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111 Module 1《Small Talk》 Period 2: FUNCTION—Talking about obligation or lack of obligation Objectives To learn to talking about obligation or lack of obligation ● Procedures ▇ Warming up by learning about what is obligation Hello, class. We shall learn to talk about “obligation” or lack of “obligation”. But first what is “obligation” ? It is a noun, meaning 1. A moral or legal duty or tie. 2. The binding power of such a duty or tie. 3. A debt of gratitude for a service. Example: be under obligation to her If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to (= it is not necessary to) pay them any money. You have a legal obligation to (= The law says you must) ensure your child receives a proper education. I haven't got time to do his work for him - I've got too many obligations as it is. A tender conscience is a stronger obligation than a prison. Every man has obligations which belong to his station. Duties extend beyond obligation, and direct the affections, desires, and intentions, as well as the actions. ■Talking about obligation or lack of obligation ◆100% necessity: You must leave straight away. You have [got] to leave straight away. must v. have [got] to Generally, must shows what the speaker feels and it is the speaker's authority; have [got] to is when the speaker uses an external force which they cannot control: doctor to patient: You've got to stop smoking. patient to themself: I must stop smoking. ◆0% necessity: We don't have to pay to get in. We have not got to see the boss after all. We needn't stay late. These have an element of being optional, i.e. we needn't stay late but we can if we want to. ◆obligation: You ought to call your mother. You should call your mother. These show that calling your mother is the right thing to do. There is no real difference between ought to and should, but ought to is perhaps a little stronger. We use needn't to show an action is optional - I can do it if I want to. We use mustn't to say an action is forbidden - I have no choice. ■Making a dialogue talking about obligation or lack of obligation A: I have to work all day long tomorrow. B: You mustn't work all the time. You will ruin your health. A: Must I return the book tomorrow? B: Yes, you have to. A: He had to go because of somebody's calling him that day. B: I don’t think so. He could call back. A: I have lots of work to do. I don’t like to work on Sundays. B: You must do it now. A: I have to go now. B: But you must stay till he comes. A: Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? B: No, you needn’t. You could read my notes taken at the meeting then. A: Must I hand in the paper this week? B: No, you needn’t. You need not hand in the paper this week. A: You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar. B: But I have no time to read them. A: You ought to bring the child here. B: All right. I will. A: You ought to have been here yesterday. B: But there have been much traffic. A: You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room. B: I did not know about the rules here. A: I have to go now. B: But you have to cook for my child. A: You must be here on time next time. B: Certainly. But we must go to get the timetable ourselves. Dialogues for Small Talk and Introductions Part I: Read the following dialogue and answer the dialogue analysis questions that follow. Situation: Two foreign students are sitting at a counter in a restaurant waiting to be served. The waiter is very busy with other customers. After a few minutes, one student turns to the other and speaks. Characters: Ali is an 18-year-old student from Saudi Arabia. He has come to the United States to study English for a year and then will return to his country. Maria is a 19-year-old student from Venezuela. She will study English for five months and then go to Columbia University in New York to study engineering. ●Small Talk Dialogue Maria: The service is really slow here. I've been trying to get the waiter's attention for the last ten minutes. Ali: I hope he waits on us soon. I have a class at two o'clock. Maria: Me, too. I recognize that English book. You must be a student at the English Language Center. Ali: Yeah. I'm in the fourth course. Are you studying there? Maria: Yes, I'm in the fifth course. I took the fourth course last month. Ali: I just came here two weeks ago. Do you like the institute? Maria: It's pretty good. I think I've learned a lot of English so far. Ali: Yeah. I only wish the classes were a little smaller, though, because we don't get enough chance to talk. But I like my teachers a lot. Maria: How long are you going to be here? Ali: I guess a year, but sometimes I feel like going home tomorrow. Maria: You'll get used to it. Where are you from? Ali: Saudi Arabia. How about you? Maria: Venezuela. I'm only staying here three more months. Then I go to Columbia University in New York. Ali: By the way, my name's Ali. Maria: Hi. I'm Maria. Ali: Hi. Oh, here comes the waiter. It looks like we're going to get served after all. Maria: Good. I'm starving. ●Dialogue Analysis What led up to the opening of the conversation between Maria and Ali? Did Maria start the conversation by introducing herself? What did she say to start the conversation? How did Ali show he was interested in talking to Maria? What other things did they talk about before telling each other their names? What expressions did Ali use to casually introduce himself? Why didn't Ali ask Maria her age or telephone number? Would you start a conversation with someone in a student cafeteria? In what situations do you feel comfortable talking to strangers? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Part II: Read the following dialogue and answer the dialogue analysis questions that follow. Situation: Maria and Ali are eating their lunch when a friend of Maria's, Tom, comes up. ●Introductions Dialogue Tom: Hi, Maria. Maria: Oh, hi, Tom! Do you want to join us? Tom: Sure. Maria: Ali, this is my friend Tom. He lives in the apartment across from mine. Ali's from Saudi Arabia. He's studying at the English Language Center. Tom: Hi, Ali. Nice to meet you. Ali: You, too. Tom: How long have you been in the United States? ●Dialogue Analysis Maria not only introduces Tom and Ali, but she also gives information about each of them. Why is that helpful? If Tom were just passing by, do you think Maria would still introduce him to Ali? What expression does Tom use when he is introduced to Ali? How does Ali respond? What might give you the impression that Tom is a friendly person? ●Points to Remember ★When you first meet most American's, it's impolite to talk about certain things such as salary, age, sex, and religion. ★Introduce yourself casually in informal situations. As the conversation develops, a simple introduction , such as "By the way, my name is..." is generally considered sufficient. ★If a friend comes along and stops to talk, informally introduce him or her to the person you are talking to. It is helpful to provide some information about each of them so that each will 1) know what your relationship is to the other person (friend, neighbor, wife, brother, teacher) and 2) have some information with which to begin a conversation. ★When we are introduced to someone informally, we usually respond with "Nice to meet you" or "Hi, how are you?" "How do you do?" is used in more formal situations and the response to this expression is generally "How do you do?" 111