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《英美文學(xué)選讀》復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)資料 一． 課程介紹： 本課程由英國(guó)文學(xué)和美國(guó)文學(xué)兩個(gè)部分組成。主要內(nèi)容包括英美文學(xué)發(fā)展史及代表作家的簡(jiǎn)要介紹和作品選讀。文學(xué)史部分從英美兩國(guó)歷史、語(yǔ)言、文化發(fā)展的角度，簡(jiǎn)要介紹英美兩國(guó)文學(xué)各個(gè)歷史時(shí)代的主要?dú)v史背景、文學(xué)文化思潮、文學(xué)流派、社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等對(duì)文學(xué)發(fā)展的影響，主要作家的文學(xué)生涯，創(chuàng)作思想，藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、人物刻畫(huà)、語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格、思想意義等。選讀部分主要接選了英美文學(xué)史上各個(gè)時(shí)期重要作家的代表作品，包括詩(shī)歌、戲劇、小說(shuō)、散文等。 二． 《英美文學(xué)選讀》的考核目標(biāo)，按照識(shí)記，領(lǐng)會(huì)，應(yīng)用規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)達(dá)到的能力層次要求。三個(gè)層次呈遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，其含義是： 識(shí)記： 有關(guān)的概念、定義、知識(shí)點(diǎn)等能夠記住 領(lǐng)會(huì)： 在識(shí)記的基礎(chǔ)上，能夠把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之間的關(guān)系和區(qū)別 應(yīng)用了在領(lǐng)會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)上，能運(yùn)用本課程的基本理論，基本知識(shí)和方法來(lái)分析英美文學(xué)作品，并能用英語(yǔ)正確表達(dá)。 Part 1 English Literature An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 一．重點(diǎn)：有關(guān)這部分的文學(xué)史內(nèi)容 1．古代英國(guó)文學(xué)和中世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)的起始階段 2．英國(guó)文學(xué)史上的第一部民族史詩(shī)----Beowulf 3．中世紀(jì)文學(xué)的主要文學(xué)形式-----Romance 4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文學(xué)貢獻(xiàn) 二．練習(xí)： 1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, the year of ______. A. Old----Renaissance B. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of England C. Middle ---- Renaissance D. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England 2).. The Medieval period in English literature extends from 1066 up to the ______ century. A. mid-13th B. mid-14th C. mid-15th D. mid-16th 3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national ______ of the Anglo-Saxons. A. sonnet B. essay C. epic D. novel 4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. William Langland 5). For the Renaissance, ______ was regarded as the English Homer. His reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and ______. A. Geoffrey Chaucer----wits B. William Shakespeare----wits C. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity D. William Shakespeare----humanity 6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______. A. Old English, Greek, Latin B. Old English, French, Latin C. Old English, Greek, French D. English, Greek, French 7). Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Medieval period in English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______. A. couplet B. blank verse C. heroic couplet D. epic 8). Thematically the poem “Beowulf” presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______. A. spiritual----hero B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster 9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come. A. man B. theory C. doctrine D. era 10). Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse. A. rhymed B. alliterative C. social D. visionary 2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). Romance 2). Heroic Couplet 3). Epic 3. Answer the following questions. 1). How many groups do the Old English poetry divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why? 2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature? Chapter1. The Renaissance Period 一．重點(diǎn) 前言部分 1． 文藝復(fù)興的起源，起始時(shí)間，內(nèi)容及特征 2． 人文主義的有關(guān)主張及對(duì)文學(xué)的影響 3． 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的主要文學(xué)形式及其特征 練習(xí)： Renaissance Period 1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. A. Greek and Roman B. humanist C. religious D. loyal 2). Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. A. Medieval Period B. Renaissance C. Old English Period D. Romantic Period 3). ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists. A. Humanity---- William Shakespeare B. Humanism-----Francis Bacon C. Humanity---- Geoffrey Chaucer D. Humanism----William Shakespeare 4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______. A. novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer B. poetry----Francis Bacon C. drama----Ben Jonson D. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer 5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things. A. Roman ---- moral B. French---- reason C. Roman---- man D. French---- God 6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand. A. Latin B. French C. Greek D. Anglo-Saxon 7). Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse. A. drama----free B. sonnet----blank C. terzarima----blank D. couplet----free 8). In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. A. fiction B. dramatic fiction C. poetic drama D. novel 9). By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. A. humanists B. Protestants C. Catholics D. playwrights 10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science in England. A. Edmund Spenser B. Christopher Marlowe C. Francis Bacon D. Ben Jonson 2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). the Renaissance Period 2). blank verse 3). Humanism 3. Answer the following questions. 1). Make a comment on the influence of Italian literary works upon the literature in the Renaissance England. 2). Make a comment on humanism 3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England? 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的主要作家。 重點(diǎn)： 1. 主要作家及其代表作一覽表 作者 代表作 其他 Edmund Spenser The Faerie Queen Spenser Stanza; Poet’s poet Christopher Marlowe Dr. Faustus; The Passionate Shepherd to His Love University Wits；the Mighty Line; Blank verse; William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet ;A Midsummer Night’s Dream; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long poems Francis Bacon Of Studies The first English essayist John Donne Death, Be Not Proud Metaphysical poet John Milton Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonistes Dramatic poem 2. Edmund Spenser： a. Structure, content and theme of The Faerie Queen b. Spenserian Stanza 3. Christopher Marlowe a. His three plays: Tamburlaine, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta. He expressed human’s desire for power in Tamburlaine. He expressed human’s desire for knowledge in Dr. Faustus. He expressed human’s desire for money in The Jew of Malta. b. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love lyrics, a pastoral poem, c. His contribution to English literature blank verse; mighty lines; humanism 4. William Shakespeare a. Three periods of Shakespeare’s literal life b. The contents, plots, characters, themes and language style of his masterpieces: The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; the Tempest; Romeo and Juliet c. Two long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece d. 154 sonnets: 1-126 are addressed to a young man 127-152 are addressed to a mysterious “Dark Lady”. 154-154 are translations or adaptations of some version of a Greek epigram. e. Shakespeare’s contributions to English literature 5. Francis Bacon a. his masterpiece: Essays. b. Pay attention to the content, structure, and some important sentences in Of Studies Quotations: (1). Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (2). Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them. (3). Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (4). Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. 6. John Donne a. characteristics of metaphysical poem b. style and content of Death, Be Not Proud 7. John Milton a. Milton’s three groups literary achievements: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great poems. b. Three important masterpieces: Paradise Lost; Paradise Regain; Samson Agonistes Pay attention to the theme, content, character and language style of Paradise Lost 練習(xí) Edmund Spenser 1. Fill in the following blanks: 1). According to Edmund Spenser’s own explanation, his “The Faerie Queene” is a “__________ poem” , but it is also an ___________. 2). In “The Faerie Queene”, the hero of heroes, who possesses all of the 12 _________, is _________, who is to play a role in each of the 12 major adventures, which has its own individual hero. 3). _________ and the Fairy Queen contribute to the unity of the work “The Faerie Queene”. 4). In Book 1 of The Faerie Queene , the purpose of _________’s quest if to free original mankind----the parents of Una---- from the power of the Devil. 5). It is Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the _________’s _________.” 2. Explain the following literal term Spenserian Stanza 3. Answer the following questions: 1). Why is “The Faerie Queene ” regarded as an allegorical poem? 2). What are the main qualities of Spenser’s poetry? Christopher Marlowe 1. Fill in the following blanks. 1). As the most gifted of the “University _________”, Christopher Marlowe composed __________ plays within his short lifetime. 2). It was Christopher Marlowe who made _________ __________ the principal medium of English drama. 3). The short poem “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” by Christopher Marlowe, derives from the __________ tradition in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal ___________ life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. 4). IT is Marlowe who brought vitality and grandeur into the blank verse with his “_____________”, which carry strong emotions. 5). Marlowe created some typical Renaissance hero in his players. Tamburlaine and Faustus seek ____________ and ___________ respectively. 2. Answer the following questions. 1). What are the achievements of Christopher Marlowe in literary creation? 2). Which play is Christopher Marlowe’s masterpiece? What is the story of the play? William Shakespeare 1. Fill in the following blanks. 1). With his ______ plays, ______ sonnets and 2 long poems, William Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature. 2). William Shakespeare’s _________ tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” eulogizes the faithfulness of __________ and the spirit of pursuing happiness. 3). William Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: “_____________”, “______________”, “_______________” and Macbeth. 4). “_______________” , an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of the final romances written by William Shakespeare. 5). In “Sonnet 18”, Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of ___________ and the eternal ___________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. 6). “____________” is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood- and- thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death. 7). The merchant of Venice praise the ___________ between Antonio and Bassanio, ____________ between Portia and Bassanio, greed and brutality of ____________, the Jew. 8).The sentence “To be or not to be---- that is the question” is derived from Shakespeare’s ___________. This is the soliloquy of ___________. 9). The Merchant of Venice has a double plot. The plots join in the ____________ scene of Act 4. 10). Shakespeare’s _______________ plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity. 2. Answer the following questions: 1). What are the themes of Shakespeare’s “The Merchant of Venice”? 2). Make a comment on Shakespeare’s artistic achievement. 3). Why are Shakespeare’s works so successful? 4). What are the similarities among Shakespeare’s four great tragedies? 5). Make a comment on Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18. Francis Bacon 1. Fill in the following blanks. 1). Francis Bacon, a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known ____________, scientist and ______________. He lays the foundation for modern _____________ with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining ____________. His “____________” is the first example of the genre in English literature, recognized as an important landmark in the development of __________ prose. 2). Bacon’s works can be divided into ___________ groups. The most important works of his _____________ group include “The Advancement of Learning”, “Norvum Organum”. His philosophical works belong to the group. His literary works are in the ________________ group, among which the most famous is “Essays”, “Maxims of Law” belongs to the _______________ group. 3). In his “The Advancement of Learning ”, Francis Bacon divided __________ into two kinds: the one obtained from Divine Revelation, and the other from the workings of human mind. John Donne 1. Explain the following literal term. Metaphysical poetry John Milton 1. Fill in the following blanks. 1). John Milton’s literary achievements can be divided into three groups, the early ________________ works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great _______________. 2). “Paradise Lost” is a long _____________ divided into 12 books. The original story is taken from the “Genesis ” of the ______________. 3). In “Samson Agonisten”, a fitting close to the life work of the poet himself, Milton, again borrows his story from the “_____________”. 4). The theme of Paradise Lost is “the Fall of _______________”. 5). Milton’s epic poems were very much influenced by the _____________ and the Greek classics, which are also the major sources of the whole English literature. 2. Answer the following questions: 1). In which way Agonisten is Milton himself? 2). Make a brief comment on John Milton’s literary achievements. Chapter 2 The Neo-classical Period 一．重點(diǎn) 1． 識(shí)記：新古典主義、 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)、英雄雙行詩(shī) 2． 主要作家及其代表作一覽表 作者 代表作 其他 John Bunyun The Pilgrim’s Progress The Vanity Fair Alexander Pope An Essay on Criticism, a finest mock epic: The Rape of the Lock, the best satire work: The Dunciad Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels A Tale of a Tub, The Battle of the Books, A Modest Proposal Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling Comic epic in prose Samuel Johnson To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield; A Dictionary of the English Language Richard Brinsley Sheridan The School for Scandal The Rivals 3. Some important points: 1) The mark of the beginning of Neoclassical Period: return of the Stuarts to the English throne The mark of the end of Neoclassical Period: the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge. 2) Enlightenment Neo-classism (poetry and novel) 3) Bunyan ---- The Pilgrim’s Progress The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English Bible.; religious allegory 4) Pope; On Criticism ; Discussion: The theme and style of “An Essay on Criticism” 1) theme: it is a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticisms. 2) style: a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It is plain in style. The Rape of the Lock; a finest mock epic. 5) Defoe “Robinson Crusoe” (The social significance of the novel) Robinson Crusoe is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson’s life on the Island, Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude. 6) Swift: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books ; satirist Gulliver’s Travels, A Modest Proposal Gulliver’s Travels is one of the most effective criticism and satires of all aspects in the English and European life 8) Fielding a. His position in literature He was the first of all the 18th C English novelists to write the “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style He was regarded as “Father of the English novel” b. the history of Tom Jones Prose Homer, comic epic in prose 9) Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson was the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman—A Dictionary of the English Language “To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chestfield” What is the significance of Samuel Johnson’s letter “To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chestfield?” 10) Sheridan : The School for Scandal Theme: morality 11) Gray: Leader of Graveyard School, best of the 18century Elegy written in a Country Churchyard (masterpiece) Theme and style: Theme : in this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrow of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring suffering on them. Style: use artificial poetic diction and distorted word order make understanding of the poem somewhat difficult to understand. 二．練習(xí)： Neoclassical Period: 1. Fill in the following blanks. 1). The neoclassical period in English literature refers to the one between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of ______ which came with the publication of “Lyrical Ballads” by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798. 2). The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works in the field of literature. This tendency is known as ___________. 3). “The Pilgrim’s Progress” by John Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English _______________. 4). “The Pilgrim’s Progress” by John Bunyan is the most successful ________________ allegory in the English language. 5). “The Rape of the Lock” by Alexander Pope is a _____________ epic. 6). “An Essay on Criticism”, a _____________ poem, is a