基于單片機(jī)的蓄電池容量檢測系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)【含程序、電路圖】,含程序、電路圖,基于,單片機(jī),蓄電池,容量,檢測,系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì),程序,電路圖 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文 譯文題目： Microcontroller design battery capacity detection system based on 基于單片機(jī)的蓄電池容量檢測系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名： 專 業(yè)： 所在學(xué)院： 指導(dǎo)教師： 職 稱： 年 2月 23日 14 Analysis and Design of Storage Battery Charge/Discharge Equalization Management This article introduces the design of storage batter charge/discharge equalization system of the electrical cars based on HT46R47. Because it becomes into one difficulty in the development of electrical cars that the characters of the battery decides the equalization of the battery electric quantity, so this system adopts the equalization management to the storage battery charge/discharge, adjusts the unsuited batteries (over charge/over discharge) in the initial adjustment process, and implements equalization in the later charge process. The system makes the use capacity and the cycle life of the storage battery fully enhance. At the same time, this charger adopts the SCM as the main control component, which has many advantages such as simple and credible circuit, short charge time, low power consumption, low use trouble rate and so on. 1. Introduction Valve?control?of?lead-acid?batteries?as?a?backup?power?supply?has?been???widely???used???in???industrial???production,???transportation,???communications???and?military?areas.?How?to?efficient?management?these?batteries,?improve?the?reliability?of?backup?power?system?is?a?very?realistic?important?topic.?Therefore,?the?subject?is?based?on?single?chip?design?a?battery?performance?testing?system.?The?system?adopts?the?precise?resistance?and?battery?constitute?a?series?circuit,?using?ac?injection?method?to???inject???weak???battery???sine???wave???signal,???a???series???of???output???response???by???the?amplification,?amplitude?and?phase?detection,?AD?transform?and?acquisition,?and?then?based?on?the?measured?resistance?calculation?battery?voltage?board.?Test?results?show?that?the?method?can?be?used?effectively?as?lead-acid?battery?resistance?measurement,?the?measured?results?stable?and effective. 2. Equalization management of storage battery pile The power supply management technology that takes the single battery as the power source such as mobile phone has been very perfect, but in the battery pile, the difference among single battery is always existent. In the cycle charge/discharge process of electrical car, because of the difference of the chemic component of various storage batteries and the difference of running history of the storage battery, the variance of various batteries will be further enlarged, which will induce the difference of charge/discharge final voltage of the storage battery under same charge/discharge condition. If the battery system runs under that situation and without management, the use life and system reliability of the storage battery will be influenced. To extend the use life of the battery pile, we must make all single storage batteries keep same discharge depth and adopt the method of equalization charge to solve this problem. The battery equalization is to adopt difference current to different batteries (or battery piles) in the series-wound battery group. The current of every battery in the series-wound battery is generally same, so we must add extra components and circuits to realize battery equalization. When all batteries in the battery group fulfill following two conditions, they will realize battery equalization. First, if the capabilities of all batteries are same, they will realize battery equalization when they are in the relative charge state. The state of charge (SOC) is generally represented by the percent of current capability and rating capability, so the open circuit voltage (OCV) can be taken as a measurement standard of SOC. If all batteries in an inequality battery pile can achieve full capability (the equalization point) through difference charge, they can be implemented normal charge/discharge and need not any extra adjustment, and this sort of adjustment is one-off generally. Second, if the capabilities of various batteries are different, when SOC is same, they are thought as equalization. But SOC is a relative value, and the absolute value of every battery capability is different. To make SOC of the batteries with different capabilities same, the difference current must be used when implementing charge/discharge to the series-wound batteries every time. The concrete scheme design includes following aspects. (1) Shunt: The shunt doesn’t cut the work loop of the battery, and it is to add a bypass setting for every battery just like battery partner, and both combined characters is equal to the character of the single battery which has the mean quality in the battery pile. (2) Feedback: The feedback transfers the warp energy among single batteries to the battery pile or some singe batteries in the pile through the energy convertor. Theoretically speaking, the feedback doesn’t consume energy and can realize dynamic equalization. Because the battery pile on the electrical care has large powers and the instantaneous current can achieve hundreds ampere and present double polarities change, so this equalizer adopts the method of shunt feedback under considering many factors such as feasibility, quality-price ratio, practicability and reliability. (3) Dynamic: The dynamic equalization can realize the equalization of single voltage in the pile and timely keep close load degrees through the method of energy transform under the charge state, discharge state or the float state. (4) Double directions: The double direction convertor is selected according to the possible current direction of the equalizer treatment energy, which can implement dynamic adjustment of the input and output direction. (5) Class connection: Several single batteries are spaced between high voltage single battery and low voltage single battery in the pile, and many class connected convertors need working simultaneously when the energy is transferred from high voltage single battery to the low voltage single battery. (6) Efficiency and safety: For the dynamic equalization, especially in the use discharge process, the heat consumption of the convertor comes from the energy of the battery pile, and because the single battery has low voltage, so the efficiency of the convertor is a design difficulty, which must adopt and refer new design technology of present power supply and circuit, and many general inspection functions such as parameter excessive warning and heat protection are necessary. Because the environment in the car is in the bump and shaking state, so the line matching technology and durance structure must be designed carefully, and the short circuit induced by the lead abrasion may produce hidden fire trouble independent of battery performance. 3. Design of equalization circuit This equipment is composed by a set of four charging series-wound battery pile, four measurement control and equalization modules and Holtek SCM HT47R47. Figure 1 is the circuit frame of the battery module composed by a battery and its corresponding measurement control and equalization modules. 3.1 Voltage measurement For several series-wound storage batteries (four), in the problems measuring the voltage needed to be solved, the main problem is the voltage sharing the ground. Because the anode of the upper battery connects with the cathode of the lower battery, various batteries don’t share the ground when measuring. We can adopt the method of resistance sharing voltage to solve that problem. The principle of the method is seen in Figure 2. The method is to transform the voltage of B1 to U1, and transform the voltage of B1+B2 to U2, and transform the voltage of B1+B2+B3 to U3, and so on. So the U1, U2 and U3 produced by this method are signals sharing the ground, and the measurement is convenient. 3.2 Equalization process The equalization circuit is composed by one switch pipe Q, one diode D and one inductance L (the measurement control and equalization module 4 has not his component). The connection mode is that after Q and D is parallel connected, they are connected with L in series, and then respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the battery, where, the cathode of D connects the anode of the battery and L connects the cathode of the battery. In the automatic equalization equipment of series-wound storage battery pile, various equalization circuits are series-wound. When the battery voltage in the X’th module is the highest voltage, connect Q and cut other switches, and here, the inductance Lx-1 and Lx charge and Lx-1 receives the forward voltage Lx, and Lx receives the reverse voltage. When Q is cut, the inductance Lx-1 charges to the batteries of various modules through Dx-1, Dx-2… D1, and in the same way Lx charges to the corresponding batteries though Dx+1, Dx+2…, D4. When the difference of single battery voltage is less than certain value, all switch pipes will be cut and the equalization process stops. The equalization equipment is composed by four lithium batteries in series, and the mean voltage of the battery pile is 4V, and the maximum voltage of single battery is 4.1V. Whether the battery pile is in the charge state, discharge state or float state, the voltage signals of various single batteries are collected by the voltage inspection circuit in time, and analyzed by the SCM HT46R47. Through the comparison of these voltage signals, we will find one circuit which can fulfill the condition, which voltage is the highest one, and exceeds the mean voltage value to 0.02V, and we suppose it is the second circuit. So HT46R47 sends instruction to other circuits, orders their corresponding switch pipe Q close and transfer a pulse signal with 20KHz and 50% void occupation ratio. But when the circuit with highest voltage is the first circuit or the fourth circuit, i.e. the circuit is in the port of the equalization circuit, so the void occupation ratio is less than 1/2, and under other situations, this value is less than 2/3. Q2 is connected or cut under the control of the pulse, and the energy is transferred from the battery with higher voltage to other batteries through the inductance. When the difference of the voltage of the second circuit battery with the mean voltage is less than 0.02V, Q2 cuts. If other circuit fulfills the condition here, it will control the switch pipe connect or close in this circuit, or else, cut all switch pipes, and the equalization circuit of the storage battery is in the awaiting state. The selection condition of the control switch is the voltage value is the highest voltage and exceeds the mean voltage value 0.02V, which can avoid energy consumption and low life of switch pipe because of repeated switching actions under the situation that the voltage value difference is very small. Figure 3 is the principle of charge/discharge. The discharge process is similar with the charge process, and the HT46R47 deals with the collected voltage signals, and finds out the circuit which voltage is the highest one and exceeds the mean voltage 0.02V, and we suppose it is the third circuit, lead the switch Q3, and charge to L2 and L1, and make various batteries discharge under the situation keeping voltage close, and when the voltage can not fulfill the condition, Q3 cuts. 3.3 MCU main control module The MCU main control module based on HT46R47 microprocessor is the control core. HT46R47 is the SCM with 8 digital high performance simply instruction set, and specially designed for the product which needs implementing A/D transformation. The clock of the system is produced by the crystal oscillator. This clock is divided into four clock cycles without superposition in the interior of the chip. One instruction cycle includes four system clock cycles. The reading and implementation of the instruction is completed through the assembly line mode which can implement instruction operation in one instruction cycle. Therefore, most instructions can be performed completely in one cycle. Figure 4 is the principle of HT46R47 oscillating circuit. 4. Conclusions In this article, we design a sort of equalization manager, which can be used with charge management and discharge management at the same time, and they are independent each other, and the equalization manager can be started in any stage of charge/discharge. The equalization voltage management of charge/discharge enhances the coherence of the single battery, reduces the accumulated influences of disequilibrium factors, and better solves the problem of a great lot of battery discarding induced by hybrid series-wound batteries with differences in the electrical cars. Figure 2. Principle of Voltage Measurement Figure 3. Principle of Charge/Discharge Figure 4. Principle of Oscillating Circuit 分析及蓄電池的設(shè)計(jì)充電/放電均衡管理 本文介紹了電動汽車的存儲面糊充電/放電均衡系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)的HT46R47。因?yàn)樗兂蔀橐粋€困難的電氣車的發(fā)展，該電池的特征確定所述電池電量的均衡，所以本系統(tǒng)采用均衡管理向蓄電池充電/放電，（/過充過放）調(diào)整不適應(yīng)電池的初始調(diào)整在以后的充電過程的過程，并實(shí)現(xiàn)了均衡。該系統(tǒng)使得使用容量和循環(huán)壽命蓄電池的全面提升。與此同時，該充電器采用單片機(jī)作為主控部件，它具有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，如簡單可靠的電路，充電時間短，功耗低，使用低 故障率等特點(diǎn)。 1. 引言 閥控鉛酸蓄電池作為后備電源已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)，交通、通信和軍事領(lǐng)域。如何高效率管理這些蓄電池，提高后備電源系統(tǒng)的可靠性是一個很現(xiàn)實(shí)的重要課題。因此，本課題設(shè)計(jì)一基于單片機(jī)的蓄電池性能檢測系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)采用精密電阻和電池構(gòu)成串聯(lián)電路，用交流注入法對蓄電池注入微弱正弦波信號，通過對輸出響應(yīng)進(jìn)行一系列的放大、幅相檢測、AD?轉(zhuǎn)換和采集，然后根據(jù)測量到的電壓比來推算電池內(nèi)阻。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：該方法能夠被有效地用于鉛酸電池內(nèi)阻測量，測量結(jié)果穩(wěn)定有效。 2.蓄電池堆的均衡管理 電源管理技術(shù)，采用單個電池作為電源，如移動電話已經(jīng)非常完美了，但是在電池堆，單體電池之間的差異總是存在的。在電氣車的周期充電/放電過程中由于各種蓄電池的化學(xué)成分和運(yùn)行蓄電池的歷史的差異，各種電池的方差將進(jìn)一步放大，這將引起的差充電/放電相同的充電/放電條件下的蓄電池的最終電壓。如果電池系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)的情況下，沒有管理運(yùn)行時，蓄電池的使用壽命和系統(tǒng)的可靠性會受到影響。為了延長電池堆的使用壽命，我們必須使所有的單蓄電池保持相同的放電深度，并采用均衡充電的解決這個問題的方法。 電池均衡是采用差電流到不同的電池（或電池堆）串聯(lián)卷繞電池組中使用。在串聯(lián)的電池每電池的電流一般一樣的，所以我們必須增加額外的元件和電路來實(shí)現(xiàn)電池均衡。當(dāng)電池組中的所有電池滿足以下兩個條件，他們將實(shí)現(xiàn)電池均衡。首先，如果所有電池的能力是相同的，它們將實(shí)現(xiàn)的電池均衡時，他們中的相對充電狀態(tài)。的充電率（SOC）的狀態(tài)通常通過電流能力和分級能力的百分比表示，因此開路電壓（OCV）可作為SOC的測量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如果在不等式電池堆的所有電池可以通過差分電荷達(dá)到滿容量（均衡點(diǎn)），它們可以被實(shí)現(xiàn)正常充電/放電，并且不需要任何額外的調(diào)整，并且這種調(diào)整是一次性的通常。第二，如果各電池的能力是不同的，當(dāng)SOC為相同，它們被認(rèn)為是均衡。但是SOC為一個相對值，和每一個電池能力的絕對值是不同的。為了使具有相同功能的不同電池的SOC，必須每次執(zhí)行充電/放電的串聯(lián)的電池時使用的差電流。 具體方案設(shè)計(jì)包括以下幾個方面。 （1）分流：分流不切割電池的工作循環(huán)，并且它是增加一個旁路設(shè)置為每一個電池一樣電池伙伴，并且兩個組合字符是等于它具有單電池的字符指的是在電池堆的質(zhì)量。 （2）反饋：反饋單傳送到電池在電池堆或通過能量轉(zhuǎn)換器在一堆一些燒毛電池中經(jīng)能量。從理論上講，反饋不消耗能量，并且可以實(shí)現(xiàn)動態(tài)均衡。因?yàn)殡姵囟训碾姎庾o(hù)理有很大的權(quán)力和瞬時電流可以達(dá)到數(shù)百安培和現(xiàn)在的雙極性改變，所以這個均衡器采用下考慮許多因素，如可行性，質(zhì)量價格比，實(shí)用性和可靠性的并聯(lián)反饋的方法。 （3）動態(tài)：動態(tài)均衡可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在一堆單體電壓的均衡和及時通過節(jié)能的方式保持密切的負(fù)載程度的充電狀態(tài)下變換，放電狀態(tài)或浮動狀態(tài)。 （4）雙方向：雙方向轉(zhuǎn)換根據(jù)均衡器治療能量，從而可以實(shí)現(xiàn)輸入和輸出方向的動態(tài)調(diào)整的可能的電流方向地選擇。 （5）班的連接：有幾個單電池是在堆高電壓單體電池和低電壓單電池之間的間隔，而當(dāng)能量從高壓單體電池轉(zhuǎn)移到低電壓單電池多級連接轉(zhuǎn)換器需要同時工作。 （6）的效率和安全性：對于動態(tài)均衡，特別是在利用放電過程中，轉(zhuǎn)換器的熱量消耗來自電池堆的能量，而且由于單電池具有低電壓，所以變換器的效率是一個設(shè)計(jì)難度，必須采用并參照目前的電源和電路，以及許多一般檢查職能的新的設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)，如參數(shù)過多的警告，過熱保護(hù)是必要的。因?yàn)樵谄嚟h(huán)境中的顛簸和搖晃狀態(tài)，所以該行的匹配技術(shù)和耐力的結(jié)構(gòu)必須精心設(shè)計(jì)，以及由鉛磨損引起的短路可能會產(chǎn)生火災(zāi)隱患麻煩獨(dú)立的電池性能。 3. 均衡電路的設(shè)計(jì) 該設(shè)備是由一組四個充電串聯(lián)的電池堆，四個測量控制和均衡模塊，盛群單片機(jī)HT47R47組成。 圖1是由電池和其相應(yīng)的測量控制和均衡模塊構(gòu)成的電池模塊的電路框。 3.1電壓測量 幾個串聯(lián)的蓄電池（4件），在該問題的測量需要解決的電壓時，主要的問題是電壓共用地面。由于上部電池的陽極與下部電池的陰極連接，當(dāng)測量各個電池不共享地面。我們可以采用電阻分擔(dān)的電壓的方法來解決這個問題。該方法的原理被認(rèn)為是在圖2的方法，是將變換的電壓B1的到U1，并且變換B1 + B2到U2的電壓，并變換B1的電壓+ B2 + B3至U3，等。所以通過這種方法生產(chǎn)的U1，U2和U3的是信號共享接地，并且測量是方便的。 3.2均等化處理 均衡電路由一個開關(guān)管Q，一個二極管D.和一個電感L組成（測量控制和均衡模塊4還沒有自己的組件）。連接方式是，Q和D被并聯(lián)連接后，它們被以L串聯(lián)分別連接，然后與陽極和電池，其中，D的陰極連接所述電池和L所連接的陽極的陰極連接電池的陰極。在串勵蓄電池堆的自動均衡設(shè)備，各種均衡電路是串聯(lián)的。當(dāng)?shù)赬個模塊中的電池電壓是最高電壓，連接Q和切割其他交換機(jī)，并在這里，電感LX-1和Lx的充電??和LX-1接收正向電壓LX和Lx的接收反向電壓。當(dāng)Q被切斷，電感LX-1充電到各種模塊的電池通過DX-1，DX-2 ... D1，并以相同的方式Lx的收費(fèi)，以相應(yīng)的電池雖然霉素+ 1，霉素+ 2 ...，D4 。當(dāng)單電池的電壓的差小于一定值時，所有的開關(guān)管將被切開和均衡過程停止。 均衡設(shè)備由四個鋰蓄電池串聯(lián)組成，且電池堆的平均電壓為4V，并且單電池的最大電壓為4.1V。是否在電池堆是在充電狀態(tài)，放電狀態(tài)或浮動狀態(tài)，各種單電池的電壓信號在時刻由電壓檢測電路收集，并且由單片機(jī)HT46R47進(jìn)行分析。通過這些電壓信號的比較，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個電路能夠滿足的條件，該電壓是最高的一個，并超過平均電壓值0.02V，我們假設(shè)它是第二電路。所以HT46R47發(fā)送指令到其它電路，下令其相應(yīng)的開關(guān)管Q附近，并與20KHz的和50％的空隙占有率傳送的脈沖信號。但是，當(dāng)與最高電壓的電路是第一電路或第四電路，即該電路是在均衡電路的端口，所以空隙占用比小于1/2，而根據(jù)其他情況下，此值小于2/3。 Q2連接或脈沖的控制下切，能量從電池電壓較高通過電感轉(zhuǎn)移到其他電池。當(dāng)?shù)诙娐冯姵嘏c平均電壓的電壓的差小于0.02V，Q2削減。如果其他電路這里滿足條件，將控制開關(guān)管連接或接近在該電路中，否則，切所有開關(guān)管，與蓄電池的均衡電路是在等待狀態(tài)。控制開關(guān)的選擇條件是電壓值最高電壓并超過平均電壓值0.02V，這可避免能量消耗和因?yàn)榍闆r下重復(fù)開關(guān)動作的開關(guān)管的壽命低的電壓值的差非常小。圖3是充電/放電的原理。 放電過程是與充電過程相似，用所收集的電壓信號的HT46R47交易，并找出該電壓是最高的一個，超過平均電壓0.02V的電路，并且我們假定它是第三電路，導(dǎo)致該開關(guān)Q3和充電到L2和L1，并且使各電池的狀況維持電壓接近下放電，并且當(dāng)電壓不能滿足條件，Q3削減。 3.3 MCU主控模塊 基于HT46R47微處理器MCU主控模塊為控制核心。 HT46R47是8個數(shù)字高性能的簡單指令集單片機(jī)，以及專為它需要實(shí)施A / D轉(zhuǎn)換的產(chǎn)品而設(shè)計(jì)的。該系統(tǒng)的時鐘由晶體振蕩器產(chǎn)生的。這個時鐘是在芯片的內(nèi)部劃分為四個時鐘周期不疊加。一個指令周期包括四個系統(tǒng)時鐘周期。讀出和執(zhí)行該指令的，通過它可以在一個指令周期執(zhí)行指令操作的流水線模式完成。因此，大多數(shù)的指令可完全在一個周期進(jìn)行的。圖4是HT46R47振蕩電路的原理。 4．結(jié)論 在本文中，我們設(shè)計(jì)了一種均衡管理者的，它可以與收費(fèi)管理和放電管理的同時被使用，并且它們是相互獨(dú)立的，并均衡管理者可以在充電/放電的任何階段開始。充電/放電均衡電壓管理提高單體電池的一致性，減少不平衡因素的累積影響，更好地解決了大很多，在電汽車的差異引起的混合串聯(lián)的電池電池丟棄的問題。 圖1.電路框架電池模塊 圖2.電壓測量原理 圖3.充電/放電原理 圖4.振蕩電路的原理