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外文資料翻譯
The flexible manufacturing system
柔性制造系統(tǒng)
The flexible manufacturing system(FMS) train points to have the high manufacturing system of the automation degree.The FMS speak about usually means in the lot size, batch size machining of metals currently with the forerunner's automation and Gao level of flexible is the manufacturing system of target.Along with society to product diversification, the low manufacturing cost and short manufacturing period's etc.'s need be gradually urgent, the FMS deveolps very and quickly, and because of micro-electronics technique, calculator technique, correspondence technique, machinery and the development of controlgear, also urge flexible manufacturing technique day attain mature, in 80's after, the manufacturing industry automation gets into for a brand-new ages, namely according to calculator of integrated manufacturing(CIMS) ages, the FMS has become the national machinery manufacturing of each industrialization to automate of develop and deveolp point.
柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS)系指具有自動(dòng)化程度高的制造系統(tǒng)。目前所談及的FMS通常是指在批量切削加工中以先進(jìn)的自動(dòng)化和高水平的柔性為目標(biāo)的制造系統(tǒng)。隨著社會(huì)對(duì)產(chǎn)品多樣化、低制造成本及短制造周期等需求日趨迫切，F(xiàn)MS發(fā)展頗為迅速，并且由于微電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)、機(jī)械與控制設(shè)備的發(fā)展，也促使柔性制造技術(shù)日臻成熟，80年代后，制造業(yè)自動(dòng)化進(jìn)入一個(gè)嶄新時(shí)代，即基于計(jì)算機(jī)的集成制造(CIMS)時(shí)代，F(xiàn)MS已成為各工業(yè)化國家機(jī)械制造自動(dòng)化的研制發(fā)展重點(diǎn)。
A, scale
Press the scale all of the FMSs can be is divided into as follows 4 types:
一、規(guī)模
按規(guī)模大小FMS可分為如下4類：
1.Flexible Manufacturing Cellular(FMC)
The FMC publish and use to invite ratio FMS night in the manufacturing for 6~8 years, it is processed a centre, industrial robot by 1~2 and counts to control engine bed and material carrying to save to store equipments composing and have an adaptation to process have another species product of vivid.The FMC can be regarded as a FMS with minimum scale, is a FMS to cheap turn and small scaled turn direction development and a kind of outcome, its characteristics is to carry out single machine flexible turn and automate, have already get into up to the present universal application step.
1.柔性制造單元(FMC)
FMC的問世并在生產(chǎn)中使用約比FMS晚6~8年，它是由1~2臺(tái)加工中心、工業(yè)機(jī)器人、數(shù)控機(jī)床及物料運(yùn)送存貯設(shè)備構(gòu)成，具有適應(yīng)加工多品種產(chǎn)品的靈活性。FMC可視為一個(gè)規(guī)模最小的FMS，是FMS向廉價(jià)化及小型化方向發(fā)展和一種產(chǎn)物，其特點(diǎn)是實(shí)現(xiàn)單機(jī)柔性化及自動(dòng)化，迄今已進(jìn)入普及應(yīng)用階段。
2.Flexible Manufacturing System(FMS)
Usually include 4 or more full-automatic numbers to control engine bed(process centre and truning centre etc.), from concentrate the handling system of control system and material to connect, can under the sistuation that not shut down realization have another species, in process of small lot size, batch size and manage.
2.柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS)
通常包括4臺(tái)或更多臺(tái)全自動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床(加工中心與車削中心等)，由集中的控制系統(tǒng)及物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)連接起來，可在不停機(jī)的情況下實(shí)現(xiàn)多品種、中小批量的加工及管理。
3.Flexible Manufacturing Line(FML)
It is be placed in the quantisty not- flexible and automatic line of single or little species large quantity with medium small lot size, batch size have another of species FMS of manufacturing line.It processes an equipments and can be an in general use earth, ground to process a centre, CNC engine bed;May also adopt definite purpose engine bed or NC definite purpose engine bed, have low request at the FMS to the system flexible earth, ground of the material handling, but the rate of manufacturing be higher.It with the long-lost type produce medium flexible manufacturing system with connect the control system(DCS) of the dispersion type within manufacturing line is representative, its characteristics is to carry out manufacturing line flexible turn and automate, its technique already the day attain mature, have already got into application to turn step up to the present.
3.柔性制造線(FML)
它是處于單一或少品種大批量非柔性自動(dòng)線與中小批量多品種FMS之間的生產(chǎn)線。其加工設(shè)備可以是通用的加工中心、CNC機(jī)床；亦可采用專用機(jī)床或NC專用機(jī)床，對(duì)物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)柔性的要求低于FMS，但生產(chǎn)率更高。它是以離散型生產(chǎn)中的柔性制造系統(tǒng)和連續(xù)生產(chǎn)過程中的分散型控制系統(tǒng)(DCS)為代表，其特點(diǎn)是實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)線柔性化及自動(dòng)化，其技術(shù)已日臻成熟，迄今已進(jìn)入實(shí)用化階段。
4.Flexible Manufacturing Factory(FMF)
The FMF connects several FMSs, go together with to automate stereoscopic storehouse, use the progress contact of the calculator system, adoption from order, design, process, assemble, examine, deliver to hair goods of complete FMS.It included CAD/CAM, and make calculator integrated to make system(CIMS) devotion physically, realization manufacturing the system be flexible to turn and automate and then carry out whole plant the manufacturing control, product of the scope to process and the material store completely turn of the luck progress.The FMF is the tallest level that the automation produce and the reflection is most born the top of the boundary the forerunner's automation application a technique.It is manufacturing, product development and management the automation of management connect into one whole, with information stream control substance stream of intelligence manufacturing system(IMS) is representative, its characteristics is to carry out works flexible turn and automate.
4.柔性制造工廠(FMF)
FMF是將多條FMS連接起來，配以自動(dòng)化立體倉庫，用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行聯(lián)系，采用從訂貨、設(shè)計(jì)、加工、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、運(yùn)送至發(fā)貨的完整FMS。它包括了CAD/CAM，并使計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)投入實(shí)際，實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)柔性化及自動(dòng)化，進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)全廠范圍的生產(chǎn)管理、產(chǎn)品加工及物料貯運(yùn)進(jìn)程的全盤化。FMF是自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)的最高水平，反映出世界上最先進(jìn)的自動(dòng)化應(yīng)用技術(shù)。它是將制造、產(chǎn)品開發(fā)及經(jīng)營管理的自動(dòng)化連成一個(gè)整體，以信息流控制物質(zhì)流的智能制造系統(tǒng)(IMS)為代表，其特點(diǎn)是實(shí)現(xiàn)工廠柔性化及自動(dòng)化。
Two, key technique
二、關(guān)鍵技術(shù)
1.Computer Aided Design, CAD
The CAD technique development will lead into the expert system in the future, make it have intelligence to turn, can treat various complicated question.At present design a latest of the technique breakthrough is that the light is quick stereoscopic forming technique, that the new technique be directly to make use of CAD data and pass a computer control of laser scanning system, be divided into some lamellas:3D numerical pattern a two-dimensional flake form sketch, and press the two-dimensional flake form sketch to carry on an optics scanning to the quick resin liquid surface of the light in the bath, is scan of the liquid surface then becomes curing plastics, thus circularly operate, pursue lamella to scan to take shape, and of oneself glue the each flake form curing plastics that the delamination take shape to match together and only need certain data, then can make a prototype of precision in few hours.It contributes to quickly developping new product and developping the speed of new structure.
1.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)
未來CAD技術(shù)發(fā)展將會(huì)引入專家系統(tǒng)，使之具有智能化，可處理各種復(fù)雜的問題。當(dāng)前設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)最新的一個(gè)突破是光敏立體成形技術(shù)，該項(xiàng)新技術(shù)是直接利用CAD數(shù)據(jù)，通過計(jì)算機(jī)控制的激光掃描系統(tǒng)，將三維數(shù)字模型分成若干層二維片狀圖形，并按二維片狀圖形對(duì)池內(nèi)的光敏樹脂液面進(jìn)行光學(xué)掃描，被掃描到的液面則變成固化塑料，如此循環(huán)操作，逐層掃描成形，并自動(dòng)地將分層成形的各片狀固化塑料粘合在一起，僅需確定數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)便可制出精確的原型。它有助于加快開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品和研制新結(jié)構(gòu)的速度。
2.Fuzzy control technique
The actual application of misty mathematics is a fuzzy control machine.The high performance fuzzy control apparatus which develops recently has from the study function, can in the process of control in continuously obtain a new information and of oneself make an adjustment to the control quantisty, make system function greatly in order to improve, among them particularly with according to artificial neural net, artificial neural network, ANN of self-educated method cause people tremendous concern more.
2.模糊控制技術(shù)
模糊數(shù)學(xué)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用是模糊控制器。最近開發(fā)出的高性能模糊控制器具有自學(xué)習(xí)功能，可在控制過程中不斷獲取新的信息并自動(dòng)地對(duì)控制量作調(diào)整，使系統(tǒng)性能大為改善，其中尤其以基于人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的自學(xué)方法更引起人們極大的關(guān)注。
3.Artificial intelligence, expert system and intelligence transducer technique
Up to the present, the artificial intelligence adopt mostly points according to the expert system of rule in the FMS.The expert system makes use of expert knowledge and reasons logically rule progress a reasoning and solve each kind of question.(like explanation, predict, diagnose, check to seek a fault, failure, design, plan, keep watch on, repair, command and control etc.)Because expert system can simplely the theory of various fact and experience certificate super - with pass the knowledge of experience acquisition to combine together, as a result the expert system intensified for the FMS various aspect operate gentle.Prospect a future, with knowledge intensively is characteristic, with the knowledge treat for the artificial intelligence(include expert system) technique of way necessarily will have in the FMS(particularly intelligence type) decisive action.The artificial intelligence is in the future FMS lieutenant general exertive gradually important action.Used for various technique in the FMS currently, anticipate to there is the artificial intelligence of the is still of development prospect most .Anticipate till the beginning of 21 centuries, the artificial intelligence is in the FMS of applied scale will compare currently greatly 400%.The intelligence manufacturing technique(IMT) aim is in the process of integrating the artificial intelligence into the manufacturing each link, ask for help of intelligence of imitate the expert movable, replace or extend a manufacturing environment parts of mental works of the middleman.In the process of make, the system can automatically monitor it to circulate condition, while be subjected to the external world or inner excitation energy the automatic regulation its parameter with attain the best operating state, have self-organization ability.The past IMT is called make of the coming 21 centurieses technique.To the future intelligence turn 1 that the FMS has important meaning is an intelligence transducer in the realm of rapid development now technique.The item's technique accompanies with the technique of calculator application and artificial intelligence but creation and it makes the transducer have inside"decision" function.
3.人工智能、 專家系統(tǒng)及智能傳感器技術(shù)
迄今，F(xiàn)MS中所采用的人工智能大多指基于規(guī)則的專家系統(tǒng)。專家系統(tǒng)利用專家知識(shí)和推理規(guī)則進(jìn)行推理，求解各類問題(如解釋、預(yù)測、診斷、查找故障、設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)劃、監(jiān)視、修復(fù)、命令及控制等)。由于專家系統(tǒng)能簡便地將各種事實(shí)及經(jīng)驗(yàn)證過的理論與通過經(jīng)驗(yàn)獲得的知識(shí)相結(jié)合，因而專家系統(tǒng)為FMS的諸方面工作增強(qiáng)了柔性。展望未來，以知識(shí)密集為特征，以知識(shí)處理為手段的人工智能(包括專家系統(tǒng))技術(shù)必將在FMS(尤其智能型)中起著關(guān)鍵性的作用。人工智能在未來FMS中將發(fā)揮日趨重要的作用。目前用于FMS中的各種技術(shù)，預(yù)計(jì)最有發(fā)展前途的仍是人工智能。預(yù)計(jì)到21世紀(jì)初，人工智能在FMS中的應(yīng)用規(guī)模將要比目前大4倍。智能制造技術(shù)(IMT)旨在將人工智能融入制造過程的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，借助模擬專家的智能活動(dòng)，取代或延伸制造環(huán)境中人的部分腦力勞動(dòng)。在制造過程，系統(tǒng)能自動(dòng)監(jiān)測其運(yùn)行狀態(tài)，在受到外界或內(nèi)部激勵(lì)時(shí)能自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)其參數(shù)，以達(dá)到最佳工作狀態(tài)，具備自組織能力。故IMT被稱為未來21世紀(jì)的制造技術(shù)。對(duì)未來智能化FMS具有重要意義的一個(gè)正在急速發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域是智能傳感器技術(shù)。該項(xiàng)技術(shù)是伴隨計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)和人工智能而產(chǎn)生的，它使傳感器具有內(nèi)在的“決策”功能。
4.Artificial neural net, artificial neural network, ANN technique
The artificial neural net, artificial neural network, ANN(ANN) is a kind of method that the neural net, neural network which imitates intelligence living creature proceeds together to treat to the information progress.The past artificial neural net, artificial neural network, ANN is also a kind of artificial intelligence tool.At the automatic control realm, the neural net, neural network soon will be be juxtaposed in expert system and fuzzy control system and become a modern from pay to turn a composition division in the system.
4.人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)
人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(ANN)是模擬智能生物的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)信息進(jìn)行并行處理的一種方法。故人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)也就是一種人工智能工具。在自動(dòng)控制領(lǐng)域，神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)不久將并列于專家系統(tǒng)和模糊控制系統(tǒng)，成為現(xiàn)代自支化系統(tǒng)中的一個(gè)組成部分。
Three, deveolp trend
三、發(fā)展趨勢
The 1. FMCs will become the popular technique which deveolps and applieds
This is because the FMC investment is much less than the FMS but the economic performance connect near, be applicable to the financial power limited medium small scaled business enterprise more.Numerous foreign plant house lists as FMC to deveolp currently of heavy.
1.FMC將成為發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的熱門技術(shù)
這是因?yàn)镕MC的投資比FMS少得多而經(jīng)濟(jì)效益相接近，更適用于財(cái)力有限的中小型企業(yè)。目前國外眾多廠家將FMC列為發(fā)展之重。
2.Deveolp the efficiency higher FML
Have another species large quantity the manufacturing business enterprise of the quantisty such as workses such as autocar and tractor etc. to FML of the need caused biggest pay attention to of the FMS manufactery.Adopt the price cheap definite purpose number controls engine bed to act for a process of general purpose a centre and will be a FML development trend.
2.發(fā)展效率更高的FML
多品種大批量的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)如汽車及拖拉機(jī)等工廠對(duì)FML的需求引起了FMS制造廠的極大關(guān)注。采用價(jià)格低廉的專用數(shù)控機(jī)床替代通用的加工中心將是FML的發(fā)展趨勢。
3.The dynasty multi-function direction deveolp
From the simplicity process the type FMS develops further to weld, assemble, inspection and Ban material process is to manufacturing work prefaces, such as Zhu and Duan...etc. and have of various function FMSs. The FMS is a realization future novel concept mode and new development trend of the works, decide to make raise of the strategic meaning of the have of prospect of the business enterprise future development Cuo.The FMS which reflects the works whole level currently is number generation FMS, in 90's this kind condition still will keep on next go to, Japan comes into force from 1991 of"intelligence manufacturing system"(IMS) be international to develop item and belong to the next generation FMS;But real perfect next generation FMS's anticipate would carry out to 21 centuries.Then, the intelligence turns machinery and the person's and will blend mutually and gentlely moderates completely from accept order goods to produce, sale this business enterprise produce the full activity of management.
Since the mid 80's, the FMS acquisition fast fierce development, almost became manufacturing automation of hot spot.On the other hand is because the single-item technique,such as NC, processes the development of centre, industrial robot, CAD/CAM, resources management and high technique etc. and provided to can be provided to integrate a technique foundation of whole system;On the other hand, the world market took place a graveness change, from past tradition, opposite stabilization of market, the development much changes into the dynamic state of the market , for begging existence and begging a development from the market, raise a business enterprise to the market demanding strain ability and people start investigate new manufacturing method and business model.In recent years, FMS conduct and actions a kind of science"philosophy" and works which modernizes industrial manufacturing automate of advanced mode already for the country the top of the border generally accepted, can think so:The FMS is automate a technique, information technology and makes technical foundation, former business enterprise in mutually independent engineering design, produce manufacturing and conduct a management etc. process, constitute a complete but organic system which overlays the whole business enterprise to carry out an overall situation dynamic state under the prop up of the calculator and its software superior turn, population efficiently benefit, Gao gentle, and then win the manufacturing system of the intelligence that the competition complete victory.FMS conduct and actions nowadays world manufacturing automation technique deveolp of ex- follow science and technology, for future the mechanism manufacturing provided one arm grandiosity of blueprint, will become for 21 centuries, the mechanism is manufactural main produce mode.
3.朝多功能方向發(fā)展
由單純加工型FMS進(jìn)一步開發(fā)以焊接、裝配、檢驗(yàn)及鈑材加工乃至鑄、鍛等制造工序兼具的多種功能FMS。 FMS是實(shí)現(xiàn)未來工廠的新穎概念模式和新的發(fā)展趨勢，是決定制造企業(yè)未來發(fā)展前途的具有戰(zhàn)略意義的舉措。目前反映工廠整體水平的FMS是第一代FMS，90年代此種狀況仍將會(huì)持續(xù)下去，日本從1991年開始實(shí)施的“智能制造系統(tǒng)”(IMS)國際性開發(fā)項(xiàng)目，屬于第二代FMS；而真正完善的第二代FMS預(yù)計(jì)至21世紀(jì)才會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。屆時(shí)，智能化機(jī)械與人之間將相互融合、柔性地全面協(xié)調(diào)從接受訂單貨至生產(chǎn)、銷售這一企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營的全部活動(dòng)。
80年代中期以來，F(xiàn)MS獲得迅猛發(fā)展，幾乎成了生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化之熱點(diǎn)。一方面是由于單項(xiàng)技術(shù)如NC加工中心、工業(yè)機(jī)器人、CAD/CAM、資源管理及高度技術(shù)等的發(fā)展，提供了可供集成一個(gè)整體系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)；另一方面，世界市場發(fā)生了重大變化，由過去傳統(tǒng)、相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的市場，發(fā)展為動(dòng)態(tài)多變的市場，為了從市場中求生存、求發(fā)展，提高企業(yè)對(duì)市場需求的應(yīng)變能力，人們開始探索新的生產(chǎn)方法和經(jīng)營模式。近年來，F(xiàn)MS作為一種現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的科學(xué)“哲理”和工廠自動(dòng)化的先進(jìn)模式已為國際上所公認(rèn)，可以這樣認(rèn)為：FMS是在自動(dòng)化技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)及制造技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)，將以往企業(yè)中相互獨(dú)立的工程設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)制造及經(jīng)營管理等過程，在計(jì)算機(jī)及其軟件的支撐下，構(gòu)成一個(gè)覆蓋整個(gè)企業(yè)的完整而有機(jī)的系統(tǒng)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)全局動(dòng)態(tài)最優(yōu)化，總體高效益、高柔性，并進(jìn)而贏得競爭全勝的智能制造系統(tǒng)。FMS作為當(dāng)今世界制造自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展的前沿科技，為未來機(jī)構(gòu)制造工廠提供了一幅宏偉的藍(lán)圖，將成為21世紀(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)制造業(yè)的主要生產(chǎn)模式。
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