腎臟活體組織病理檢查的診斷意義ppt課件
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腎臟活體組織病理檢查的診斷意義,1,一、概述,經(jīng)過(guò)50多年的發(fā)展,腎臟活體組織檢查(腎活檢,renal biopsy)病理診斷已成為腎臟疾病尤其是腎小球臨床診斷和研究的必不可少的常規(guī)檢查方法。 使腎小球疾病診斷水平從臨床癥候群提高到組織病理學(xué)的新階段。 確定組織病理學(xué)診斷類型對(duì)選擇治療方案、判斷預(yù)后有十分重要的意義。,2,一、概述,腎活檢病理檢查包括光鏡、免疫熒光(免疫酶標(biāo))及電鏡三種: ①光鏡:要求每條組織小球數(shù)大于5~10個(gè),包含皮質(zhì)、皮髓交界及髓質(zhì),切片厚度為2~3um,常規(guī)進(jìn)行蘇木素―伊紅染色(HE)、過(guò)碘酸雪夫反應(yīng)染色(PAS)六胺銀染色(PASM),和馬松三色染色(Masson三色); ②免疫熒光:切片厚3~5um,通常作免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA、IgM)、補(bǔ)體等有關(guān)抗體抗原標(biāo)記染色; ③電鏡:常規(guī)包埋切片,厚40~60nm。,3,一、概述,組織病理(光鏡)是腎活檢病理診斷的基礎(chǔ) 免疫病理是腎活檢病理診斷必備的條件 多數(shù)情況需輔以電鏡 因此,須將三種檢查互補(bǔ),再結(jié)合臨床,以得出較全面和客觀的診斷。 分子病理學(xué),4,二、腎活檢病理診斷分類,根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)1982年制定的腎小球疾病的病理分類和1995年的修訂,常見的類型概括如下: 1.原發(fā)性腎小球疾病 (1)腎小球輕微病變(minor glomerular abnormalities)和微小病變(minimal chang disease) (2)局灶性/節(jié)段性腎小球病變(其它腎小球輕微病變)(focal/segmental lesions with only minor abnormalities in other glomeruli): ①局灶性腎小球腎炎(focal GN); ②局灶性和節(jié)段性玻璃樣變和硬化(focal and segmental hyalinosis and sclerosis),5,二、腎活檢病理診斷分類,(3)彌漫性腎小球腎炎(diffusive GN) 1)膜性腎小球腎炎(膜性腎病)(membranous nephropathy,membranous GN) 2)增生性腎小球腎炎(proliferative GN) ①系膜增生性腎小球腎炎(mesangial proliferative GN); ②毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)增生性腎小球腎炎(endocapillary proliferative GN); ③系膜毛細(xì)血管性腎小球腎炎(膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型及Ⅲ型)(mesangiocapillary GN,membranoproliferative GNⅠand Ⅲ); ④新月體性(毛細(xì)血管外)和壞死性腎小球腎炎(crecentic GN or extracapillary GN) 3)硬化性腎小球腎炎(sclerosing GN),6,二、腎活檢病理診斷分類,(5)未分類腎小球腎炎(unclassified GN) 2.系統(tǒng)性疾病所致的腎小球疾?。?①狼瘡性腎炎(lupus nephritis); ②過(guò)敏性紫癜性腎炎(nephritis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura,); ③Berger病(IgA腎病); ④抗腎小球基膜性腎小球腎炎(Goodpasture綜合征); ⑤全身感染所致腎小球病變。,7,二、腎活檢病理診斷分類,3.血管性疾病所致的腎小球疾病: ①系統(tǒng)性血管炎(systemic vasculitis); ②血栓性微血管病(溶血尿毒綜合征及血栓性血小板減少性紫癜)(hemolytic-uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purura)。,8,二、腎活檢病理診斷分類,4.代謝性疾病所致的腎小球疾?。?①糖尿病腎病(diabetic nephropathy); ②致密物沉積病(dense deposit GN,dense deposit disease); ③淀粉樣變性病(amyloidosis); ④單克隆免疫球蛋白腎病(nephropathy in monoclonal immunoglobulinemia)。,9,二、腎活檢病理診斷分類,5.遺傳性腎?。?①Alport綜合征(Alport syndrome); ②薄基底膜綜合征(thin basement membrane syndrome)和良性復(fù)發(fā)性血尿(benign recurrent hematuria)。 6.終未期腎(end stage renal disease) 7.移植后的腎小球病,10,三、常見腎臟病理類型形態(tài)學(xué)特征與臨床表現(xiàn),腎臟病理診斷以形態(tài)學(xué)特征為依據(jù),與臨床表現(xiàn)有一定聯(lián)系,但相同的臨床綜合征,卻可有多種形態(tài)改變; 同一病理類型又可有不同病因。,11,Normal Human Kidney,12,Normal Human Kidney,13,Normal Human Kidney,14,Normal Human Kidney,15,Normal Human Kidney,16,Normal Human Kidney,17,Normal Human Kidney,18,Normal Human Kidney,19,20,腎小球輕微病變,(1) 臨床表現(xiàn)為腎病綜合征,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:上皮細(xì)胞輕微改變,有時(shí)輕度系膜區(qū)增寬或細(xì)胞增加; ②電鏡:上皮細(xì)胞足突廣泛融合,微絨毛化; ③免疫病理:陰性。,21,腎小球輕微病變,(2) 臨床表現(xiàn)為單純性蛋白尿和(或)鏡下血尿, 病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:無(wú)明顯異?;蜉p度系膜增生; ②系膜、基底膜無(wú)病變或輕度改變,系膜區(qū)沉積物有或無(wú); ③陰性或IgM或IgA、IgG、C3或IgA、C3系膜區(qū)沉積為主。,22,腎小球輕微病變,(3) 臨床表現(xiàn)為肉眼或鏡下血尿持續(xù)或反復(fù)發(fā)作,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:無(wú)明顯異?;蜉p度系膜增生; ②電鏡:系膜區(qū)沉積物有或陰性; ③免疫病理:IgA和(或)IgG及C3或IgM顆粒狀沉積,系膜區(qū)為主,可有纖維蛋白。,23,腎小球輕微病變,Podocytes in minimal change NS,24,腎小球輕微病變,25,腎小球輕微病變,26,腎小球輕微病變,The electron micrograph is from a patient with minimal change glomerulopathy and shows almost complete effacement of the visceral epithelial foot processes. There is condensation of the epithelial cytoskeleton near the basement membrane.,27,,,Normal podocytes,Podocytes in minimal change NS,腎小球輕微病變,28,29,局灶性腎炎,臨床表現(xiàn)為腎病綜合征、急性腎炎綜合征、肉眼血尿、蛋白尿和(或)鏡下血尿,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:局灶節(jié)段或局灶球性病變(滲出、增生、壞死、硬化),累及小球數(shù)通常50%; ②電鏡:系膜增生(細(xì)胞和基質(zhì)),毛細(xì)血管血栓和/或纖維樣壞死,纖維蛋白漸進(jìn)展為膠原纖維化; ③免疫病理:伴或不伴IgM、 C3局灶節(jié)段性團(tuán)塊狀沉積,偶見彌漫系膜沉積。,30,局灶節(jié)段性腎小球硬化,(1)臨床表現(xiàn)為腎病綜合征、激素敏感、有時(shí)激素抵抗,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:局灶節(jié)段性非炎癥性硬化和玻璃樣變性,有時(shí)輕度到中度系膜區(qū)增寬和細(xì)胞增多; ②電鏡:上皮細(xì)胞足突廣泛融合,局灶節(jié)段性毛細(xì)血管塌陷,有時(shí)系膜增生及電子致密物沉積; ③免疫病理:伴或不伴IgM、 C3局灶節(jié)段性團(tuán)塊狀沉積,偶見彌漫系膜區(qū)沉積。,31,局灶節(jié)段性腎小球硬化,(2) 臨床表現(xiàn)為單純性蛋白尿和(或)鏡下血尿,病理形態(tài)學(xué)主要改變?yōu)?①光鏡:局灶節(jié)段性非炎癥性硬化和透明變性,有時(shí)輕度到中度系膜區(qū)增寬和細(xì)胞增多; ②電鏡:無(wú)或僅見節(jié)段足突融合,其它同(1); ③免疫病理:同(1)。,32,FSGS,33,FSGS,34,FSGS,35,FSGS,36,FSGS,37,FSGS,38,FSGS,39,FSGS,40,FSGS,41,FSGS,42,FSGS,43,系膜增生性腎小球腎炎,臨床表現(xiàn)為腎病綜合征、單純性蛋白尿和/或鏡下血尿、大量蛋白尿、肉眼血尿,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:系膜細(xì)胞增生,可有或無(wú)系膜基質(zhì)增加、系膜區(qū)沉積物; ②電鏡:系膜細(xì)胞和系膜基質(zhì)增加,系膜區(qū)細(xì)顆粒狀電子致密物沉積,足突融合; ③免疫病理:IgG和(或)IgM和(或)IgA及C3系膜區(qū)彌漫顆粒狀沉積,以IgA沉積為主稱為IgA腎?。换騃gM和(或)C3或陰性。,44,膜性腎病,臨床表現(xiàn)為腎病綜合征、單純性蛋白尿和(或)鏡下血尿,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:毛細(xì)血管壁彌漫性增厚,一般不伴有細(xì)胞增生、滲出和血管壁壞死?;め斖恍纬杉吧掀は掠惺葟?fù)紅沉積物; ②電鏡:彌漫規(guī)則分布的上皮下沉積物,伴釘突形成,沉積物出現(xiàn)于基膜內(nèi);有時(shí)可見蟲蝕狀電子透明區(qū); ③免疫病理:周邊袢均一的細(xì)顆粒狀I(lǐng)gG、C3沉積,有時(shí)有IgM。,45,膜 性 腎 病,46,膜 性 腎 病,47,膜 性 腎 病,48,膜 性 腎 病,49,膜 性 腎 病,50,膜 性 腎 病,51,膜 性 腎 病,,,,,,,,,,,52,膜 性 腎 病,53,膜 性 腎 病,54,膜 性 腎 病,55,膜 性 腎 病,56,膜 性 腎 病,57,膜 性 腎 病,58,毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)增生性腎小球腎炎,臨床表現(xiàn)為急性腎炎綜合征、急性腎炎綜合征伴腎衰竭、急性腎炎綜合征伴大量蛋白尿,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:系膜細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增生,系膜區(qū)單核細(xì)胞和/或中性多形核細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),毛細(xì)血管袢血栓和新月體形成; ②電鏡:上皮下電子致密物沉積(駝峰,并非總是存在),內(nèi)皮下及系膜區(qū)沉積物; ③免疫病理:早期顆粒狀C3 、IgG和(或)IgM、IgA、C4、纖維蛋白、備解素沉積。,59,系膜毛細(xì)血管性腎小球腎炎或膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,臨床表現(xiàn)為腎病綜合征伴大量蛋白尿、急性腎炎綜合征、肉眼血尿、迅速進(jìn)展的腎衰竭、蛋白尿(輕中度)和(或)血尿,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要主要為 ①光鏡:系膜細(xì)胞和系膜基質(zhì)增加,系膜插入、毛細(xì)血管壁不規(guī)則增厚、雙軌或雙層化,伴或不伴腎小球分葉、新月體; ②電鏡:系膜細(xì)胞增生和系膜基質(zhì)增加,內(nèi)皮下沉積物,系膜插入伴雙軌;有時(shí)上皮下沉積物,新月體,足突融合; ③免疫病理:IgG、IgM、粗顆粒、不規(guī)則C3沿毛細(xì)血管壁沉積,有時(shí)IgG、IgM、C4、纖維蛋白、備解素。,60,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,61,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,62,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,63,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,64,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,Moving from urinary space to capillary limen there is the urinary space, effaced foot processes, the lamina lucida externa, lamina densa, the subendothelial electron dense deposits which are lying adjacent to the little fingers of mesangial cytoplasm that have extended into the subendothelial zone, new basement membrane material, and endothelial cell with pores.,65,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,This electron micrograph shows the urinary space, the effaced foot processes, the original basement membrane, and conspicuous subendothelial deposits.,66,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,Immunofluorescence microscopy (slide 47) typically demonstrates peripheral granular or band-like staining that may outline the hypersegmentation. In many patients with type I MPGN, C3 will be the most conspicuous component in the deposits, especially in the idiopathic childhood variant. Patients with MPGN often have hypocomplementemia and a circulating autoantibody called C3 nephritic factor, which binds to the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway.,67,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,Hepatitis C infection is a common cause for type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, especially if it is accompanied by mixed cryoglobulinemia. When mixed cryoglobulinemia is present, sometimes as shown in, there will be globular accumulations of cryoglobulin in the capillary lumens. These can be seen by light microscopy as hyaline thrombi.,68,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,Sometimes, when the immune complexes are derived from cryoglobulins, there will be tubular arrays in the deposits that have about a 30-40 nanometer diameter. When these immunotactoids are present in the absence of cryoglobulinemia, the appropriate diagnostic term is immunotactoid glomerulopathy,69,膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,This is an uncommon disease that is sometimes accompanied by a B-cell neoplasms. Immunotactoid glomerulopathy should not be confused with the more common disease called fibrillary glomerulonephritis, which is characterized ultrastructurally by approximately 20 nm diameter fibrils,70,膜增生性腎炎II型,71,膜增生性腎炎II型,The PAS(on left) and H&E-stained sections in slide 52 demonstrates thickening of the basement membrane and capillary wall, respectively.,72,膜增生性腎炎II型,The diagram in illustrates the dense transformation of the basement membrane that causes the thickening.,73,膜增生性腎炎II型,The electron micrograph shows the urinary space, an expanded mesangial region with a little bit of dense material in the increased matrix, and capillary basement membrane with stretches of normal lamina densa and zones of dense transformation.,74,膜增生性腎炎II型,shows GBM as well as mesangial deposits. These dense deposits are not subepithelial or subendothelial, but rather are within the basement membrane.,75,膜增生性腎炎II型,there is intense staining for C3, typically with almost no staining for immunoglobulin. The capillary wall staining is usually linear or bilinear. There often are spherical or ring-shaped mesangial deposits that correspond to the mesangial dense deposits observed by electron microscopy.,76,系膜毛細(xì)血管性腎小球腎炎或膜增生性腎炎Ⅲ型,臨床表現(xiàn)為同上,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:同膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,但基底膜不規(guī)則增厚; ②電鏡:同膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型,伴致密層、斷裂、膜內(nèi)沉積,或上皮下沉積物,內(nèi)皮下沉積極少見; ③免疫病理:同膜增生性腎炎Ⅰ型。,77,新月體腎炎,臨床表現(xiàn)為迅速進(jìn)展的腎小球腎炎,偶爾腎病綜合征,抗中性粒細(xì)胞胞漿抗體常陽(yáng)性,有時(shí)抗GBM抗體常陽(yáng)性,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:至少50%,通常80%的腎小球見大的細(xì)胞、纖維細(xì)胞,纖維性新月體; ②電鏡:毛細(xì)血管壁基底膜斷裂,電子致密物或透亮的沉積物因病因不同而沉積于不同部位,如感染后新月體腎炎,可出現(xiàn)上皮下沉積。偶而內(nèi)皮下沉積; ③免疫病理:新月體和毛細(xì)血管袢腔纖維蛋白陽(yáng)性,IgG、C3沿毛細(xì)血管線狀沉積或顆粒狀或陰性(區(qū)分不同類型),有時(shí)陰性。,78,硬化性腎小球腎炎,臨床表現(xiàn)為慢性腎衰竭,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:多數(shù)(50%)的腎小球球性硬化,囊壁增厚、粘連,小管萎縮,間質(zhì)纖維化; ②電鏡:根據(jù)原發(fā)病不同而有不同的改變; ③免疫病理:原發(fā)病不同而有不同的熒光改變,可有IgM、IgG、C3非特異性沉積。,79,狼瘡性腎炎,臨床表現(xiàn)為蛋白尿(輕~大量),腎病綜合征,血尿,尿沉渣異常,GFR降低,低補(bǔ)體,ANA陽(yáng)性,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變主要為 ①光鏡:腎小球輕微異常,系膜增生性病變,局灶節(jié)段性增生和壞死病變,彌漫性增生性(蘇木素小體、白金耳、新月體)系膜毛細(xì)血管性病變,膜性病變; ②電鏡:系膜區(qū)、上皮下、內(nèi)皮下電子致密物沉積,指紋樣沉積物,管狀包涵體,冷球蛋白質(zhì)沉積; ③免疫病理:IgG、IgM、IgA、C3 C4、C1q纖維蛋白沿毛細(xì)血管、系膜區(qū)廣泛沉積,腎小管基膜及血管壁也可見。,80,狼瘡性腎炎,,,,,,,81,狼瘡性腎炎,82,狼瘡性腎炎,83,狼瘡性腎炎,84,狼瘡性腎炎,85,狼瘡性腎炎,86,狼瘡性腎炎,87,IgA腎病,臨床表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)或反復(fù)發(fā)作的血尿,蛋白尿,偶見腎病綜合征,緩慢進(jìn)展的腎衰竭,病理形態(tài)學(xué)改變?yōu)?①光鏡:輕高彌漫或節(jié)段系膜區(qū)增寬,伴細(xì)胞 、基質(zhì)增生和沉積物,偶見彌漫細(xì)胞增生,新月體; ②電鏡:系膜區(qū)大塊電子致密物沉積,偶見上皮下、內(nèi)皮下沉積; ③免疫病理:IgA、C3、纖維蛋白系膜區(qū)團(tuán)塊狀沉積,偶見IgM。,88,IgA腎病,89,IgA腎病,90,IgA腎病,91,IgA腎病,92,IgA腎病,93,IgA腎病,94,IgA腎病,95,Diabetic Nephropathy,96,,,,,,,,,Diabetic Nephropathy,97,,,,,,,,,Diabetic Nephropathy,98,,,,,,,,,Diabetic Nephropathy,99,,,,,,,,,Diabetic Nephropathy,100,,,,,,,,,Diabetic Nephropathy,101,,,,,,,,,Diabetic Nephropathy,102,,,,,,,,,Diabetic Nephropathy,103,,,,,,,,,Diabetic Nephropathy,104,- 1.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對(duì)于不預(yù)覽、不比對(duì)內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題本站不予受理。
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