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111 Period 2　Reading The General Idea of This Period This period is the highlight of the whole unit.It lays emphasis on reading and understanding. First the teacher should check if the students have mastered the new words and expressions by asking them to fill in the blanks of some sentences by using some of the words and phrases that will appear in the reading passage.This part can help the students to learn words and expressions by heart in a certain language situation. Then in Pre-reading part, the students are asked to distinguish the differences between the UK, Great Britain and England.Hence, the teacher can lead to the topic of the historical influence on geography in the country.Provided with two simple questions: “Did the countries of the UK unite peacefully or by war?Where should we go if we want to appreciate some historical attractions of the UK?”, the students will read the passage fast and find the answers directly in the passage. Next, the students will first listen to the tape with their textbooks closed.In order to make this step efficient, the teacher will provide them with five statements based on the passage.While listening, the students should judge whether these statements are true or false.If it is false, the students should correct it. Then the students will be given several minutes to read the passage silently.They should divide the passage into three parts and write the main ideas of each part.In order to help the students understand the passage better, the teacher can provide some comprehending exercises, including answering some questions, paraphrasing some difficult sentences.As to the second, third and sixth paragraphs, the students will finish two tables, analyzing the details.The purpose of this step is to train the students’ability of reading comprehension, which is a very important skill. At last, the students will do a speaking task in pairs.One acts as a visitor to England and the other acts as a native Englishman.The visitor is asking the native some questions about the geography the United Kingdom.This part not only helps the students to revise what the have learned in this part but also provides them with an opportunity to speak in English. Teaching Important Points Improve the students’ reading ability. Train the students’ ability to grasp key information while listening. Teaching Difficulties Know about the UK’s historical influence on the geography. Know about the historical treasures left by the invaders. Teaching Aids a tape recorder a projector the blackboard Three Dimensional Teaching Aims Knowledge Aims debate, clarify, legal, relation, convenience, attraction, influence, collection, construct, puzzle, educational, roughly, industrial, historical break away from, leave out, divide...into..., be linked to, to one’s surprise, as well as, be known as, look around, keep one’s eyes open, make one’s trip worthwhile There is no need to debate any more about why different words are used to describe the four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom worthwhile! Ability Aims Learn some detailed information about the United Kingdom. Improve the students’ reading ability. Train the students’ ability to grasp key information while listening. Train the students’ speaking ability. Emotional Aims Train the students’ability to cooperate with others. Know about the UK’s historical influence on the geography. Know about the historical treasures left by the invaders. Teaching Procedure Step 1 Greetings Greet the students as usual. Step 2 Revision T: At the beginning of this period, I will check if you have mastered the new words and phrases in this unit.Please finish the following sentences using some words and phrase in this unit.Please pay attention to the forms of the words and phrases. 1.The UK__________four countries. 2.Many people find the geography of the UK__________ . 3.Unless the money is paid immediately we shall be forced to take__________ action. 4.The printer has__________two lines from this paragraph. 5.Janet has a very good __________of foreign coins. 6.I don’t want to__________you.You must decide for yourself. 7.It is difficult to__________a bad habit. 8.The explanation in the note__________ the difficult sentence. 9.Shopping bags are provided for the customers’ __________. 10.It takes about two years to__________a large bridge. (Give the students several minutes to think about them.) Suggested answers: 1.consists of　 2.puzzling　 3.legal　 4.left out　 5.collection　 6.influence 7.break away from　 8.clarified　 9.convenience　 10.construct Step 3 Pre-reading T: In the first period, you have learned a brief introduction to the UK.Do you know the difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and England? S: I find their relationship puzzling. T: The official name of the country is“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.”The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Great Britain is the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that can be divided into three regions: England, Wales and Scotland.Therefore, England is part of Great Britain, which is part of the United Kingdom.The puzzling situation was caused by the history.In this unit we will learn about the historical influence on the geography of the country. Step 4 Fast Reading T: Read the passage entitled“Puzzles in Geography”, and answer the following questions. 1.Did the countries of the UK unite peacefully or by war? 2.Where should we go if we want to appreciate some historical attractions of the UK? (Give the students several minutes to read the passage silently, and answer the questions.) (The teacher checks the answers with the whole class.) S: The countries united peacefully instead of by war. S: We should go to some older but smaller towns to appreciate some historical attractions. T: Excellent. Step 5 Listening and Understanding　 T: Now I’ll play the tape for you to listen.While listening, please find out whether the following statements are true or false. True or False Questions: 1.When Wales and England united, the country was named Great Britain. 2.The northern part of Ireland broke away to become an independent country. 3.The countries in the UK have developed their own educational and legal systems. 4.Most people in London live in the South. 5.The Normans influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of London. (The teacher plays the tape.) Suggested answers: 1.False　Because Great Britain was the name given when England and Wales were joined to Scotland. 2.False　Because it was the southern part of Ireland that broke away to form its own government. 3.True. 4.True. 5.False　Because the Normans left castles and words for food, while the Vikings influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of London. T: You have done a very good job. Step 6 Detailed Reading T: Now I will give you several minutes to read the passage again.While reading, please try to divide the passage into three parts and write down the main idea of each part. (Students read the passage and finish the task.) S: Part 1: Paragraph 1 The introduction to the topic. Part 2: Paragraph 2-5 The historical influence on its geography. Part 3: Paragraph 6 Historical treasure left by the invaders. T: Look at the first sentence in Paragraph 1, “There is no need to debate any more about why different words are used to describe the four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.”Can you say it in another way?Try to fill in the blanks in the sentence:  It is __________ to __________ any more about why people __________ different words to describe the four countries. S: It is unnecessary to argue any more about why people use different words to describe the four countries. T: Read the second part. T: Here is the national flag of the United Kingdom.What is it called? S: The Union Jack. T: Here are the descriptions of the flag.Read it. Blue field with the red cross of St George (England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of St Patrick (Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of St Andrew (Scotland).It is properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack.The design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, as well as British overseas territories. T: Which country is left out?Why? S: Wales.Wales was linked to England in the 13th century AD, so when people refer to England, it is included as well. T: Have you found out how the four countries joined together?Use the information from the passage to fill in the blanks. The Formation of the United Kingdom:  __________→__________→__________→__________ S: England → Wales joined England (13th century A.D.) → England, Wales joined Scotland (1603) → England, Wales, Scotland got Northern Ireland connected T: Often will use England to stand for the UK.One of the reasons is that England is the largest of the four countries.So England is divided into three zones.Do you know the three zones? S: The South, the Midlands and the North. T: Yes.Look at the map in part 2 on Page 11.Draw lines across to show the zones of the South, Midlands and North of England.Then put each town or city into its correct zone. S: York, Leeds, Manchester and Sheffield belong to the North. S: Birmingham and Coventry belong to the Midlands. S: Plymouth, Brighton, Reading and London belong to the South. T: You did quite a good job. T: Do you have any questions about Part 2? S: What does “those” mean in the sentence “For those you have to go to older but smaller towns first built by the Romans.”? T: In order to analyze“those”, you have to read the sentence before it.“...these industrial cities...do not have the historical attractions of other places.”So now do you know what “those” refers to? S: Yes.It must refer to “the historical attractions”. T: You are very clever.Now try to paraphrase the sentence by finishing the following sentence. __________ you want to __________ some __________ __________, you have to go to older but smaller towns __________ __________ first built by the Romans. S: If you want to see some historical attractions, you have to go to older but smaller towns which were first built by the Romans. T: You are right. T: The last part tells us about the invaders’ influence on England and London.Read it and try to fill in the table below. England London The Romans The Anglo-Saxons The Vikings The Normans (After a few minutes.) T: Now let’s check your answers. England London The Romans left their towns and roads built the oldest port in the 1st century AD The Anglo-Saxons left their language and government built the oldest building in the 1060s The Vikings influenced the vocabulary and place-names None The Normans left castles and words for food constructed the oldest castle in 1066 Step 7 Pair Work The students work in pairs to make a dialogue.One of them is a native Englishman, while the other is a visitor to England.The visitor is asking the native Englishman about the geography of the United Kingdom. (The teacher gives the students to practice in pairs for a few minutes.) (Then the teacher asks one or two pairs to come to the front to demonstrate their dialogues.) One example: A: Welcome to England.Is this your first visit to England? B: Yes.I’m very glad to meet you.Would you mind if I asked you some questions? A: Of course not.Go ahead. B: Is your country called England or Britain?I am really puzzled. A: Actually, the whole country is called the UK, which stands for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Great Britain is made up of three countries, that is, England, Wales and Scotland. A: What about the southern part of Ireland? B: The southern part of that island broke away to form its own government. B: Then why do people call your country England sometimes? A: Oh, that’s because England is the largest one of the four countries. B: I see.I have another question.Last time when I watched the World Cup, I noticed there is a football team of England.But there are also teams of Northern Ireland and Scotland.Can you explain this to me? A: The four countries do work together in some areas, but they are still very different.For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have developed different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup. B: I see.Thank you for your kindness. A: You are welcome.Have a good stay in England. B: Thanks.Bye. A: Bye. Step 8 Homework 1.Try to write a short summary of the passage in about 50 words. 2.Finish Part 1 in Learning about language on Page 11. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard Unit 2　The United Kingdom Period 2　Reading Ⅰ Words & phrases: 　　 1.consists of 2.puzzling 3.legal 4.left out 5.collection  6.influence 7.break away from 8.clarified 9.convenience 10.construct Ⅱ Fast-reading 1.Did the countries of the UK unite peacefully or by war? 2.Where should we go if we want to appreciate some historical attractions of the UK? Ⅲ Invaders’ influence on England and London England London The Romans The Anglo-Saxons The Vikings The Normans Research and Activities Read another passage about the United Kingdom.Compare it with the passage “Puzzles in Geography”, paying special attention to the writing styles of the two writers. BRITAIN AND IRELAND The island of Britain lies to the east of Ireland.The two are separated by the Irish Sea. The letters“UK”stand for“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.”The UK is made up of four countries.In the north is Scotland, with its capital Edinburgh.Scotland has many lakes and mountains, and is famous for its beautiful. Wales lies to the west of England.Its capital is Cardiff.Everyone there can speak English, but the first language in North Wales is Welsh.There are Welsh newspapers.Programmes on the radio and TV are in Welsh.The countryside here is very beautiful too, with lots of mountains and rivers.There used to be a lot of coal mines in the south, but many of them have been closed, or are about to be closed. England, the largest country in Britain, is in the southeast.Its capital is London, which is also the capital of the UK.London lies on the River Thames and has a population of seven million. Much of England is rather flat, although there are hills in the northeast and in the centre of the country. Ireland is divided into two countries.In the north, Northern Ireland, with its capital Belfast, is part of the United Kingdom.The Southern part of the island is a separate country, called the Republic of Ireland with Dublin as its capital. Generally, the weather in Britain is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer.It is colder in the north, warmer in the south, drier in the east and wetter in the west.Ireland is especially wet.In all parts of Britain it rains every month of the year; there is no“dry season”.Snow falls in Scotland every winter and sometimes in England and Wales too.Falls of snow in Ireland are most unusual. *Question for discussion: Both passages are about the United Kingdom, but the two writers focused on different things.What are the major differences between the two passages? Reference for Teaching An Introduction to the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe.It is a Commonwealth Realm, and a member of the European Union and NATO.Usually known simply as the United Kingdom or the UK, it is also often inaccurately named Great Britain, Britain or England (the most populous of the home nations).The UK has four constituent parts, three of which—the ancient nations of England, Wales and Scotland—are located on the island of Great Britanin.The fourth part is Northern Ireland, which is located on the island of Ireland. The border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland forms the United Kingdom’s principal international land border, although there is also a nominal frontier with France in the middle of the Channel Tunnel.The UK also has overseas territories throughout the world, and relationships with several Crown dependencies. The UK was formed by a series of Acts of Union which united the Kingdom of England (which included Wales as a principality) with those of, first, Kingdom of Scotland and then Kingdom of Ireland under a single government in London.The greater part of Ireland left the United Kingdom (then called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) in 1922 to form an independent state (in which, until 1949, the King of the United Kingdom was also King of Ireland).This state later became the Republic of Ireland.Six counties in the north-eastern portion of the island, meanwhile, remained a part of the United Kingdom, forming Northern Ireland to this day. The UK is situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe, and has a land border with the Republic of Ireland, but is otherwise surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. Great Britain, or just Britain, is the geographical name of the largest of the British Isles (often also including its smaller neighboring islands, though never Ireland).Politically, the term Great Britain refers collectively to the nations of England, Wales and Scotland (i.e., the United Kingdom except for Northern Ireland).This political usage of “Great Britain” dates from the personal union of the Crowns of Scotland and England (including Wales) in 1603, with the term being used in the sense “all of Britain”.In the early years of the “United Kingdom of Great Britain”, formed by the Act of Union of 1707, it was customary to refer officially to Scotland and to England and Wales as, respectively, “North Britain” and“South Britain”, though the usage never really caught on.It should be noted that the practice by some, the informal media in particular, of using “(Great) Britain” as shorthand for the United Kingdom is an inaccuracy, which can cause offence. The British Isles is a term frequently used to refer to the archipelago which includes the mainland of Great Britain, the mainland of Ireland, and the smaller islands associated with these two, such as the Channel Islands, the Hebrides, the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight, Orkney, the Shetland Islands, etc.The term is, however, often avoided, especially in Ireland, by those who are conscious that it is sometimes misunderstood internationally to mean “the islands belonging to Britain (i.e. the United Kingdom)”, a description out of date in the Irish case since 1922.An alternative, the Islands of the North Atlantic(IONA) has been proposed, but is little used outside diplomatic circles. GEOGRAPHY Location: Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France Geographic coordinates: 5400 N, 200 W Map references: Europe Area: total: 244 820 sq km water: 3 230 sq km note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands land: 241 590 sq km Area-comparative: slightly smaller than Oregon Land boundaries: total: 360 km border countries: Ireland 360 km Coastline: 12 429 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM Climate: temp