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Grammar and usage,,Unit 2,Verb-ing form,非謂語動(dòng)詞,,過去分詞,不定式,-ing 形式,,動(dòng)名詞,現(xiàn)在分詞,動(dòng)名詞（Gerund),動(dòng)名詞可以起名詞的作用，在句子中作主語，賓語，表語和定語。 1. Playing football is my favourite sport.主語 2. Our work is serving the people. 表語 3. I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child. 賓語 4. We have a swimming poor in the back yard.定語,Notes:,1.時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)及動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 2.動(dòng)名詞與不定式作主語，表語的區(qū)別。 3.作賓語時(shí)，有些動(dòng)詞后只能用動(dòng)名詞，有些動(dòng)詞后只能用不定式，有的兩者都能,有時(shí)含義相同，有時(shí)含義不同。 4.作定語時(shí)，與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別。,時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài),I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child.（動(dòng)名詞的一般被動(dòng)態(tài)） She admitted having opened the box.（動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)態(tài)） How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? (MET93 17) (動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)),,動(dòng)名詞與不定式作主語，表語的區(qū)別 v-ing形式作主語時(shí)往往表示一般性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；而不定式作主語則表示在具體情況下特定的或一次性的動(dòng)作。但有時(shí)可以通用。,,只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞,1.advise, allow, avoid, admit, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest,dislike,appreciate 2.feel like, give up, put off, keep on, look forward to ,insist on , can’t help ,get used to ,devote …to 3.It’s useless/no use/no good… doing …,在begin, start, continue,intend 等動(dòng)詞后跟v-ing形式和不定式作賓語，句子含義相同 在like, love, hate等動(dòng)詞后v-ing形式作賓語時(shí)往往表示一般性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；而不定式作賓語則表示在具體情況下特定的或一次性的動(dòng)作。,下列動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)名詞或不定式意思完全不同。 1.remember,forget, regret + doing 記得/忘記/遺憾曾做過某事 + to do記得/忘記/遺憾要做某事 2.want,need,require +doing 需要被做 +to do 需要做 3.stop,try, mean,go on go on to do 接著又做另一件事/go on doing 繼續(xù)做同一件事 stop to do 停下來去做某事/stop doing 停止做某事 try to do 努力做某事/try doing 試一試做某事 mean to do 打算／想做某事/mean doing 意味著／意思是做某事,,作定語時(shí)，與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別 動(dòng)名詞作定語表名詞的作用或功能，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表名詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。,現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle) 現(xiàn)在分詞的形式與動(dòng)名詞相同，但功能不同.可在句中充當(dāng)定語，表語，狀語和補(bǔ)語。,1. 作定語 an interesting book the man sitting by the window boiling water falling snow the bridge being built A. 與動(dòng)名詞作定語的區(qū)別 B. 與過去分詞,不定式 作定語的區(qū)別 ①過去分詞做定語與其修飾詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作以完成。 ②現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，與修飾詞是主謂關(guān)系。 ③不定式作定語表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 the house being built/to be built/built正在被建/將要被建/建好了的房子,boiling water 正在沸騰的水 boiled water 開水 the changing world 變化中的世界 the changed world 變化了的世界 the developing countries 發(fā)展中國家 the developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國家 falling leaves 正在落下的葉子 fallen leaves 落葉 rising sun 正在升起的太陽 risen sun 已經(jīng)升起的太陽,,,,,,2 作表語 與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別 凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。,interesting使人感興趣的 interested感興趣的 exciting令人激動(dòng)的 excited感到激動(dòng)的 delighting令人高興的 delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費(fèi)解的 puzzled感到費(fèi)解的 satisfying令人滿意的 satisfied感到滿意的 surprising令人驚異的 surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔(dān)心的 worried感到擔(dān)心的,旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。,Travelling is interesting but tiring.,如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。,The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.,他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。,The argument is very convincing.,3.作狀語 1 .Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up. 2. Being a student, he was interested in sports. 3. Having written the letter, John went to the post office. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，注意如下三點(diǎn)： 相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的從句 分詞的邏輯主語就是全句的主語 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)有不同的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài),4.作補(bǔ)語 Can you get the machine going again? The boys were seen walking on the grass.,非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式均為not+非謂語動(dòng)詞,一些獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)： 1. Generally _____( speak ), we have learnt a lot in this school. 2. _____(judge ) from his appearance, he is somebody. 3. _____( tell ) you the truth, your work is terrible.,speaking,Judging,To tell,Consolidation,The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the attribute. Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ing form? 1). A taxi which is waiting is around the corner. Go and take it. A waiting taxi is around the corner. Go and take it. 2).It is said that nothing that lives can be found on Mars. It is said that no living things can be found on Mars. 3).The boy who was smiling ran to his mother. The smiling boy ran to his mother.,4).The woman who is coming to dinner this evening works in the bank. The woman coming to dinner this evening works in the bank. 5).The young man who is looking at the map is lost. The young man looking at the map is lost. 6).The man who is performing in the street can play five musical instruments. The man performing in the street can play five musical instruments.,Can you rewrite these sentences ,using clauses introduced by when,after,because,as a result,and if ect.,Knowing that there was a dog outside, the little boy didn’t open the door. Because he knew that there was a dog outside, the little boy didn’t open the door. Having plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays. Because she had plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays. Lucy and Lily, looking so alike, are often mistaken for twins. Lucy and Lily, because they look so alike, are often mistaken for twins. The couple went shopping, leaving their eldest daughter alone at home. The couple went shopping. As a result, they left their eldest daughter alone at home. Time permitting, I will meet you for lunch. If time permits, I will meet you for lunch.,Multiple choice:,1.—Where is my passport? I remember it here. —You shouldn‘t have left it here. Remember __________ it with you all the time. A. to put；to take B. putting；taking C. putting；to take D. to put；taking 2.After finishing his homework he went on__________ a letter to his parents. A. write B. writing C. wrote D. to write 3.Only English doesn't mean________ the language. A. to learn；to learn B. learning；learning C. learning about；learn D. learning about；learning,4.Would you mind quiet for a moment? I'm trying ___________a form. A. keeping；filling out B. to keep；to fill out C. keeping；to fill out D. to keep；filling out 5. the news of his father's death, he burst into tears. A. After hearing B. On hearing C. While hearing D. Having heard 6.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing. A. to see B. seeing C. see D. to be seen,7._____is a good of exercise for both the young and the old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 8.There was a terrible noise _______the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 9. It was so cold that they kept the fire ________all night. A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned 10._________a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter. A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Having not received,1. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ______ some schools for poor children.(01上海) A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up 2. I really appreciate _________ to relax with you on this nice island.（01上海 A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to have time 3. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _________ for another hour.(02上海). A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting,鏈接高考,4．________ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.(03上海). The president will attend The president to attend The president attended The president’s attending 5．Victor apologized for _______ to inform me of the change in the plan.(04 上海) . A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able 6. Alice returned from the manager’s office _______me that the boss wanted to see me at once.（04 全國IV） A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling,7._______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.(04北京) A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 8.The flowers ______sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name.(04上海) A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 9. The old man, ______abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.(04江蘇) A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked,10. He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the pocket into a passenger.(04春季北京) A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting 11. The storm left,___________a lot of damage to this area.(05全國 I) A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused 12. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, __________away.(05全國II) A. run B. running C. to run D. ran,13. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. __________the answers ready will be of great help.(05 北京) A.To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having 14. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ____________.(05 北京) A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 15. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ______ in the kitchen.(NMET 03) A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked,16. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic games __________in Beijing in 2008.(06 四川) A. hold B. holding c. held D. to be held 17. My cousin came to see me from the country, ___________ me a full basket of fresh fruits.(06 廣東) A. bought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought 18. Tom sounds very much _________ in the job, but I’m not sure whether he can manage it.(06山東) A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly,19. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing.(06江蘇) A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said 20. -- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. --- My goodness! I can’t imagine _________ that old. (06江蘇) A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been,Language points:,1.disappoint(P29) disappoint Vt. to fail to satisfy someone or their hopes, desires, etc.; to cause someone to feel unhappy:使失望 I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I'm afraid I can't come after all. We don't want to disappoint the fans.,disappointed Adj. unhappy because someone or something was not as good as you hoped or expected, or because something did not happen:失望的 We were deeply disappointed at/about the result. His parents were bitterly disappointed in/with him. She was disappointed (that) they hadn't phoned. He was disappointed to find they'd already gone.,disappointing Adj. making you feel disappointed: 令人失望的,What a disappointing result! The response to our advertisement has been somewhat disappointing.,disappointedly Adv. 失望地 disappointingly Adv. 令人失望地,disappointment N. 失望 1） [U] the feeling of being disappointed: Book early to avoid disappointment. To my (great) disappointment (= sadness), he decided to leave. .,,2 ）[C usually singular] something or someone that is not what you were hoping it would be:,The party turned out to be a huge disappointment. I'm afraid I've been rather a disappointment to my parents,2.One of the customs officers was watching the arrivals very closely.(P29) closely Adv. in a close manner 接近地，緊密地，嚴(yán)密地，密切地,listen closely=listen carefully The two events are closely connected.,Cf. close: Adv. leaving little space between, in a close position 位置接近地，無空隙地 作副詞時(shí)， close 常表示具體的距離的近。 closely常表示抽象意義。類似的還有：deeply, deep; highly, high等。,After 20 years of marriage, they're still deeply in love. The submarine sailed deep under the ice cap. For our country to remain competitive, we need a highly-skilled, highly-educated workforce.,close adj. 1. having direct family connections or shared beliefs, support and sympathy:關(guān)系接近的，親密的,There weren't many people at the funeral - just close family/relatives. Mira is one of my closest friends.,2. not distant in position or time:時(shí)間空間等接近,,Don't get too close to that dog, Rosie. I hate people standing too close to me. As Christmas gets closer, the shops get more and more crowded. Emma looked close to tears (= almost going to cry).,3) having only a small difference:相似，勢均力敵的,The election results were so close they had to vote again. He came second in the race, but it was very close.,鏈接高考,（02北京） It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood ______ to her mother. A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing,3.After all, they are limited.(P31) After all 1) in spite of what has been said, done or expected 畢竟，終究 The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all. 2）it should be remembered 應(yīng)該記住，別忘了 I do like her - after all, she is my sister.,all常用短語及搭配： at all 根本，全然 Is there any uncertainty at all about the way she died? all in all 從各方面考慮 All in all, I think you've done very well. go all out 全力以赴 The team went all out for a win. in all 總計(jì) The bill came to ￡25 in all. by all means 當(dāng)然可以，別客氣 “May I borrow this book?“ “By all means.“ above all: 最重要的 A clock must above all correct. all but: 幾乎 The game was all but over by the time we arrived. all the same ：仍然，還是 It rained every day of our holiday - but we had a good time all the same. all of a sudden：突然 It seemed to happen all of a sudden - I felt dizzy and I just collapsed. all too ： The holidays flew by all too quickly.,4. As a result, you impressed the audience.(P31),as a result: therefore,as a result of sth :because of something: He was late as a result of the triffic jam.,without result :in vain徒勞，毫無結(jié)果 He tried to recall her name without result.,result in sth: phrasal verb to cause a particular situation to happen: The fire resulted in damage to their property. His attempt resulted in failure.,result from sth: phrasal verbIf a situation or problem results from a particular event or activity, it is caused by it: His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness. The terrible accident resulted from his careless.,鏈接高考,（2005 江西） My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever; __________, he could neither eat not sleep. A. as a result B. after all C. any way D. otherwise,Homework,1.Review the use of “verb-ing form” 2.Preview the next part of this unit.,Thank you,同學(xué)們,來學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,同學(xué)們,來學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,