顧橋井田90萬噸新井設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙+文檔】,含CAD圖紙+文檔,井田,90,萬噸新井,設(shè)計,cad,圖紙,文檔 附錄A英文翻譯（原文） The Summarized Status Quo Of The Coal And Gas Prominent Forecasting Study 1 coal and gas prominent mechanisms Mechanistic studies on prominent, can be divided into two stages, namely the search for early stage and highlight the factors influencing the recent exploration prominent role process stage. （1）The main point of the early scholars are : the role of gas, and stress the role of theory, integrated hypothesis. Integrated hypothesis more comprehensive consideration of a prominent driving force (to stress, and gas) and resistance (coal intensity), the two main factors, and domestic and foreign scholars generally accepted that if a certain region to stress is greater, gas content (pressure) higher, more soft coal, the region highlight the greater risk. Extraction, located on the prominent, to stress and highlight, gas and coal physical nature of the mechanics of the original value of the parameters, is also located near a large extent depends on the parameters of change, namely, located near coal Yan stress, the pressure distribution of gas and coal changes the nature of physical strength. Working side before the greater stress and gas pressure gradient, the less coal intensity becomes, the greater is the risk is much conspicuous. （2）Most scholars believe is more prominent role in the process of factors, based on this, many scholars launched gas coal containing specific physical destruction process research. ① center expansion doctrine. Coal and gas prominent from a distance away from the Department, located at the center, then surrounding expansion by launching center around a rock a coal gas system to provide energy and involvement in coal and gas prominent locations to stress, the pressure of gas, coal and the coal is of relatively body structure is uneven, a prominent center for at stress focus, coal bodies contribute to the creation of large low permeability gas pressure gradient. Coal and gas containing gas is highlighted in a moving coal effect to stress and pore gas gas coupling a literary process in the preparation stage to highlight gas coal containing body damage occurred Rubian formed fissures net after cross-gas energy washed coal physical damage occurred to highlight the salient points of the extension given a good explanation. ② Fluid changes hypothesis. Coal and gas are highlighted in a move to contain the impact of coal gas to stress coupled with a gas pore gas developments process, in the preparatory phase containing gas coal prominent body damage occurred Rubian formed fissures net after coal gas energy into cross-torn body of prominent, given the perspective of an outstanding good explanation. ③ Secure flow coupled Shiwen hypothesis. Highlight is the body in the coal containing gas extraction activities, the local rapid, sudden destruction generation phenomenon, a deep and the increase in gas pressure will highlight the dangers of the increase.. ④ Spheroid shell lose stability hypothesis. The process is to highlight the real stress damage coal physical, and the release of gas coal body, and the expansion of gas to coal Sports fissures formed Spheroid shell lose stability destruction process. Coal physical damage to 42,164 warrants coal shell formation, expansion and Shiwen out for the main character. 2 prominent forecasting methods Many prominent scholars about domestic and abroad, through study of the phenomenon and its precursors, have made many prominent forecasting methods that have occurred in the fight against prominent and conspicuous disaster loss reduction has played an important role. （1） Use temperatures forecast prominent. Coal bed in the highlands of stress (or high stress concentration) and the role of high-pressure gas, and gas adsorption by squeezing out, surrounding rock and coal body temperature to rise; At the same time, coal response to high body gathered for a maximum drilling drilling there, caught drilling, drilling and sprayed Kong cards such prominent risk warning phenomenon, and drilling footage has slowed, drilling holes with bits of coal wall friction time growth, thereby drilling scrap temperature rise. Tuesday steady through analysis of coal and gas prominent process temperature changes of the main factors is to stress, pressure and coal gas intensity body, and thus temperature reflects the outstanding combined role, he further discovered through laboratory research, highlighting process, coal body temperature to rise after lowering that body temperature through continuous observation of coal to achieve outstanding forecasting. Liang ice through numerical simulation results also show that when the temperature gradient changes in the larger, coal and gas will occur outstanding. But some scholars of coal gas as an evaluation body temperature prominent risk indicators argue that drilling temperature and the temperature margin Pik mainly coal mines affected by atmospheric temperature and wind is much for the volume effects. And the coal bed gas prominent risk not. （2） According to electromagnetic radiation forecasting prominent. 20 In the 1990s, Ho-autumn, Liu cited, such as for coal, Wangen million low intensity electromagnetic radiation effects broken rock deformation studied. Studies have shown that electromagnetic radiation and the load of coal and rock deformation is a breakdown process associated basically with the load and deformation broken the increase in intensity. Further study also found that the risk of a prominent coal bed, the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (worth), or pulse a few more no apparent increased risk, and increasing trend. Linhaiyan containing gas, coal fracture through the geomagnetic radiation experiments study found that damage from broken coal gas containing electromagnetic radiation directly reflects the work of extraction of coal bed side before the edge damage, and thus could serve as a prominent forecasting methods. （3） Use of the phenomenon fired warning conspicuous. Long-term coal and gas to highlight research found that the coal of non-uniform physical body, which exist various micro fissures, and pore, resulting in the failure of coal, will be forcing the wrong places have stress concentration occurred sudden rupture to accumulate in the coal quickly to the release of energy, and flexibility in the form of wave field spread and the formation of firing phenomenon. Xin Shek Hin research believe that the launch of the total events, big events and energy parameters - launch activities to better reflect the characteristics of total incidents increased in frequency, big sharp increase in incidents, Is the judge pronounced the well. Wangen billion in the laboratory study found that despite the breakdown of coal rock sound of the launch signal is very rich, but in the coal mass destruction process is tachycardia, shows the deformation of coal mass destruction process can not be consecutive, but tachycardia, uneven, and in coal and gas to be outstanding forecasting continuous monitoring. （4） According etc. forecasting prominent. Amove to make the mass redistribution of stress, the internal structure of rock small adjustments, which resulted in the release of seismic energy. The Act is mainly used to monitor shaft rock rupture, the test results of the study showed that low frequency multi-probe system can continuously monitor coal etc. body structure, stress concentration and changes can forecast the impact of potential damage and prominent location for the elimination of high stress concentration areas and take measures to provide a basis. High-frequency interferometry system could be used to monitor various types of damage. Use two (high-frequency, low frequency) interferometry technology not only to highlight the potential gas Circle location can forecast gas prominent place time. （5） Using a market pressures change forecasts prominent. Zhangzhiming that support coal intimate pressure makes the fissures, and pore been compressed (Hop), the gas flow passages are closed, coal pore lower rate for the gas pressure to increase, and that the accumulation of coal rock deformation to increase flexibility, while undermining coal body, the body in the coal and coal produced parallel to the wall closed fissures. increased gas area and the role of coal lower body resistance engine damage. Therefore, the size and supports peak pressure gas prominent location and the existence of relations. （6） According gas pouring out of forecasting prominent. And the large number of prominent examples show that there is a considerable number of prominent, located gas pouring out of a change. Cengqingyang analysis artillery took up a coal bed street, located sources for coal bed gas flooding exposed face and mouth after loading coal, and coal-gas concentrations on the dissolute impact will not be long, thus, the dissolute gas concentrations primarily reflect the gas is located. Further analysis, the process is much gas pouring out of operation reflects the changes that high stress and street front in Shiwen state, district and high gas content in coal body easily damaged, which is prone to highlight lots. West Germany H Aikeer observation analysis Ibn than Lun gas concentrations in the coal mine, located dissolute found prominent, the high gas content in a consistent value, and that value larger, well highlight possible. （7）Forecasting gas to electric field highlight. Coal bed in the destruction process, in addition to obvious effects of heat, of electromagnetic radiation, and electric properties also change accordingly, but also may represent a move stress on impact, the movement of gas to be transported and coal physical damage limit stress bandwidth degrees, coal pore rate and the intensity of coal, and other factors. In other words, to electric power situation and the intensity changes reflecting current gas prominent parameters change. Russia B. T. Tarassov studies indicate that the phenomenon of conspicuous momentum often occurred in the border belt and fissures pressure generated process forward, the flexibility of coal from the state into pseudo-genre, accompanied by a sharp electric field to disappear, leading to the adsorption capacity significantly reduced accordingly as contaminated as a result of avalanches of gas, gas pressure doubled over, the static pressure caused gas pressure and moving fast rise. To electric power situation is occurring gas landed prominent signs. Therefore, the law of change in the trend base electric motor for the gas may highlight Schedule. 3 Prominent warning indicators 3.1 Temperature indicators Wand Hongtu and so ,through the boring located prominent study of risk，define drilling scrap coal body temperature and the temperature as sensitive indicators. 3.2Relative changes in the rate of firing Zhang Weimin, according to the process of destruction is much coal bed launch characteristics of inspection, located fired phenomenon discovered when monitoring changes in the relative firing rates of certain large NE certain value, to be prominent. 3.3 Gas flooding V30 indicators Many scholars in the study of gas pouring out and highlight the influence of the relationship between risk, the general use of the entire 30 min and the volume of gas pouring out of coal than blasting down the value of V30 to forecast prominent 4 Conclusion Measures to reduce losses to a minimum level. Even so, in the use of available technology for coal and gas, there are still some major outstanding issues constraining forecasting convenience, rapid and accuracy. （1） Although experts, and scholars have put forward many prominent warning indicators, but some indicators of the sensitivity of prominent vary highlight the threshold of change with the different mine inadequate, such as temperature indicators; Some indicators are in a gun and artillery dug in the circumstances, conditions no longer meet modern mechanized operations, such as V30 indicators. （2） Some methods of forecasting need, located at points, and in the practical engineering is still a certain amount (seeking hitting drilling mosquito larvae, general operating longer operational, but a certain degree of risk. （3） Some forecasting methods for the establishment of specialized equipment, limited working space hampered operations. Since coal and gas prominent is the world largest coal producer in the mine pits of the main problems facing the common, coal and gas to achieve outstanding fast, accurate forecasting is the urgent need of safe production. In view of this, it is necessary to conduct further studies, the search for more effective and more efficient methods of forecasting indicators. Because of the existing control system using gas monitoring sensors tap potential gas prominent warning information, and achieve outstanding forecasting is a feasible solution.  附錄B英文翻譯（譯文） 煤與瓦斯突出預報研究現(xiàn)狀綜述 1 煤與瓦斯突出機理 關(guān)于突出機理的研究，可以分為兩個階段，即早期的尋求突出的影響因素階段和近期的探索突出作用過程階段。 （1）早期的學者提出的主要觀點有：瓦斯作用論、地應(yīng)力作用論、綜合假說等。綜合假說較全面的考慮了突出動力(地應(yīng)力、瓦斯)和阻力(煤強度)兩個方面的主要因素，因而得到國內(nèi)外學者的普遍認可，若某區(qū)域地應(yīng)力越大，瓦斯含量(壓力)越高，煤越松軟，則該區(qū)域突出危險性越大。對采掘工作面突出而言，突出與地應(yīng)力、瓦斯和煤物理力學性質(zhì)各參數(shù)的原始值有關(guān)，還在很大程度上取決于近工作面各參數(shù)的變化，即工作面附近煤巖應(yīng)力，瓦斯壓力的分布狀況和煤體強度性質(zhì)的變化。工作面前方應(yīng)力和瓦斯壓力梯度越大，煤強度越不均質(zhì)，則工作面突出危險性也就越大。 （2）大部分學者認為突出是多因素作用的過程，在此基礎(chǔ)上，眾多學者開展了含瓦斯煤體具體破壞過程的研究。 ① 中心擴張學說。煤與瓦斯突出是從離工作面某一距離處的中心開始，而后向周圍擴展，由發(fā)動中心周圍的煤一巖石一瓦斯體系提供能量并參與活動，在煤與瓦斯突出地點地應(yīng)力、瓦斯壓力、煤體結(jié)構(gòu)和煤質(zhì)是不均勻的，突出發(fā)動中心就處在應(yīng)力集中點，煤體的低透氣性有助于建立大的瓦斯壓力梯度。 ②流變假說。煤與瓦斯突出是含瓦斯煤在采動影響后地應(yīng)力與孔隙瓦斯氣體耦合的一種流變過程，在突出的準備階段含瓦斯煤體發(fā)生蠕變破壞形成裂隙網(wǎng)，之后瓦斯能量沖跨破壞的煤體發(fā)生突出，該觀點對延期突出給予了很好的解釋。 ③固流耦合失穩(wěn)假說。突出是含瓦斯煤體在采掘活動影響下，局部發(fā)生迅速、突然破壞而生成的現(xiàn)象，采深和瓦斯壓力的增加都將使突出發(fā)生的危險性增加。 ④球殼失穩(wěn)假說。突出的過程實質(zhì)是地應(yīng)力破壞煤體、煤體釋放瓦斯、瓦斯使煤體裂隙擴張并使形成的球殼失穩(wěn)破壞過程。煤體的破壞以球殼狀煤殼的形成、擴展以及失穩(wěn)拋出為主要特點。 2 突出預報方法 國內(nèi)外眾多學者通過對突出的規(guī)律及其前兆現(xiàn)象的研究，提出了許多突出預報方法，這些方法在防治突出的發(fā)生及減小突出災(zāi)害的損失中起到了重要的作用。 (1)利用溫度異常預報突出。煤層在受到高地應(yīng)力(或高應(yīng)力集中)和高瓦斯壓力的作用下，由于擠壓和瓦斯吸附，圍巖和煤體溫度要上升；同時，煤體聚集高應(yīng)變能，使打鉆時出現(xiàn)頂鉆、夾鉆、卡鉆和噴孔等突出危險性的前兆現(xiàn)象，并使鉆孔進尺速度減慢，鉆孔孔底煤壁與鉆頭摩擦時間增長，從而鉆屑溫度上升。郭立穩(wěn)等通過分析認為，煤與瓦斯突出過程中的溫度變化的主要影響因素是地應(yīng)力、瓦斯壓力和煤體強度，因而溫度反映了突出的各因素的綜合作用，他進一步通過實驗室研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，突出過程中，煤體溫度先升高后降低，認為通過對煤體溫度進行連續(xù)觀測能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)突出預報。梁冰通過數(shù)值模擬，結(jié)果也表明，當溫度變化梯度較大時，將發(fā)生煤與瓦斯突出。 但有一些學者對用煤體溫度作為評價瓦斯突出危險性指標持有異議，認為鉆孔溫度與煤壁溫度的差值主要是受礦井大氣溫度和工作面供風量的影響．與煤層瓦斯突出危險性關(guān)系不大。 (2)根據(jù)電磁輻射預報突出。20世紀90年代初，何學秋、劉明舉、王恩元等對煤等強度較低巖石變形破裂電磁輻射效應(yīng)進行了研究。研究結(jié)果表明，電磁輻射與煤巖體的載荷及變形破裂過程呈正相關(guān)，基本上隨著載荷及變形破裂強度的增加而增加。進一步的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)場中有突出危險性的煤層，其電磁輻射強度(幅值)或脈沖數(shù)較沒有危險時明顯增大且呈增長趨勢 。林海燕等通過對含瓦斯煤斷裂的地磁輻射實驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，含瓦斯煤斷裂破壞產(chǎn)生的電磁輻射直接反映了采掘工作面前方的煤層受力破壞情況，因而可作為突出預報方法。 (3)利用聲發(fā)射現(xiàn)象預報突出。長期的防治煤與瓦斯突出研究工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于煤體的非均質(zhì)體，其中存在各種微裂隙、孔隙等，以致煤巖體在受到外力作用時就會在這些缺陷部位產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中，發(fā)生突發(fā)性破裂，使積聚在煤巖體中的能量得以釋放，且以彈性波的形式向外傳播，而形成聲發(fā)射現(xiàn)象。石顯鑫等研究認為，聲發(fā)射的總事件、大事件和能量參數(shù)能較好地反映聲發(fā)射活動的特征，總事件的頻繁增多、大事件的急劇增加， 是判別突出的預兆。王恩元在實驗室研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管煤巖體破裂時的聲發(fā)射信號非常豐富，但在煤巖體的破壞過程中是陣發(fā)性的，表明了煤巖體的變形破壞過程不是連續(xù)的，而是陣發(fā)性的、不均勻的，因而在進行煤與瓦斯突出預報時需進行連續(xù)監(jiān)測。 (4)根據(jù)微震預報突出。采動使巖體發(fā)生應(yīng)力的重新分布，巖石內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生小規(guī)模的調(diào)整，其結(jié)果導致釋放地震能。該法主要用來監(jiān)測礦井巖層的破裂，試驗研究結(jié)果表明，低頻多探頭微震系統(tǒng)可以連續(xù)監(jiān)測煤體結(jié)構(gòu)中應(yīng)力的集中和變化，可以預報沖擊破壞以及可能發(fā)生突出的地點，為消除高應(yīng)力集中區(qū)而采取措施提供依據(jù)。高頻率的微震系統(tǒng)可以用來監(jiān)測各種類型的破壞。綜合利用兩種(高頻、低頻)微震技術(shù)不僅能夠圈出瓦斯突出可能發(fā)生的地點，還能預報瓦斯突出的發(fā)生時間。 (5)利用采場壓力變化預報突出。張智明認為，支撐壓力使得煤體內(nèi)的裂隙、孔隙被壓縮(合)，瓦斯流動的通道被封閉，煤的孔隙率降低，使瓦斯壓力和內(nèi)能增大，煤巖體積聚的彈性變形能增大，同時破壞了煤體，在煤體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生與煤壁相平行的壓裂裂隙，增大了瓦斯的作用面積和降低了煤體抵抗動力破壞的能力。因此，支承壓力的大小和峰值位置與瓦斯突出存在著數(shù)量關(guān)系。 (6)根據(jù)瓦斯涌出特征預報突出。國內(nèi)外的大量的突出實例表明，相當一部分突出發(fā)生前，工作面的瓦斯涌出有變化。曾慶陽分析炮落式煤層巷道掘進期間，工作面瓦斯涌出來源為煤層暴露面和放炮后的落煤，而落煤對風流中的瓦斯?jié)舛扔绊憰r間不長，由此，風流中的瓦斯?jié)舛戎饕从车氖枪ぷ髅娴耐咚?。進一步的分析認為，作業(yè)過程中工作面瓦斯涌出的變化反映了巷道前方存在相當高應(yīng)力且處于失穩(wěn)狀態(tài)，有高瓦斯含量區(qū)且煤體易于破壞，而這正是突出易發(fā)生地段 。西德H·?？藸栍^測分析伊本比倫煤礦工作面風流中的瓦斯?jié)舛龋l(fā)現(xiàn)突出之前，瓦斯含量出現(xiàn)了一致的高值，并認為值變大時，預示突出可能發(fā)生。 (7)地電場預報瓦斯突出。煤層在破壞過程中，除了有明顯熱效應(yīng)在內(nèi)的各類電磁輻射外，地電場特性也隨之而改變，而且還可以表征采動應(yīng)力集中影響程度、瓦斯運移動能和煤體破壞極限應(yīng)力帶寬度、煤的孔隙率和煤的強度等因素。也就是說，地電場的電勢和電流強度變化反映了瓦斯突出參數(shù)的變化。俄羅斯B．T．塔拉索夫研究表明，突出動力現(xiàn)象常常發(fā)生在卸壓帶邊界上和裂隙產(chǎn)生過程的前沿，煤從彈性狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閭瘟髯儬顟B(tài)，伴隨著地電場的急劇消失，導致吸附能力大大減小，相應(yīng)地由于雪崩般解吸瓦斯，瓦斯壓力增加1倍以上，造成了瓦斯的靜壓和動壓短時升高。地電場電勢降落是發(fā)生瓦斯突出的前兆。因此，根據(jù)地電場電勢的變化規(guī)律可進行瓦斯突出預報。 3 突出預報指標 3．1 溫度指標 王宏圖等進行掘進工作面的突出危險性的研究中，定義了鉆屑溫度和煤體溫度作為敏感指標。 3．2 聲發(fā)射相對變化率 張偉民等根據(jù)工作面煤層破壞過程中的聲發(fā)射特征，考察工作面聲發(fā)射現(xiàn)象時發(fā)現(xiàn)，當監(jiān)測到的聲發(fā)射相對變化率NE大于某一定值時，即將突出。 3．3 瓦斯涌出V30指標 許多學者在考察巷道瓦斯涌出與突出危險之間的關(guān)系時，一般用放炮后30 min內(nèi)的瓦斯涌出量與爆破落煤量比值V30來預報突出。 4 結(jié)語 煤與瓦斯突出是發(fā)生在煤礦井下的一種復雜的地質(zhì)災(zāi)害，到目前為止，對于在各種地質(zhì)、開采條件下突出發(fā)生的規(guī)律還沒有完全掌握，因而對瓦斯災(zāi)害的防治主要是對已孕育的突出進行預報，采取措施，將損失降低到最小程度。即便如此，在利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)進行煤與瓦斯突出預報中仍有一些問題制約著預報的方便性、快速性和準確性。 (1)盡管專家學者們提出了眾多的突出預報指標，但有些指標具有在突出敏感性上因地而異，突出臨界值隨礦井不同而變化等不足，如溫度指標；有些指標是在炮采、炮掘的情況下提出的，已不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代機械化作業(yè)條件，如V30指標。 (2)有些預報方法需要在工作面設(shè)點進行，并且在實際操作中仍有一定的工程量(如需要打鉆孔等)，一般操作作業(yè)時間較長，而且有一定的危險性。 (3)有些預報方法需設(shè)立專門的設(shè)備，妨礙了井下有限空間的作業(yè)。由于煤與瓦斯的突出是世界各主要產(chǎn)煤國瓦斯突出礦井共同面對的難題，實現(xiàn)煤與瓦斯突出的快速、準確預報是安全生產(chǎn)的迫切需要。鑒于此，有必要進行進一步的研究，尋求更有效更快捷的預報方法和指標。利用礦井現(xiàn)有監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)對瓦斯的監(jiān)測，挖掘傳感器中潛在的瓦斯突出前兆信息，實現(xiàn)突出預報是一個可行的辦法。