出口設(shè)置在徑向位置時(shí)，其設(shè)計(jì)原理與切流式脫離裝置基本相同。根據(jù)需要也可配置喂入輪和逐稿輪。在現(xiàn)有的一些脫粒機(jī)上，喂入口寬約400-500mm，排出口寬約300mm。有的脫粒裝置上的排出口寬度可以調(diào)節(jié)，用來(lái)改變作物的脫粒時(shí)間，以適應(yīng)不同作物需要。穗軸排出口與子粒排出口的配置應(yīng)保持一定的距離，以免穗軸于子粒混雜。軸流式滾筒上方的頂蓋與凹板鑲接組成圓筒行的脫粒室。圓柱形軸流滾筒的頂蓋內(nèi)壁應(yīng)有螺旋線導(dǎo)向板，用以控制作物軸向移動(dòng)的速度。導(dǎo)向板的螺旋升角約為20度到50度，升角過(guò)大導(dǎo)向板起不到軸向?qū)偷淖饔?，作物易滯留、積聚、使秸草破碎嚴(yán)重。導(dǎo)向板高度一般為50-70mm.喂入量大、作物層厚、導(dǎo)向板高度取最大值。導(dǎo)向板與滾筒間隙大多為10-15mm，間隙過(guò)大，作物軸向流動(dòng)不暢，使生產(chǎn)率降低，甚至可能發(fā)生堵塞。間隙太小，碎秸草多，功率消耗大，作物濕度較大時(shí)還易引起堵塞。因作物層沿軸向逐漸變薄，滾筒與導(dǎo)向板的間隙也可沿軸方向由大變小，以提高脫粒分離的效果。
3、 脫粒裝置的設(shè)計(jì) 、滾筒類型的設(shè)計(jì)
軸流式脫粒裝置主要由滾筒、凹板、導(dǎo)板和蓋（或罩）等部分組成。工作時(shí)，作物由滾筒的一端喂入（順著滾筒軸向或徑向喂入），隨著滾筒的旋轉(zhuǎn)，作物貼著凹板與蓋（或罩）組成的圓筒內(nèi)弧面作螺旋運(yùn)動(dòng)。沿著滾筒軸線方向流過(guò)脫粒裝置。谷粒、潁殼、碎秸、碎葉等谷粒混合物在滾筒離心力的作用下同時(shí)由凹板篩孔（或分離篩孔）落下，秸草則由滾筒的另一端（軸向或徑向）排出。大部分生長(zhǎng)成熟、飽滿的谷粒在滾筒前半段脫下分離，一些生長(zhǎng)不好和不太成熟的谷粒到后半段才被脫下,后半段滾筒還把其余混在碎秸里的谷粒分離出來(lái)。因作物在脫粒裝置內(nèi)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)（約2-3秒），能充分的進(jìn)行分離，故比傳統(tǒng)使用的切流式脫粒裝置脫凈率高，而且有可能把脫粒調(diào)整的柔和些。使受損傷的的谷粒減少。但碎秸桿多，脫粒消耗的功率也相應(yīng)較大。
滾筒的直徑、轉(zhuǎn)速和長(zhǎng)度的設(shè)計(jì)
常用的圓柱形釘齒滾筒的齒頂圓直徑為200-300 mm。這里取224 mm。軸流滾筒式脫粒裝置對(duì)作物的脫粒時(shí)間比較長(zhǎng)，故滾筒的脫粒速度可比切流滾筒式的稍底些，脫粒間隙可以大些，而不同的作物所要求的脫粒速度與脫粒間隙在調(diào)節(jié)。
4、 清選裝置的設(shè)計(jì)、清選裝置的功用
通過(guò)總體設(shè)計(jì)方案選用吹出型清選裝置。清選風(fēng)道位于風(fēng)扇出口的前面，谷?；旌衔镅鼗逶诔鲲L(fēng)口前落下，輕雜物沿風(fēng)道被吹走，谷粒靠重力穿過(guò)氣流場(chǎng)進(jìn)入集谷裝置。清選風(fēng)道下眼保證輕雜物的吹出通暢，并能截留被氣流吹出的少量谷粒，減少損失。清選風(fēng)道的截面積一般比風(fēng)扇出口的面積大很多，以便在出風(fēng)口處把谷?；旌衔锎瞪?。
5、 帶輪傳動(dòng)
鑒于帶傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和在應(yīng)用中的廣泛性。在一般的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)中，應(yīng)用最廣泛的是V帶傳動(dòng)。V帶的橫截面呈等腰梯形，V帶輪上也做出相應(yīng)的輪槽。傳動(dòng)時(shí)帶只和輪槽的兩個(gè)側(cè)面接觸，即以兩側(cè)面為工作面。根據(jù)槽面摩擦的原理，在同樣的張緊力下，V帶傳動(dòng)較平帶傳動(dòng)等產(chǎn)生更大的摩擦力。這是V帶傳動(dòng)性能上最主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。再加上V帶傳動(dòng)允許的傳動(dòng)比較大，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，以及V帶多以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化并大量生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因而V帶傳動(dòng)的應(yīng)用比平帶傳動(dòng)應(yīng)用廣泛的多。所以綜合以上V帶種種的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和實(shí)際操作的可行性，V帶傳動(dòng)是最佳的選擇。
6、 帶輪的材料
帶輪的材料主要采用鑄鐵，常用的材料牌號(hào)為HT150或者為HT200；轉(zhuǎn)速比較高的時(shí)候采用鑄鋼（或者用鋼板沖壓后焊接而成）；小功率時(shí)可以用鑄鋁或者塑料。
附 錄2
Small corn Sheller design
One、 Introduction
Corn Sheller is China's grain harvest of one of the important agricultural machinery. Axial-flow corn Sheller, the whole machine into the hopper, threshing and winnowing, screening, rack and important parts. Threshing in part by the nail tooth drum, concave, Helix Board composition. Concave bottom stream bucket. Some fans and winnowing out chaff. Filtering is a sieve and eccentric wheel vibrators, shaken by the eccentric wheel vibrators driven do reciprocating motion, the corncob entrainment of grain screening out from under the sieve leakage. The process is as follows: maize ears by hopper into the cylinder at high-speed rotary drum of shock and maize ears, roller, concave plate interactions are threshed. Off most of the grain through concave bore, from grain skateboard slide-out machines. Cobs along drum shaft yearning after moving through a sieve surface flow out of the machine. The aim of the section in the Spike-grain through the sieve leakage. The fan is enclosed in the grain of miscellaneous away.
Two、 feeding inlet and outlet of design
In order to guarantee the smooth feeding corn without clogging rollers, hopper bottom should get some angle; enter the drums of entry should be in favor of the drum down one side of the revolution.
Axial-flow type threshing equipment feeding inlet and outlet settings in radial position, their design principles and cut streaming out of the device is basically the same. Depending on your needs or you can configure the automatic feeder round and round-by-draft. Some of the existing threshers feed entry on approximately 400-500mm, is a 300mm outlet. The threshing of outlet width is adjustable, used to change the threshing time, crop to fit the needs of different crops. Cobs outlet and grain exports configuration should keep a certain distance, to avoid spike in the grain mix. Axial-flow top on the top of the drum and concave inlay-composition of threshing drum line. Cylindrical drums of the top wall-flow should have the Helix design, to control crop axial movement speed. Guide plate of spiral up-angle is approximately 20 ° to 50 °, the angle too large guide plate is the role of axial rushed, crop and the accumulation of stranded,, spiked broken serious. Guide plate height typically 50-70mm-feed capacity, crop guide plate thickness, height for maximum value. Guide plates and rollers gap most 10-15mm, gap is too large, crop axial flow, reducing productivity, and perhaps even blocked. Gap is too small, much grass stubble, power consumption, is the larger crop humidity also easily cause blockage. Because of the crop layer along the axial gradually becomes thin, drum and guide plate of clearance or direction along the axis, to improve the effectiveness of threshing. separation
Three、 threshing equipment、drum type design
Axial-flow by threshing drum, concave, plate and cover (or mask). As you work, the end of the crop by the drum cutter (axial down the drum or radial feed), with the drum rotation, the crop with a concave plate and cover (or cover) the cylinder arc for spiral motion. Along the axis through the threshing drum. Grain, one-piece shell, straw, broken leaf, grain mixture in the cylinder at the same time under the effects of centrifugal force by the concave sieve (or separate sieve) fall, spiked by the other end of the drum (axial and radial). Most of the growth of mature, full of grain in the roller first took off, some growth is not good and not too mature grains to the latter part is off, the latter part of the drum also mixed in the grain stubble. As a result of crops in the threshing equipment a long time (about 2-3 seconds), the separation adequately, therefore, cut than traditional use of flow cytometry threshing equipment net rate is high, and the gentleness of threshing adjustment. The injury of grain. But broken straw, threshing consumption power is appropriate.
drum diameter, speed and length of design
Common cylindrical spike tooth drum of addendum circle with a diameter of 200-300 mm. Here take the 224 mm. Axial-flow type threshing equipment on crop of threshing a long time, the drum of threshing than tangential flow slightly bottom barrel, threshing clearance can be bigger, but different crops may be requested by the threshing speed and threshing gaps in regulated.
Four、 device design、device functions
The overall design scheme selection by blowing out of the device. Cleaning the air duct is located at the front of the fan export grain mixtures along skateboards in the air, light before falling debris along the duct was blown away, grain by gravity through the flow field enter set Valley. Cleaning the air duct eyes that light the patency of the blow out debris and interception is a small amount of airflow blown out of the grain, minimize the loss. Cleaning the air duct of sectional area is generally lower than that of the fan area of export much more so that in the grains outlet and a cool the mixture.
Five、 swith wheel
In view of the advantages of the belt drive and the universality of the application. In typical mechanical transmission, the most widely used is the V-belt drive. V-belt of the cross section is isosceles trapezoid, V belt pulley also make the appropriate wheel slot. Transmission belt sheave and only two side contact, that is, with two side to face. According to the principle of the tank surface friction, in the same tension, V-belt drive lower belt drive and a greater friction. This is the V-belt drive performance major advantages. Plus V belt transmission allows the transmission of larger, more compact, and V belt to standardization and the benefits of mass production, and the application of V-belt drive than flat belt drive more widely. Therefore, taking all these benefits with all sorts of V and the feasibility of actual operations, V-belt drive is the best choice.
Six、 the belt pulley of materials
Pulley of materials made of cast iron, common material designation for the HT150 or high speed comparison HT200; the cast steel (or pressed steel welded together after); small power can cast aluminum or plastic.