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外文資料與中文翻譯
外文資料：
Rock Drilling And Jaw Crusher Profile
Edited by Alan L. Hitchcox
KG Mekaniska’s CT series rock drill uses remote control and CANbus communication for sophisticated, yet easy-to-use control.
Rock drilling is all about power and speed. You need a lot of power to break into solid rock and high speed to repeatedly hammer away at a work site. For safety and high productivity, many of today’s machines feature remote control. This presents a challenge because the remote control must be easy to operate yet allow full functionality of the machine.
Top hammer percussive drilling — the most common method for drilling holes up to 140 mm diameter — hammers the rock with impacts transferred from the rock drill to a drill bit in the bottom or a hole. Hydraulic pressure generates the force required — pressure builds to a maximum and when released, drives an impact piston forward. When the piston strikes a chuck, it transfers its kinetic energy as a stress wave through a drill rod to the drill bit, which uses this impact energy to pulverize the rock. Obtaining the highest drilling productivity and economy requires operation of all components in the system to be highly synchronized.
Design criteria
When designing the hydraulic system for a rock drill rig, the operator must be given complete and independent control of the key parameters — percussion pressure, percussion frequency, feed force, and rotation — to achieve optimum drilling efficiency. When all of these parameters are optimized to suit working conditions, the drill bit has full contact with the rock and the shock wave captures maximum kinetic energy to ensure that each impact achieves high productivity.
Although the design of the machine itself accounts for much of the machine’s productivity, achieving maximum productivity to meet cost targets requires a well-engineered hydraulic system with components that can maintain high reliability even in the face of frequent heavy impacts. Furthermore, a precise remote control is needed to achieve the high synchronization necessary for maximum productivity. Remote control also provides higher visibility, controllability, and safety than machine-mounted controls. It also lends itself to data acquisition to monitor operation and aid in improving future design of machines.
Nimco Controls AB, Malmo, Sweden, developed a system to meet these criteria in drill rigs manufactured by KG Mekaniska AB, Karl Gustav, Sweden. The electrohydraulic system integrates the features of Nimco’s Easy- Prog CANbus-based remote-control system with its CV 2000 LS series pressure-compensated valve. As a result, drill rigs have produced optimal results over the last two years.
The electrohydraulic system consists of a variable-displacement pump with load sensing to improve energy efficiency of the system, the CV 2000 LS pressure-compensated valve, and the EasyProg CANbus system. Designers also made an effort to reduce the amount of hydraulic hose in the machine. Not surprisingly, then, the new design contains about 13 less hose.
Component details
The CV 2000 LS valve can accommodate a flow of 125 lpm to each cylinder port and is designed to work with both fixed- and
variable-displacement pumps. Work port flow is controlled by 12- or 24-V proportional solenoids, with manual hand lever override functions available. Pressure limiters can be fitted on each individual work port together with shock and/or anticavitation valves.
the CV 2000 LS pressure compensator
The EasyProg control is a PC-based system that can be programmed in modules; hardware can also be built in modules to suit requirements of the application. Its CANbus configuration allows for digital and analog inputs and outputs. It features an easy-to-use menu for entering all settings and standard functions. Automatic functions for drill rigs, for example, enhance the speed of parameter settings as well as ensure specific safety parameters.
The CV 2000 LS valve controls key rock drill operating functions, such as percussion pressure and frequency, rotation torque, and feed force. It also controls track drives, positioning, and a hydraulic fan drive.
The rock drill in action
To achieve the best combination of productivity and economy, the operator sets the percussion pressure and frequency, and the control sets rotational speed according to set frequency. The final setting is feed force which is set against the percussion pressure to position the drill bit close to the rock. These settings are all maintained by the CV 2000 LS valve, which has two compensators per spool section — one for each cylinder port.
Hydraulic settings are made via the EasyProg electrical remote control unit. Feed force is remotely controlled by the CV 2000 LS pressure compensator through a pilot-operated, electrically controlled proportional relief valve. This enables a continuous setting of the feed force while maintaining the possibility of a second pressure limiter working as an overpressure cutoff valve. The design enables two pressure limiters for one cylinder port and extremely fine, stable pressure control.
The valve’s compensators exhibit flat flow/pressure curves and provide a constant flow, regardless of load pressure. The frequency and rotation of the drill bit is
harmonized with the precise pressure setting for the feed force. The PL-2000 pressure limiter’s distinct pressure cut-off point ensures that the correct flow is maintained throughout the entire pressure range.
The EasyProg drill rig version software has automatic setting functions to help the operator reduce initial setup time. It also contains maintenance and service frequency options that can be accessed remotely by OEMs through a GSM unit that can be connected to any mobile phone. Additional functions and portable remote control units can be integrated either by wire or by Bluetooth, which, in the new version, has a range of 100 m.
Recently, we have talked about rock drilling , the general mining machinery. Of course, there is just a simple talk. So that we have to understand. Next, I introduce a further, the mining machinery in the other a mechanical - jaw crusher.
The BR550JG-1 jaw crusher — from Komatsu America International Co. — includes fully hydraulic tracked travel and crushing systems. Powered by Komatsu’s 306-hp SAA6DI25E-2 engine, this crusher has a material-output range from 110 to 507 tons per hour, with adjustable open-side discharge settings from 2.2- to 8-in. These capacities make the machine suitable for highway construction, housing development, and tunnel works, as well as quarry, demolition, and excavation applications.
The 52-ton self-propelled crusher’s high travel speeds (with a maximum of approximately 2 mph), along with its 25% gradeability, allow efficient relocation. And once relocated, it can maneuver itself into tight quarters and start to operate immediately, processing a variety of materials — including concrete debris and hard rock.
The Komatsu designed and built 30- x 44-in., single-toggle jaw is driven hydraulically with a PC800 LSHT variable-displacement motor via a V-belt. Its speed range — from 210 to 300 rpm — helps to adjust the jaw to the materials to be crushed. The closed-loop crusher control incorporates Komatsu’s patented Hydraumind technology to optimize efficiency. Through a combination of load-sensing and pressure-compensated valves, the HydrauMind hydraulic control and monitoring system supplies the appropriate flow of oil to each function. Simultaneously, it identifies potential overloads and automatically slows down the vibratory grizzly infeed’s gear-type motor before the overloads become a reality. A pressure dial on the control can be set for anticipated rock hardnesses to work hand in hand with the Hydraumind system. The hydraulic design also allows the crusher to start from a stopped position, even when fully loaded, and it has a reverse-rotation function to help remove bridged or plugged material from the jaw chamber. A 42-in. wide discharge conveyor — driven by another LSHT piston-type motor -carries material away from the jaw chamber.
For more versatility, the crusher can be operated from its on-board control station with hydraulic-excavator-type levers, or from ground level or the excavator or loader cab via an optional radio remote control. The remote control operates all travel functions, feeder on/off, jaw on/off, engine auto decelerate, emergency stop, and even the horn.
Above, we will rock drilling machine with jaw crusher work process a simple introduction. These elements operate, or who want to redesign the staff is not enough. Described here only, just a small part of the mining machinery. If the reader wanted to know more about mining machinery knowledge, but also need to read more specialized information.
中文翻譯：
鑿巖機以及顎式破碎機的簡介
作者：蘭·L·胡考克斯
KG Mekaniska的CT系列鑿巖機使用遠程控制和復雜的CAN總線通信， 所以對于操作人員來說很容易去控制。
鑿巖機要想正常工作，需要的是速度和力量。你需要用足夠的力量去打擊巖石并且需要高速的反復的打擊同一個工作位置。因為安全和高生產(chǎn)力的需求，今天大部分的機器都裝有遙控裝置。因為遙控裝置很容易操作，所以就有可能盡大的挑戰(zhàn)機器的安全性能。
頂錘沖擊鉆進——對鉆孔來說最常用方法是將孔鉆成直徑140毫米大小——對鉆巖石所產(chǎn)生的影響力將會轉(zhuǎn)移到底部鉆頭或者巖石洞上。所以液壓機構(gòu)產(chǎn)生所產(chǎn)生的力將是當釋放的時候的壓力所達到的一個最大的值。當活塞沖擊卡盤，其動能通過鋼釬傳至鉆頭，它利用這種類似應力波的能量方式粉碎掉巖石。如果鉆探獲得最高的生產(chǎn)力和系統(tǒng)中所有部分的運作是高度同步的，這樣才能達到最好的生產(chǎn)效率。
設(shè)計標準
當設(shè)計鑿巖機的液壓系統(tǒng)時，操作者必須得到完整的，獨立的關(guān)鍵控制參數(shù)—— 敲擊壓力，敲擊頻率，需要力量，旋轉(zhuǎn)速度——以達到最佳的鉆進效率。當這些參數(shù)都進行了優(yōu)化，以達到適應工作條件的要求，這時鉆頭就會用最大的動能以沖擊波的方式去沖擊打擊巖石，以保證確定每個沖擊都能夠達到高生產(chǎn)力的標準。
雖然機器本身對機器的生產(chǎn)力有著制約，但是為了實現(xiàn)最大的生產(chǎn)率，以實現(xiàn)降低成本的目標，就需要有成熟設(shè)計的組案。即使環(huán)境相當?shù)膼毫佣沂墙?jīng)常性的惡劣，液壓系統(tǒng)依然能夠保證較高的可靠性。此外，精確的遠程控制也是所需要的，這樣才能在達到高同步的時候保證最高生產(chǎn)力。遙控器還提供了更高的可視性，可控性，安全性比高的控制。這亦反映出機器本身的數(shù)據(jù)采集，監(jiān)測，對改善未來的機器操作和幫助的作用。
瑞典的Nimco Controls AB 馬爾默開發(fā)了一個系統(tǒng)，用來滿足由KG Mekaniska機械公司的瑞典的卡爾古斯塔夫制造這個鑿巖機的這些標準。電液系統(tǒng)集成的Nimco具有簡單的特點，遠程控制的Prog CAN總線與2000型的具有負載敏感效應的閥門控制系統(tǒng)共同控制系統(tǒng)的補償閥。因此，現(xiàn)在的鑿巖機的生產(chǎn)效率，已是近兩年研究來的最佳的效果了。
電液系統(tǒng)與遙感技術(shù)是用來提高能源系統(tǒng)效率的，其中包括著能滿載排水量的泵，2000型的具有負載敏感效應的閥門，以及EasyProg CAN的總線系統(tǒng)。設(shè)計師也作出了更大更多的努力，以減少在機器的液壓膠管方面上的金額。這些一點也不奇怪，那么，新的設(shè)計中將包含至少13跟管。
各個組件的詳細資料
2000型的具有負載敏感效應的閥可容納125行流向每個氣缸的液體，相當于山泥傾瀉的流量，其中包括著固定和可變排量的泵。工作端口流量控制，由12 V或24 V電磁鐵控制著，有著杠桿的功能，可以重寫。壓力限制器可以安裝在每個人工作的地點和震動/或anticavitation閥。
該EasyProg控制是一種基于PC的系統(tǒng)，可以進行模塊的編程，在硬件的基礎(chǔ)上也可以在模塊中建造應用程序，這種要求也是可以被完成的。它的CAN總線結(jié)構(gòu)可以允許數(shù)字化和模擬的輸入和輸出。它的所有設(shè)置都具有容易進入的性質(zhì)并且它還具有著標準功能使用菜單。對于鑿巖機的自動功能，例如，提高參數(shù)設(shè)置速度以及確保具體的安全參數(shù)都可以自動實現(xiàn)。
2000型的具有負載敏感效應的閥門控制的關(guān)鍵是鑿巖機的操作系統(tǒng)，如敲擊壓力和頻率，旋轉(zhuǎn)扭矩功能，以及敲擊的力量。另外，它還控制著跟蹤驅(qū)動器，定位，以及液壓風扇的驅(qū)動等。
鑿巖機的運動
為了在提高生產(chǎn)力的同時還能降低經(jīng)濟成本這個最佳的結(jié)合，經(jīng)營者設(shè)置了“鑼鼓”壓力和頻率，以達到控制轉(zhuǎn)速的設(shè)置和按設(shè)定的頻率的要求。最后的設(shè)置是沖擊打壓力量是否是針對具有“鑼鼓”壓力的位置，即靠近的鉆頭巖石集。這些設(shè)置都保存在2000型的具有負載敏感效應的閥門中，它具有兩個每軸節(jié)的補償——即每軸節(jié)都有一個圓形蓋。
電器遙控器通過EasyProg對液壓系統(tǒng)進行設(shè)置。2000型的具有負載敏感效應的閥門通過對沖擊和打壓力量的遠程控制對補償器進行了試點運行，即稱為電控比例溢流閥。通過不斷設(shè)置沖擊和打壓的力量，同時還要保持第二種壓力，這樣截止閥可能會達到工作壓限。該設(shè)計使得這種一個個圓形蓋很容易被控制。這樣通過兩個壓力限制器的控制，就能得到穩(wěn)定的壓力。
該閥的補償顯示出了單位流量/壓力曲線，并提供了恒定流量，這種曲線和恒定的流量是和負載的壓力無關(guān)的。鉆頭按相應協(xié)調(diào)好的頻率的旋轉(zhuǎn)和精確的沖擊是因為設(shè)置了合理的壓力。這種PL - 2000壓力限制器獨特的壓力過載確保了整個壓力范圍內(nèi)正確的流量，并且使這種流量穩(wěn)定。
在EasyProg版本的鉆機軟件的設(shè)置功能中有“自動”這一項，它的功能是可以幫助運營商降低初始安裝的時間。它還包含維修和服務的項目，也就是說你可以通過GSM遠程訪問原始設(shè)備制造商及其單位，也有可以連接到任何移動電話的選項。它還具有附加功能和便攜式遠程控制的部分，可以通過有線或藍牙進行短程連接，其中，在新版本中，這種連接方式能夠有100米的傳輸范圍。
剛剛，我們談了鑿巖機，這一普通的礦山機械。當然，也僅僅是簡單的談談。使我們都有所了解。下面，我將再介紹下，礦山機械中的另一種機械——顎式破碎機。
BR550JG - 1顎式破碎機——來自小松美國際有限公司的機械——包括了全液壓破碎行程和跟蹤系統(tǒng)。動力系統(tǒng)是由小松生產(chǎn)的306馬力SAA6DI25E - 2發(fā)動機。這種機型每小時的工作效率可以達到110至507噸，而可調(diào)的開放端執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的設(shè)置是
這些能力使這種機型的機器在公路建設(shè)，房屋的改建，隧道工程的建設(shè)，以及在采石場內(nèi)，爆破方面，挖掘方面都具有相當廣泛的應用。
據(jù)悉，52噸的自走式（即可以自行行走的機器，如軍事方面的自走式火炮，翻者注）破碎機，具有高速的行駛速度（最高時速可以達到2英里每小時），同時其還具有25％的爬坡能力，以便高效高速的遷移。一旦遷移，可以獨自迅速的機動到指定的位置并且立即開始運轉(zhuǎn)和工作，即處理各種材料——包括混凝土碎片和堅硬的巖石。
小松公司設(shè)計和建造的30 × 44 英寸大小的單顎式破碎機，它是用可變排量的發(fā)動機驅(qū)動，并且可以通過專用的LSHT使液壓驅(qū)動與V帶驅(qū)動進行切換。它的速度范圍是從210轉(zhuǎn)每分鐘至300轉(zhuǎn)每分鐘。這樣也使下顎的材料都被破碎。閉環(huán)式破碎機控制系統(tǒng)采用的小松公司研制的具有專利的Hydraumind技術(shù)，這種技術(shù)可以達到優(yōu)化效率的作用。通過負荷傳感器和壓力補償閥的組合，HydrauMind技術(shù)可以在液壓控制和監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)中提供適當數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)，以保證每個參數(shù)都能傳回系統(tǒng)，形成相應的函數(shù)，以便下次需要時候直接調(diào)用。同時，它可以確定潛在的重載，并自動的減緩振動，使齒輪式電機在重載前調(diào)整好，即使重載成為現(xiàn)實也不會發(fā)生故障。在控制方面上，一個被設(shè)定好的壓力能夠讓預期的堅硬巖石在Hydraumind 系統(tǒng)協(xié)力操作下完成破碎。
液壓的設(shè)計還允許破碎機從一個停止的位置，即使是在開始或是滿載，都能具有反向旋轉(zhuǎn)的功能，以彌補或消除下顎室物料的堵塞。一條42英寸寬的輸送帶——采用LSHT活塞式的馬達驅(qū)動——將物料從下顎室中轉(zhuǎn)移出去。
這種破碎機還有更多的特性，在工作的液壓挖掘機上，在地面上，在裝載機的駕駛室中，都可以通過一個具有多種選擇按鈕的無線遙控器去遠程控制這種顎式破碎機。這種遙控器幾乎可以操作所有的部件，比如，支線上的開/關(guān)，下顎上的開/關(guān)，發(fā)動機的自動減速、緊急與停止，甚至是喇叭。
上面我們將鑿巖機與顎式破碎機的工作過程進行了簡單的介紹。這些內(nèi)容對于想要操作或者是重新設(shè)計的人員是遠遠不夠的。這里所闡述的僅僅，僅僅是礦山機械的一小部分。如果讀者們想要了解更多的，關(guān)于礦山機械方面的知識，還需要閱讀更多的專業(yè)資料。
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