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111 Period 3　Listening and Speaking The General Idea of This Period This is the third period of this unit. At the beginning of this period, the teacher should (can) design some exercises to review what the students learned in the last period, that is to say, go over what the students learned about that John Snow defeats“King Cholera”. The teacher can begin with asking some questions or having a competition to make some sentences with“John Snow”according to the passage. During this period, listening and speaking will be mainly dealt with. At the beginning, teachers focus on training the Ss’ listening. This listening content is about the importance of Qian Xuesen for space travel in China, the contributions made by a botanist named Carl Linnaeus and the research into the life and work of a mathematician called Leonhard Euler.  When training the Ss’ listening ability, teachers should start with pre-listening, that is, lead-in. If it is necessary, teachers had better introduce some background knowledge about the listening material. Later, let the Ss listen to it. At the same time, teachers should design some simple questions. After that, the Ss have known about the listening material, and then teachers can ask them to listen to it again to be ready for more difficult questions. If necessary, the Ss can be given another time to listen. While practicing, teachers had better offer students some advice on how to do it well. Especially, train the students to predict what to be talked about according to the hints and limited information and let them form the good listening habit of listening with the purpose of finding useful information and to summarize. Certainly, suppose there are many new words and expressions, teachers should help them to deal with them at the first place. All the listening practice should focus on developing the students’ listening skill. After practicing listening, the Ss are expected to learn some expressions about talking about scientific job as well as scientists’ achievements and recount stories. Besides those, the students are expected to learn the skill of describing a person. During the course, teachers should rank class activities from the easy to the difficult. First, ask them to learn the expressions. Then, ask them to imitate it to have a dialogue. Finally, the students are expected to create a dialogue or discuss the given topic. In order to draw students’ attention, the teacher had better prepare for some interesting situations. This period centers on emphasis on speaking and listening. The teacher should try his or her best to encourage the students to say something. Don’t always correct the mistakes that the students would make while speaking. Otherwise, the students would feel reluctant to speak out their opinions. Teaching Important Points Train the students’ speaking ability by describing, talking and discussing.  Help the students improve their listening ability.  Teaching Difficulties Train the students’ listening ability. Especially listen and understand what the speakers mean beyond words.  Teaching Aids a tape recorder, a projector and the blackboard Three Dimensional Teaching Aims Knowledge aims: Let the Ss know about some scientists and their life and contributions.  Get the Ss to learn how to talk about scientific work and how to describe a person.  Ability Aims:  Train the students’ speaking ability by describing, talking and discussing.  Train the students’ listening ability.  Emotional Aims:  Train the students’ability to cooperate with others.  Encourage the students to learn from scientists to show interest in scientific exploration and research.  Teaching Procedure Step 1 Greeting T: Hello, boys and girls.  Ss: Hello, Miss Wang.  Step 2 Revision T: Today we will begin our lesson with a competition between groups. In the last period, we learnt about John Snow who defeats“King Cholera”. Now, please say something that you know about it. If you offer a complete sentence, you will be given ten marks. Your group will be given twenty marks when your expression is especially beautiful.  S: John Snow was a well-known doctor in London, who attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies.  S: He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera, which was the deadly disease of his day.  S: John Snow got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people.  S: He believed in the second theory that is people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease attacked the body quickly and soon the affected person was dead. Ss: . . .  (The teacher should encourage more students to join in the competition. At the end of the competition, the teacher should announce the result of this competition. Praise the winner and encourage the losers. ) T: What can we learn from John Show? S: We should base our theories on practice.  S: We are inspired to have a spirit of scientific exploration.  S: We do some research with the purpose of serving the people and society.  Ss: . . . 　 T: Yes, we can learn a lot from the scientist. In fact, there are a great number of people working on science worthy of being learned both at home and abroad. Can you name some scientists and introduce their main contributions? S: Archimedes, who discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float. S: Darwin wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed.  S: Madam Curie discovered radium.  S: Stephen Hawking put forward a theory about black holes.  S: Zhang heng invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened. Ss: . . . T: You did a good job and listed many scientists as well as their contributions. Today, we are going to learn about more scientists.  Step 3 Listening (on Pages 5-6) Task 1 Pre-listening T: First let’s enjoy the picture. What can you see? S: President Jiang Zemin and an old man.  T: President Jiang Zemin visited Qian Xuesen.  T: What have you already known about Qian Xuesen? S: He is a Chinese scientist, whose research mainly centers on Physics.  S: He is honored as“Chinese Rocket Father”.  S: He has made great contributions to space travel in China.  T: Good. You seem to have a good knowledge of him. Qian Xuesen is a famous scientist who has contributed much to the country’s cause of science and technology.  Task 2 First Listening T: We are to listen to the material, which is about Qian Xuesen. Yu Ping is telling her friend Steve Smith about Qian Xuesen’s life. If you were Yu Ping, what topics would you like to cover when introducing him? S: The date when he was born and he died;the place where he was born, lived, studied and died;his family;his experience;his achievements;his contributions T: Excellent. When we talk about and introduce a scientist, we usually describe these aspects. Now, listen carefully and tick out which topics are mentioned in the tape.  (After listening, let them check the answers. ) Task 3 Second Listening T: This time. You’ll write down the answers to the five questions. Boys and girls, how can we write the answers fast and correctly? S: We should go through the questions first and keep them in mind. When we are listening, we just need to pay much attention to the sentences related to the answers.  S: We needn’t write down each word of the answers. We just write down some key words. Later we can write down the complete answers with the help of these key words.  T: You are clever. Now please get ready. First, look through the introduction to the listening material. Then, scan the questions. (Two minutes later, the teacher plays the tape. Then give Ss time to organize their sentences. ) T: Let’s check the answers one by one.  (If the students make some common mistakes or they seem to have difficulty in finding out answers, teachers can give them some hints and let them listen to it again. After that, check the answers. If the students feel it difficult to make sense about the key words and understand the speakers’ intention and attitude, the teacher should give them some help. ) Task 4 Post-listening T: After listening, would you please answer some questions? 1 What did you hear on the tape? 2 What can you learn from Qian Xuesen? (At this part the teacher may have the students present what they have heard on the tape and show their own opinion about what they have learned from him. If possible, the teacher may have some of the students do the presentation work in class. By doing this, the students can get full understanding of what the tape is talking about. ) Step 4 Listening (Page 41) Task 1 Pre-listening T: Just now we learned about a Chinese scientist, Qian Xuesen, who has made great contributions on space travel in China. We will get to know another scientist, whose contribution is on botany. Can you guess who he is? S: Carl Linnaeus, maybe Darwin.  T: You are right. Both scientists did study botany and devoted their time to the research. As we know, Carl Linnaeus developed his system about how to classify species. While Darwin wrote a book on the Original of Species, in which he explained how animals and plants developed as the environment changed. The following is about Carl Linnaeus. T: Now, read the instructions about the listening and choose which of the following statements mist closely describes what this listening passage is about. Explain why the others are wrong.  S: I think the third one is right. This is about a man who finds a flower and wants to know if it is a new species of flower. Because he is interested in biology and especially in the study of plants. What he wants to do is to study whether it is a new species. The other two statements can not convey the study. Task 2 Listening T: What you said is reasonable. Let’s listen together to find whether your answer is right.  (After listening, let them check the answers. ) T: Listen to the tape again and try to complete the following passage.  To find the name of an unknown flower, first you have to go to see a flower __________he/she will look in a special__________written by Carl Linnaeus. He lived in__________ from__________ to __________. He was very important because he solved a serious problem for __________. He saw all plants and animals produce __________. Some animals produce __________but others lay__________while plants__________. He used these different ways of producing young to put plants and animals into__________. For example, the group called birds lay__________to produce young and they all have __________. Linnaeus put the plants and animals into smaller groups or species. He gave each one two names. One is for the large group, for example__________and one is for the species, for example __________. So a parrot would be __________. He was the first person to successfully classify all plants and animals. Task 3 Post-listening Let the students fill in the blankets and then check. If the students feel it difficult to do it, let them listen it a third time. After checking the answers, ask the students to read it together.  Step 5 Listening (Page 44) T: Look at the screen and let’s read the following new words firstly. (These words are presented on the screen: analyse, pure, foundation, symbol, sin, cosin, geometry, calculus, mechanics, practical, topology) T: Can you guess which field the next scientist is in according to the new words? S: The next must be a mathematician.  T: Right. This mathematician is Leonhard Euler. John Smith is discussing with Zhao Yang his research into the life and work of a mathematician called Leonhard Euler. Listen to the tape and fill in the chart on the importance of Euler’s work.  Euler’s achievements Examples New symbols and terms Old areas of mathematics New area of mathematics Importance (After listening, ask some students to fill in it. If many students feel it difficult, let them listen to it again. While doing it, the teacher can also ask two students to come to write the answers on the blackboard. The teacher had better give them praise if they do it well. ) Step 6 Speaking Task 1 Lead-in T: Boys and girls, from the listening material, we know about some scientists. Do you have a dream to be a scientist in the future? Ss: Yes. /No.  T: Suppose you would like to work as a scientist, and you are discussing with your partner about your future job. What questions would you like to concern? S1: What job do you want to do? S2: How will you get the job? S3: What preparations will you make for the future job? T: Right. Apart from those, we can also talk about the following questions:  1 What education will you need? 2 What personality will be needed? 3 What work experience would be useful? 4 How long will the training take? 5 How will you prepare for this career? T: These expressions may help you:  I always wanted to. . . because. . . 　　　　The experience I will need is. . .  I might find it difficult to. . . I need to practise. . .  My greatest problem will be to. . .  I will need to be/become. . .  patient, creative, hard-working, co-operative, confident, brave, positive, pleasant, polite, determined, energetic, strict with. . . Task 2 Dialogue (pair work) T: Now it is time to discuss what scientific job each of you would like to choose in the future with the help of the mentioned questions and expressions in pairs. I will give you five minutes to prepare for it. After that I will let some of pairs to come to act it out.  Sample: A: What job do you want to do in the future? B: I always want to be a botanist.  A: If you want to be a scientist, what education will you need? B: I will try my best to go to a key university to learn and study botany.  A: What work experience would be useful? B: The experience I will need is to study wild plants in the wild when I am at school. Now, I join the social natural club organized by our school. Every time I make every effort to overcome difficulty to study plants in the wild.  A: Do you know what personality will be needed if you want to be a scientist in the future? B: I will need to be patient, creative, hard-working, brave, energetic and co-operative.  A: Yes, I agree with you. Besides those personalities, we also should be determined, confident and positive.  B: I will make efforts to own such good quality.  A: How will you prepare for this career? B: I intend to go to college next year and then I will have a chance to be a scientist. But my greatest problem will be whether I will be able to go to university in the future.  A: Don’t worry about it and just get down to preparing for it. Good chances always belong to the persons who have already prepared for them. I am sure you will succeed if you keep working hard. I am waiting for your good news.  B: Thank you for your encouragement. I will make full use of time to struggle for success. Task 3 Free-talk T: Let us talk freely. You are allowed to move about to find a student you’d like to talk with. Imagine you are going to meet a specialist about a newly-found flower. Your partner will be the assistant for the flower specialist. You both need a description of the other so you can recognize each other when you meet. Now ring the assistant to sort out the necessary information.  (Of course, following the above, the students may gather around or move around to find their own favorite partners to talk with. This is a half-controlled activity. Teachers let them express whatever they want to on condition that there are some expressions on the theme. Give them about five minutes to prepare for it. Later, ask some pairs to act it out. As usual, the teacher won’t forget to give comments on what the students do, including the teacher’s words praising what they are doing in the first few stages. Only in this way are the students encouraged to talk freely about what they want to say and why they think so. )  Step 7 Summary and Homework T: In this period, we mainly focus on the speaking and listening abilities. If you feel listening or speaking poor, you had better practice more after class. Practice makes perfect. Today’s homework is to describe a scientist to your partner and let your partner guess who she/he is. Then exchange. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard Unit 1　Great scientists Period 3　Listening and Speaking The questions may be useful to discuss the scientific job, The expressions may help you to discuss your future scientific job. What job do you want to do? What education will you need? What personality will be needed? What work experience would be useful? How long will the training take? How will you prepare for this career? I always wanted to...because... The experience I will need is... I might find it difficult to... I need to practise... My greatest problem will be to... I will need to be/become patient, creative, hard-working, co-operative, confident, brave... Research and Activities After class, use the library or the Internet to find out facts about important women scientists in medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy or mathematics.There are very useful websites (including the“Biographies of women mathematicians website”).Prepare a talk on your chosen scientists.Remember to include some information about their life, their achievements and why they are considered important in science history.Then give your talk to the class. Research for Teaching Euler, Leonhard (born April 15, 1707, Basel, Switz.died Sept.18, 1783, St.Petersburg, Russia) Swiss mathematician and physicist, one of the founders of pure mathematics.He not only made decisive and formative contributions to the subjects of geometry, calculus, mechanics, and number theory but also developed methods for solving problems in observational astronomy and demonstrated useful applications of mathematics in technology and public affairs. Euler’s mathematical ability earned him the esteem of Johann Bernoulli, one of the first mathematicians in Europe at that time, and of his sons Daniel and Nicolas.In 1727 he moved to St.Petersburg, where he became an associate of the St.Petersburg Academy of Sciences and in 1733 succeeded Daniel Bernoulli to the chair of mathematics. Euler devoted considerable attention to developing a more perfect theory of lunar motion, which was particularly troublesome, since it involved the so-called three-body problem—the interactions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth.(The problem is still unsolved.) His partial solution, published in 1753, assisted the British Admiralty in calculating lunar tables, of importance then in attempting to determine longitude at sea.One of the feats of his blind years was to perform all the elaborate calculations in his head for his second theory of lunar motion in 1772.Throughout his life Euler was much absorbed by problems dealing with the theory of numbers, which treats of the properties and relationships of integers, or whole numbers (0, ±1, ±2, etc.); in this, his greatest discovery, in 1783, was the law of quadratic reciprocity, which has become an essential part of modern number theory. In his effort to replace synthetic methods by analytic ones, Euler was succeeded by J.-L.Lagrange.But, where Euler had delighted in special concrete cases, Lagrange sought for abstract generality; and, while Euler incautiously manipulated divergent series, Lagrange attempted to establish infinite processes upon a sound basis.Thus it is that Euler and Lagrange together are regarded as the greatest mathematicians of the 18th century; but Euler has never been excelled either in productivity or in the skillful and imaginative use of algorithmic devices (i.e., computa