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111 《Animals in Danger》 Teaching Aims: 1. Have a deep understanding of the significance and the importance of this grammar 2. Improve the students’ ability to use this grammar freely Teaching important points: 1. The uses of this grammar Teaching difficult points: 1. To use this grammar freely Teaching type: Revision Teaching methods: questioning, discussion, guiding, and practicing Teaching aids: chalk, blackboard, book, notes, and exercise Teaching procedures: Step 1: Check the homework Step 2: Revise the grammar----attributive clause 1.定語從句的定義：修飾名詞或者代詞的從句。定語從句在句子中起定語的作用，被定語從句所修飾的詞稱為先行詞。定語從句通常放在先行詞之后。 2. 定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞+從句 3. 關(guān)系代詞： Who, whom, whose, that, which, as ?關(guān)系副詞： When, where, why (what 不可引導(dǎo)定語從句。) 4．定語從句的分類：限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句 5．用于限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞 who , whom , whose , which , that , as等關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中所指對(duì)象是人，物 。在定從句中做主語，賓語，介詞賓語，或定語。他們的形式變化如下： 指代對(duì)象 人 事物 人+事物 主格 Who/that Which/that That 賓格 Who /whom /that Which/that That 所有格 Whose Whose/of which ? 1) who, whom, that 代表人 who 引導(dǎo)定語從句。并在從句中做主語或賓語 whom 在其引導(dǎo)的定語從句中只能做賓語 that 用來指人，在從句中既可以做主語，有可以做賓語 The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250 000. The boy who/that/whom we saw yesterday was John’s brother. Notes 1： 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞who ,whom, 和 that 在從句中既可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語，也可以作介詞的賓語，此時(shí)，這些關(guān)系代詞皆可以省略。但介詞可以提到關(guān)系代詞之前，此時(shí)，只能使用 whom ,不可使用who 或that .且whom也不可以省去。 The girl who/whom/that you saw just now is Jane. (= The girl you saw just now is Jane.) Do you know the man who/whom/that I talked to just now? =Do you know the man I talked to just now? =Do you know the man to whom I talked just now? 2）whose 人和物，表示所屬關(guān)系。 I don’t want to hire the boy whose father is now in prison. Look at the house whose roof is red. The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind man.（作介詞的賓語） Notes2： “Whose +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)?？梢杂谩懊~+of which”的結(jié)構(gòu)來替換，且意思相同。 The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired. =The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired. 3) that 和which 指事物。 that和which引導(dǎo)定語從句，代表事物，并在定于從句中做主語或賓語。在多數(shù)情況下，兩者可以換用。作賓語時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that或which?？墒∪?。 Here is the dictionary which/that will be lent to you. The farm (that/which) we visited last Sunday was located in the suburbs of Beijing. Notes 3: 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中也可以做介詞的賓語，且介詞可以提前，當(dāng)介詞提到關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，只能使用which，不能使用that。 含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開,介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞的后邊. The chair on which she is sitting is made of plastics. =The chair (which/that) she is sitting on is made of plastics. Once he went to a bookstore and bought some books, most of which were expensive ones. Is this the watch he is looking for? The old man whom the nurses are looking after is very well now. Notes 4: 1先行詞有下列情況之一者，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞通常多用that，不用或者少用which： A: 當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much等不定代詞時(shí)。 Tell me everything that you know. He told us all that he had done. B: 當(dāng)先行詞被very, both, the only, all, every, no, any, little, much, some 等修飾時(shí)。 That is the very book that he is looking for. This is the only dictionary that I have. C: 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)或者被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。 That is the most beautiful city that I have visited. This is the last lesson that we have this term. D: 當(dāng)先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)。 They talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. E: 當(dāng)主語是以who或者which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。 Which is the coat that you like best? Who is the man that was talking to you? F: 當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)，無論先行詞是人還是物。 She is no longer the person that she was. China is no longer the country that it used to be. 2關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只用which不用that的情況。 A: 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓語并且介詞提到關(guān)系代詞之前是只用which，但當(dāng)介詞在從句句末時(shí)，兩者皆可。 This is the question about which we have had so much discussion. =This is the question which/that we have had so much discussion about. B: 在非限制性定語從句中必須使用which，而不能使用 that。 4)as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，但先行詞須有such或the same或用于as/so….as的結(jié)構(gòu)。 Such teachers as he knows are all kind to him. I want to buy the same pen as you are using. He can lift so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. Notes 5: 結(jié)構(gòu)the same …as和the same …that的區(qū)別: This is the same bike as I have lost.（表同一類） This is the same bike that I have lost. （表同一個(gè)） 5)當(dāng)先行詞是way時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞可以用in which ,也可以用that ,還可以不用引導(dǎo)詞(但不能用how)。 This is the way (in which/that) he did it. 6) 同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別: a 同位語從句中的that為連詞,只起到引導(dǎo)詞的作用,不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分。 定語從句中的that為關(guān)系代詞,通常在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語。 The news that he is ill worries us a lot.（同位語從句） The news that he has told us worries us a lot.（定于從句，that在從句中作told的直接賓語） b同位語從句說明的是中心詞的內(nèi)容。 定語從句則是對(duì)中心詞的限制，修飾，和區(qū)分。 We’ve just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come.（同位語從句） The letter that I received that day was from my mother.（定語從句） When ,where, why 作關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句 1)when 代替at/in/on/during which，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。 Tell me the time when (=at which) the train leaves. I will never forget the days when (=on which) I reached the top of Mount Tai. 2）where表地點(diǎn)，只能跟在表示地點(diǎn)的名詞后，他在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。 This is the school where (=at which) I used to teach. Think of a place where (=to which) we can go for dinner. Notes6: A: where 在從句中不做主語或賓語。 The factory that /which we visited yesterday was built last year. The factory where he works was built last year. B: where作名詞時(shí)，可與from連用，如：? His head soon appeared out of one of the second story windows, from where he could see nothing but trees . 3) why 指原因，引導(dǎo)的從句修飾名詞reason。 I do not know the reason why /for which he was left here. The reason why she was late is that her husband is dangerously ill in hospital. Notes7: 陳述主語reason的表語從句中只能用that引導(dǎo)， that不作從句中的任何句子成分。試比較： I do not know the reason why he was late. The reason why he was late was that his wife is ill. His wife was very ill. That’s why he was late. He was late. It was because his wife was very ill in bed. 6. 限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句 1)限定性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起到限制，區(qū)分的作用，并與此先行詞有著不可分割的關(guān)系，如果省去，剩下的部分意義就會(huì)不完整或不清楚。 Those who want to go please put up your hands. A man who doesn’t try to learn from others can’t hope to achieve much. 2)非限定性定語從句只對(duì)先行詞作進(jìn)一步的說明和描述，如果省去，剩余的部分仍然意義完整，表達(dá)清楚，非限定定語從句的前面往往有逗號(hào)與其余部分隔開。 Dr.Brown, who lives next door, comes from America. Rattlesnakes, who are poisonous, should be avoided. 7.as/which都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句并代表主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容。通?？梢院蛽Q用，但要注意下列不同情況： a : which從句只能放在句末，而as從句則可以放在句首或句中。 As you will find out, I will never let you down. Taiwan, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. She is extremely popular with her students, which/as is known to all. b從詞匯意義上講，which意為“這一點(diǎn)”，而as卻可表示“正如-----那樣”。有些as從句已經(jīng)成為了固定格式。如： as we all know, as is known to all, as you may remember, as you say, as is reported………….. 8定語從句的主謂一致 關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致，先行詞是個(gè)句子時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。 The recorder that has been given to me is home—made. I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you. He is one of the students who have made great progress. He is the only (very) one of my students who has been invited to have dinner with us. 9關(guān)于定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 a轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞短語: The girl (who is) playing basketball used to be week. The car (that was) repaired yesterday by him is mine. b轉(zhuǎn)換成介詞短語:The students (who are) in Class Two will gather on the ground. c轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞短語: He carried a basket (which is) full of apples. d轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞短語: He went to a city (which is) a hundred miles away from his hometown. e轉(zhuǎn)換成合成詞： The peasants who work hard will get a good harvest. -----The hard-working peasants will get a good harvest. f轉(zhuǎn)換成不定式短語 :Do you have any questions, which you want to ask? ------Do you have any questions to ask? 10 Consolidations:?do some exercises on the blackboard ? 11. Homework: to revise this grammar after class / to preview the next part 111