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⊙怎么考 在語篇語境中考查非謂語動詞的基本用法，側(cè)重作定語、狀語、補足語的用法。 ⊙怎么學 在平時閱讀、寫作練習中，認真體會其基本用法，嘗試運用。 ⊙怎么解 1.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，確定設(shè)空處在句子中充當?shù)某煞?如狀語、定語等)；2.搜索句子中相關(guān)的時間信息，確定非謂語動詞的恰當形式。,Ⅰ.體驗考向 用所給動詞的適當形式填空。 1.(2015江蘇卷)Much time ________(spend)sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems. 2.(2015湖南卷)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile，she stood rooted to the ground，________(wonder)whether to stay or leave. 3.(2015湖南卷)Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students________(talk)over what is bothering them.,4.(2015北京卷)________(catch)the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early. 5.(2015北京卷)The park was full of people，________(enjoy)themselves in the sunshine. 6.(2015北京卷)If ________(accept)for the job，youll be informed soon. 7.(2015浙江卷)Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it ________(perform)live is quite another. 8.(2015重慶卷)________(raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star.,答案 1.spent [句意：大部分時間坐在辦公桌旁，辦公室職員通常被健康問題所困擾。time 與spend之間構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，另外該題實際考查了非謂語動詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。] 2.wondering [句意：當?shù)陠T看到一張充滿善意的臉上掛著滿懷歉意的微笑時，她呆呆地站在原地，不知該走還是不走。wondering 是現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語，修飾動詞stood。] 3.to talk [句意：有時候我充當同學們的傾訴對象，讓他們通過傾訴釋放心頭的煩心事。for sb to do sth是不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作定語，修飾a listening ear。],4.To catch [句意：為了趕上早班飛機，我們提前預定了出租車并且很早就起床了。此處用不定式作目的狀語，表示提前預定出租車并且早起的目的。] 5.enjoying [句意：公園里擠滿了人，他們在陽光下玩得很開心。people和enjoy之間是主謂關(guān)系，且非謂語動詞動作與謂語動詞的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生，故用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式。] 6.accepted [句意：如果錄用你做這份工作，你將會很快得到通知。句子的主語you和動詞accept之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，故用過去分詞。],7.being performed [句意：在家聽音樂是一回事，去現(xiàn)場聽音樂演奏是另外一回事。hear.doing.聽到……正在做……，此處賓語it與動詞perform之間為動賓關(guān)系，故要用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式作賓語補足語。] 8.Raised [句意：因為是在Glasgow 最貧窮的地區(qū)被撫養(yǎng)大，成為一名足球明星，他走過了一段很長很艱苦的路。分析句子成分可知此處是非謂語動詞作狀語，he和raise之間是被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作狀語。],Ⅱ.語境感悟 用所給詞的適當形式完成下列短文，然后朗讀或背誦，體會非謂語動詞的用法。 A study __1__ (publish) in September suggests there is a __2__ (surprise) way to get people __3__ (avoid) unhealthy foods：change their memories.Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers __4__ (answer) some questions on their personalities and food experiences.“One week later，”Lotus says，“__5__ (feed) the people，we told them to,type their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.”Some accounts included one key additional detail.__6__ (tell) that they had got sick after __7__ (eat) strawberry ice-cream，the researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured(人為促成的) memory through __8__ (lead) questions—Who were you with？How did you feel？By the end of the study，up to 41% of those __9__ (give) a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick，and many said theyd avoid __10__ (eat) it.,答案 1.published [過去分詞做后置定語表示被動或完成。] 2.surprising [現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動或進行，此處表示“令人……的”。] 3.to avoid [此處get sb to do sth為固定搭配，表示讓某人做某事。] 4.to answer [此處動詞不定式做賓語補足語。],5.Having fed [分詞的完成形式做狀語，表示動作先于主句的動作。] 6.Having been told [分詞完成形式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語。] 7.eating [介詞后用動詞的-ing形式做賓語。] 8.leading [同第7題解析。] 9.given [同第1題解析。] 10.eating [appreciate，admit，prevent，keep，avoid，risk，resist等只接動名詞做賓語。],Ⅲ.正反探究 1.【誤】 Having not finished his homework，he didnt want to go to bed. 【正】 Not having finished his homework，he didnt want to go to bed. 解析 非謂語動詞的否定式中，not 必須放在非謂語動詞的最前面。 2.【誤】 She was the first person thinking of the idea. 【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea. 解析 當序數(shù)詞所修飾的名詞帶定語時，此定語通常由不定式來充當。,3.【誤】 The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 解析 being discussed 表示動作正在進行，而根據(jù) at tomorrows meeting 可判斷動作發(fā)生在將來，故用 to be discussed 表示。 4.【誤】 This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 【正】 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 解析 作形式主語，代替動詞的-ing 形式，只能用it。,5.【誤】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. 【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated. 解析 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式通常不作定語或補足語。 6.【誤】 Having found the cause，the experiment continued. 【正】 Having found the cause，they continued the experiment.(Having found＝After/When they had found) 解析 作狀語的分詞，其邏輯主語必須同句中的主語一致，現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語有主動關(guān)系，而過去分詞則與其邏輯主語有被動關(guān)系。,Ⅳ.考點確認 一、非謂語動詞的各種形式 非謂語動詞根據(jù)其表示動作的發(fā)生時間和表示的意義可以 有不同的形式。,二、非謂語動詞的句法功能 1.非謂語動詞作主語 作主語的可以是不定式和動名詞。,①It is a great honor to be invited to speak here. ②Playing the piano is my hobby. It is no good telling him the news. 注意：it作形式主語代替動名詞常出現(xiàn)在It is no use/good doing.，It is useful doing.，It is a waste of time doing.等句式里。,2.非謂語動詞作賓語 作賓語的可以是不定式和動名詞，但是不定式一般不作介詞的賓語。 (1)只跟不定式作賓語的動詞 afford，agree，decide，determine，expect，refuse，manage，hope，want，fail，wish，ask，pretend，promise，happen，would like，set out等。 I cant afford to take a holiday this summer because of the project. He determined to return home early.,(2)只跟動名詞作賓語的動詞 advise，admit，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，delay，cant help，consider(考慮)，miss，finish，practise，imagine，suggest(建議)，escape，resist，risk，mind，feel like，insist on，set about等。 It was fortunate that Jack narrowly escaped being killed in a traffic accident. Do you feel like going out for a walk?,(3)跟不定式和動名詞作賓語均可且意義差別不大的動詞like，love，prefer，hate，begin，start，intend，continue等。 She started playing(to play) the violin when she was four. She intended to come (coming) back soon. He continued studying(to study) as if nothing had happened. (4)跟不定式和動名詞作賓語意義相同，但形式不同的動詞作“需要”講時，need，want，require后接v.-ing形式與不定式所表示的意義相同，但是v.-ing形式用主動式，不定式用被動式。 Your T-shirt needs washing (to be washed). My bicycle wants repairing (to be repaired).,(5)跟不定式和動名詞作賓語均可但是意義不同的動詞 ①Well try to improve our studying method. You can try solving this problem in other ways. ②I meant to go，but my teacher would not allow me to. Missing the bus means waiting for another hour.,③Remember to post this letter for me after school. I forgot telling her the time of the meeting. ④I regret to inform you that you didnt pass the exam. I dont regret telling her what I thought of her. ⑤After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. He shouldnt go on living this way.,3.非謂語動詞作表語 作表語的可以是不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。,①My wish is to be a scientist. The most important thing is to put the theory into practice. ②What she likes is watching the children play. ③The reason he gave was very convincing. ④He is shocked at what happened to his son.,4.非謂語動詞作補足語 作補足語的可以是不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。,①The mother urged the little boy to go to bed. ②I caught him reading my private letters. ③He went home happily with his homework finished. 注意：大多數(shù)動詞后用帶to的不定式作補足語，但表示“看、聽、感覺”意義的動詞及使役動詞have，make，let后用不帶to的不定式作補足語。,5.非謂語動詞作定語 作定語的可以是不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞。,①Are you going to attend the meeting to be held in the hall? ②There is much that can be done about the problem arising from carelessness. ③Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 注意：名詞ability，chance，way等及有序數(shù)詞修飾的名詞后多用不定式作定語。作定語的不定式若是不及物動詞其后需搭配適當?shù)慕樵~。,6.非謂語動詞作狀語 作狀語的可以是不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞。,①To pass the college entrance exam，we must work hard. I was surprised to find him here. ②Being busy，she didnt reply to her fathers letter. Having been told the meeting was cancelled，I went home after work. The plane crashed，killing all the people on board.,③Born into a poor family，he had only two years of schooling. Encouraged by his teacher，he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties. 注意：only/just to.表示意想不到的結(jié)果；too.to.“太……而不能……”；so/such.as to.“如此……以至于……”；enough (for sb) to“(對某人來說)足夠做某事”等是幾種常用不定式表示結(jié)果的結(jié)構(gòu)。,三、非謂語動詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu) 非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致，即句子主語必須是非謂語動詞所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者或承受者。但有時候無論非謂語動詞采用哪種形式都不能使其邏輯主語與句子主語一致，此時非謂語動詞需帶有自己的主語，即構(gòu)成“名詞/代詞＋不定式/現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞”形式的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。,1.名詞/代詞＋to do 動作沒有發(fā)生，表示動作即將發(fā)生。 With so much homework to do，Tom looks sad. 2.名詞/代詞＋v.-ing形式 兩者之間是主動關(guān)系，或表示動作正在進行。 The students seating themselves，the professor began his lecture. 3.名詞/代詞＋v.-ed形式 兩者之間是被動關(guān)系，或表示動作已結(jié)束。 Her glasses broken，she couldnt see the road clearly.,