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111 Period 5 Grammar The General Idea of This Period This is the fifth period, which will center on the grammar: using the past participle as the attribute and the predicative.At the beginning of this period, the teacher should give the students some time to go over what they learned in the last period. Later the teacher had better present some sentences containing the past participle used as the attribute and the predicative on purpose by asking the students to do some exercises.Get the students to find all the sentences containing the past participle in the two passages.After finding them, the teacher can ask the students to analyze them and understand the function of the past participle in those sentences.After that the teacher should give the students clear explanations about the usage of the grammar. After mastering the rules of the past participle, the students should be given more exercises to consolidate what they learn.The teacher should arrange some activities carefully and creatively. First let them do some simple exercises.For example, combine the two sentences using the past participle as the attribute and the predicative.Then ask them to make some sentences using the past participle. Besides that, the teacher should help the students to review the other usages of the past participle.In the end, let them write a passage using the past participle properly. Apart from the usage of the past participle, the teacher had better make the students understand the differences between the past participle and the present participle.In order to have the students master it, the teacher should choose some exercises to supply the students with some problems to deal with.By doing and practicing more, the students may master the grammar. Teaching Important Point To learn about the past participle used as the attribute and the predicative. Teaching Difficulty To know the differences between the past participle and the present participle. Teaching Aids Multi-media classroom and other normal teaching tools. Three Dimensional Teaching Aims Knowledge Aim To learn about the past participle used as the attribute and the predicative.  Ability Aim To use the past participle used as the attribute and the predictive freely and properly in speaking and writing. Emotional Aims Encourage the students learn more about the grammar. Help the students to form the good habit in learning. Encourage the students to do more exercises to consolidate their knowledge. Teaching Procedure Step 1 Greeting T: Hello, my friends. Ss: Hello, Miss... Step 2 Revision T: Do you still remember what you learned in this unit?Would you please say something about the great scientists we learned in this unit.First please something about John Snow. S: John snow, a well-known doctor in London, defeated cholera. S: He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people. S: John Snow gathered the information and marked it on a map where all the dead people had lived. S: He discovered that many of the deaths were near the water.It seemed the water was to blame. Ss: ... T: You really did a very good job.Now, let’s say something about Nicolaus Copernicus. S1: Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the earth is not the centre of the solar system.But at that time people all believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system. S2: In 1514 he showed his theory privately to his friends and explained his theory. S3: He was very cautious because he did not want to be attacked by the Christian church. S4: He published his theory as he lay dying in 1543. S5: His theory was rejected by the Christian Church. Step 3 Presentation T: Today we will learn the grammar—past participle used as the attribute and the predicative. First look at your text on Page 4, part I.Look at the following sentences where the past participles are used. T: In this sentence the past participle is used as an attribute phrase.Terrified people means people who were terrified.Now please find two more examples from the reading passages with past participles used as the attribute.You are allowed to find as many sentences as possible in two minutes. (Two minutes later, ask the students to report what they have found.) S1: From the stomach the disease attacked the body quickly and soon the affected person was dead. S2: Immediately John Snow told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the water pump so it could not be used. S3: John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined and new methods of dealing with polluted water be found. S4: He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system. T: Good.You just found all the sentences containing the past participles used as the attributes.Besides using as the attribute, the past participles can also be used as the predicative.Can you find the sentences with past participles used as the predicative?Finish it in two minutes. (Two minutes later, let the students read these sentences with past participles as the predicative.) S1: Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood. S2: He knew it would never be controlled until its cause was found. S3: He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people. S4: They were given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the Broad Street pump. S5: He found that it came from the river, which had been polluted by the dirty water from London. S6: Immediately John Snow told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the water pump so it could not be used. ... Step 4 Practising T: From the sentences mentioned just now, what do you know about the usage of past participles as the attribute and the predicative? S: We use past participles as attributes when we want to join two clauses together. T: Yes, very good.Now let’s look at the screen and finish the exercises quickly. Past Participle as the Attribute Past Participle as the Predicative 1.terrified people 2.reserved seats 3.polluted water 4.a crowded room 5.a pleased winner 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.children who look astonished 7.a vase that is broken 8.a door that is closed 9.the audience who feel tired 10.an animal that is trapped Suggested answers: 1.people who are terrified　2.seats which are reserved　3.water which is polluted　4.a room which is crowded　5.a winner who is pleased　6.astonished children　7.a broken vase　8.a closed door　9.the tired audience　10.a trapped animal 過去分詞作定語, 在語態(tài)上, 表被動; 在時間上, 表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成, 與它所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。過去分詞作定語時, 所修飾的名詞在邏輯上相當(dāng)于被動句中的主語, 過去分詞相當(dāng)于謂語。如:  The destroyed house will be rebuilt next year. 這種情況下的過去分詞為及物動詞的過去分詞。 不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨作前置定語, 少數(shù)表示狀態(tài)改變或位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞的過去分詞可前置, 僅表示時間的完成, 無被動意義。而現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在進行。如:  falling leaves正在下落的樹葉　a developing country發(fā)展中國家　the boiling water沸水 fallen leaves落葉　a developed country發(fā)達國家　the boiled water(涼）開水 T: Besides this, the past participle can be put after the noun to modify the noun form, for example, The famous writer’s play, mentioned in one of my books, was published in 1963. Do you understand the sentence? S: The famous writer’s play, which was mentioned in one of my books, was published in 1963. T: Yes, very good.In this sentence we can get two pieces of information.A: The famous writer’s play was published in 1963.　B: The play was mentioned in one of my books.Now, let’s do some exercises to combine two sentences together using past participle as the attribute. 1.This is one of the questions.　It was discussed at the meeting yesterday. S: It is one of the questions discussed at the meeting yesterday. T: His letter was addressed to the wrong number.It reached me late. S: His letter, addressed to the wrong number, reached me late. T: The students didn’t know how to answer it.They were surprised at the way the question was put. S: The students, surprised at the way the question was put, didn’t know how to answer it. T: The audience all voiced support for the suggestion.They were moved by his speech. S: The audience, moved by his speech, all voiced support for his suggestion. T: Basketball is now an interesting sport.It was first played in the USA. S: Basketball, first played in the USA, is now an interesting sport. T: Well done. 注意下面過去分詞作定語的幾種情況:  1.單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前。如: the terrified people, the polluted water, the astonished people。 單個分詞也可以作后置定語, 用以強調(diào)動作。如:  They decided to change the material used.他們決定更換使用的材料。 2.過去分詞短語作定語要放在被修飾的名詞后面, 作后置定語, 其作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如: The man chosen mayor of the city received a Doctor’s Degree of Engineering. 3.如被修飾的詞是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等, 分詞放在被修飾詞的后面。如: Do you have anything unfinished? 4.單個過去分詞前加一名詞或副詞, 常用連字符將它們連接起來構(gòu)成一個復(fù)合形容詞, 放 在其修飾的名詞前, 作前置定語。分詞前加的名詞表示分詞的動作或行為主體, 所加的副詞表示方式、時間、程度、性質(zhì)等意義。如: a newly-born baby, a well-known doctor。 T: Now let’s come to the past participle used as the predicative.Generally speaking the past participle used as the predicative shows the state the subject remains.(過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。) eg: I was surprised to find that such great changes had taken place in the college. Now look at the screen.Finish the exercises quickly. 1.He got__________ about losing the money. 2.Why do you always look so __________?Do you sleep well these days? 3.I was__________ with the film I saw last night.I had expected it to be better. 4.Everybody was__________ to hear the death of the famous film star. 5.The children are really__________ about going to the zoo. 6.His wound became__________ with a new virus. Suggested answers: 1.worried　2.tired　3.disappointed　4.astonished　5.excited　6.infected T: Well done. Step 5 Further Practising T: Now let’s do some exercises. 1.The Olympic Games, __________(play) in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. 2.Cleaning women in big cities get __________ (pay) by the hour. 3.Most of the people __________ (invite)to the party didn’t turn up because of the heavy rain. 4.Who is the man __________ (talk)to our headmaster? 5.The professor __________ (pay) a visit to our school is from Beijing University. 6.The__________ (die) man was immediately taken to hospital. 7.The soldiers got off the truck and moved the __________ (fall) tree away from the high way. 8.We __________ (surprise) to find that few of the students did the experiment well. Suggested answers: 1～8: played, paid, invited, talking, paying, dying, fallen, surprised Step 6 Consolidation T: In this period, we mainly focus on the past participle used as the attribute and the predicative.After class, would you please write a passage containing past participles and present participles, which shows that you have known how to use past participles properly?Besides, you will also have to finish the exercises on Page 44 Ex 1-2 using the past participle. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard Unit 1　Great scientists Period 5 Grammar Past participles used as the attribute Past participles used as the predicative 1.It is one of the questions discussed at the meeting yesterday. 2.His letter, addressed to the wrong number, reached me late. 3.The audience, moved by his speech, all voiced support for his suggestion. 4.Basketball, first played in the USA, is now an interesting sport. 1.He got worried about losing the money. 2.Why do you always look so tired? 3.I was disappointed with the film I saw last night.I had expected it to be better. 4.Everybody was astonished to hear the death of the famous film star. 5.The children are really excited about going to the zoo. Research and Activities Suppose you are mayor of Wuxi.Find out measures to stop pollution.Please use the past participle as the attribute and the predicative. Nowadays everyone in Wuxi is worried about the environment.The air is polluted.The water is polluted.We can not breathe the polluted air any more.Let’s take action—Students should use their imagination and creativity to continue the writing. Reference for Teaching 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在于: 現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動和進行”, 過去分詞表示“被動和完成”(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動, 只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等。 1.單個分詞作定語一般放在被修飾之前（有些單個過去分詞作賓語時, 也可放在被修飾詞之后）, 如: 分詞短語作定語一般放在被修飾詞之后, 有時可用定語從句代替。單個分詞作前置定語表示被修飾詞所發(fā)出的動作, 即分詞動作的邏輯主語是它修飾的詞。如:  The exciting news that Chinese athletes won over 20 gold medals in Sydney 2000 Olympic Games inspired all of us.（單個現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語, 表示被修飾詞所發(fā)出的動作, 即The news was exciting.） The building lying on the west of the sea cost some 20 000 000 dollars.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語, 相當(dāng)于一個定語從句that lies） 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的動作或正在進行的主動動作, 如: boiling water, the rising sun, developing country; 過去分詞表示被動動作或已完成的動作, 如: boiled water, the risen sun, developed country。 2.分詞作后置定語應(yīng)注意:  (1) 現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作:  ①一個正在進行的動作, 如:  Can you see the ship disappearing (that is disappearing) in the distance? ②表示將來的動作, 如:  Can you tell me the number of people coming to the party (who will come to the party)? ③表示某個經(jīng)常性的動作或狀態(tài), 如;  The girl looking after (who looks after) Harry’s children gets 200 dollars a week. (2) 過去分詞表示的動作:  ①發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前, 如:  Is this the book written (that was written) by Henry James? ②與句中謂語動詞是相應(yīng)的經(jīng)常性的動作, 如:  He was then a professor respected (that was respected) by all the teachers and students of the college. ③being+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表示動作正在進行, 如:  The 65-storeyed building being built (that is being built) will be run by a US company. 正在建設(shè)的那座65層大樓將由一家美國公司經(jīng)營。 ④to be+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表示一個將來動作, 如:  He was invited to the conference to be held (that will be held) in Shanghai in May 2001. 分詞前置 We can see the rising sun.我們可以看到東升的旭日。 He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人。 分詞后置 (i.分詞詞組; ii.個別分詞如given, left; iii.修飾不定代詞 something等) There was a girl sitting there.有個女孩坐在那里。 This is the question given.這是所給的問題。 There is nothing interesting.沒有有趣的東西。 過去分詞作定語  與其修飾的詞是被動關(guān)系, 相當(dāng)于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 典型例題 1) The first textbook __________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.　 A.have written B.to be written C.being written D.written 解析：書與寫作是被動關(guān)系, 應(yīng)用過去分詞作定語表被 動, 相當(dāng)于定語從句 which is written。  答案：D 2）What’s the language __________ in Germany? A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak 解析：主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。spoken是動詞speak的過去分詞形式, 在句中作定語, 修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動關(guān)系。該句可以理解為: What’s the language (which is) spoken in German? 答案：B 3.作表語的分詞通常看作形容詞來用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì), 而且主語多為物; 過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態(tài), 主語多為人。如:  (1)The story is interesting.故事有趣。 We are interested in computers.我們對計算機感興趣。 (2)The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。 (3)The water is boiled.水是開的。 兩種形式的過去分詞 在英語中, 有些動詞有兩種過去分詞形式, 并且它們在用法和意義上不同 1) learned/learnt 兩者都可用在完成式中構(gòu)成謂語, 但learned還可作定語“博學(xué)的”之意解。而learnt不能。 [舉例] We have learned/learnt 200 new words since last term. 從上學(xué)期開始, 我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了200個新詞了。 Professor Wang is a learned man.王教授是個有學(xué)問的人。 2) lighted/lit lighted可用作定語, lit 用作表語。 [舉例] The lighted candle lit the whole room. 點燃了的蠟燭照亮了房間。 The cigarette is not lit.煙沒點著。 3) hung/hanged hung意為“懸掛”, hanged意為“絞死, 吊死”。 [舉例] A famous painting is hung on the wall.墻上掛著一幅名畫。 He was hanged by his enemy.他是被敵人絞死的。 4) hid/hidden hid用于完成時, hidden可作表語和定語。 [舉例] The sun is hidden. 太陽被云遮住了。 There must be someone hidden in the cupboard. 一定有人藏在柜子里。 Where have you hid my book? 你把我的書藏在哪兒了？ 5) struck/stricken struck用于完成時構(gòu)成謂語, stricken用作定語, 還可表示“受到打擊”。 [舉例] The clock has struck three. 時鐘已敲響了三點。 The rescue teams raced to the stricken ship. 救援隊立刻前往搶救遇難船只。 6) born/borne born既可用作表語, 又可用作定語, borne用于完成時構(gòu)成謂語。 [舉例] He was born in Japan in 1973. 他于1973年出生于日本。 She is a born singer. 她是個天生的歌唱家。 She has borne two boys. 她已經(jīng)生了兩個男孩。 7) burned/burnt burned強調(diào)燃燒的動作, burnt強調(diào)狀態(tài)或結(jié)果, 還可用作定語。 [舉例] A lot of people were burned in the big fire. 很多人在那場大火中被燒死了。 Oil is burnt in cars.汽車用汽油作燃料。 The burnt people are being treated in hospital. 燒傷的人們正在住院接受治療。 8) sunk/sunken sunk用作表語, sunken用作定語。 [舉例] The ship of Titanic was sunk forever. 泰坦尼克永久地沉沒了。 The sunken boat could never be found. 那艘沉船再也沒有找到。 9) melted/molten melted用作表語, molten用作定語。 [舉例] The ice in the river is melted. 河里的冰融化了。 The molten steel looks like water. 熔化了的鋼看上去像水一樣。 111