轉(zhuǎn)子斷條的故障診斷研究【開題報告+畢業(yè)論文+任務(wù)書+外文翻譯】,轉(zhuǎn)子,故障診斷,研究,鉆研,開題報告,轉(zhuǎn)子斷條的故障診斷研究,畢業(yè)論文,任務(wù)書,外文翻譯 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯系　　部： 機(jī)械工程系 專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動化 姓 名： 學(xué) 號： 外文出處： 《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 指導(dǎo)教師評語：簽名： (用外文寫)注：請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。附件 1：外文資料翻譯譯文球 墨 鑄 鐵 的 無 損 傷 檢 測1.0范圍這 里 只 一 般 性 地 描 述 了 球 墨 鑄 鐵 的 無 損 傷 檢 測 .不 包 括 檢 測 范 圍 和 探 針 選 擇 的 要 求 ,每 個 型 號 的 標(biāo) 準(zhǔn) 部 件 可 在 客 戶 控 制 說 明 或 采 購 說 明 中 作 出 特 別 要 求 .1.1定義DSR盤形反射鏡= KSR()=FBH()2.0 參考下面是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的最新版本,在此說明中作為檢驗的依據(jù).* EN 1290 (MP)* EN 1369-1996 (MP) Quality levels* EN 12454-1998 (VT)* Stahl-Eisen Prüfblatt SEP 1924* EN 12686-3* ASME Sec. V, Article 73.0無損傷檢測人員無損傷檢測人員最少有下面一種資格證書.? EN 473/Nordtest Doc. Gen. 010? SNT TC-1A? EN 473? ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 1, App. 6只用于磁粉.在檢測之前,客戶的質(zhì)量部門應(yīng)該對資格證書進(jìn)行評估,一般客戶需要的是 II級資格.除非工作說明和組織圖表要求檢測部門和測試企業(yè)用 I級人員.對于表面用濕磁粉方法,可接受企業(yè)的證書應(yīng)根據(jù) ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 1中附錄 6.4.0校準(zhǔn)所有的 NDT設(shè)備要根據(jù)當(dāng)前國家或國際代碼進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn)和認(rèn)證的文件.5.0有效性這個程序?qū)庸ず头羌庸さ蔫T鐵項目都有效,非加工項目粗糙表面的光滑程度也要通過檢驗.6.0目測在最后要求非機(jī)械加工鑄造表面不應(yīng)破壞其連續(xù)性,如表 6所示.此表格依據(jù)歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn) EN 12454,其描述了比較儀的用法.所有未接受標(biāo)識的應(yīng)標(biāo)記在被測項目表面上, 未接受標(biāo)識的位置和大小要作記錄,根據(jù)表格 4通過加工或修復(fù)磨削去除的標(biāo)識不應(yīng)記錄.6.1報告完成的檢測項目的最終報告應(yīng)包含的信息有:圖號/型號, 檢驗人/日期,檢測結(jié)果應(yīng)包括在 6.0中提到的信息和圖表.7.0超聲波檢驗7.1設(shè)備7.1.1 超聲波儀器類型的脈沖回波在 CRT屏幕或 LCD顯示中以 A掃描的形式顯示.儀器應(yīng)有如下要求.* 在儀器工作范圍內(nèi),時間基數(shù)可調(diào)節(jié),任何范圍(屏幕長度)內(nèi)可選擇* 儀器應(yīng)該有至少 80 dB的擴(kuò)大范圍,擴(kuò)大的幅度最大 2 dB,并且精度 1 dB.* 屏幕高度的直線度好于 2%* 單探頭和雙探頭以及轉(zhuǎn)換-接受技術(shù)的儀器能工作的頻率范圍是 0.5 - 6 MHz7.1.2探頭單個金剛石壓縮探頭的一般頻率范圍是 1 - 4 MHz.質(zhì)量要求嚴(yán)格的區(qū)域要用雙金剛石壓縮探頭,角度探頭也可以.對壁厚小于 20 mm,頻率小于 4 MHz的情況可用任何形式的探頭.探頭每個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部件的選擇應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在客戶詳細(xì)的控制說明中.下面是 Krautkr?mer廠商或等同廠商的探頭說明如下單個金剛石壓縮探頭 B2S, 2 MHz, ?24 mmB1S, 1 MHz, ?24 mmMSEB2, 2 MHz, ?10 mm雙金剛石壓縮探頭 SEB 2-0°, 2 MHz, ?24mm7.1.3 超聲波法7.2 表面要求特殊控制區(qū)域的表面拋光的一般要求應(yīng)在采購說明中描述出.控制說明中的特殊掃描表面應(yīng)有一個要求:即能確保部件和探頭基底之間能充分接觸.可能的不規(guī)則性使得滑到周圍的表面上.7.3校準(zhǔn)具有如自動調(diào)節(jié)比例范圍功能,對相同制造的探針具有預(yù)先設(shè)定程序 DGS (AVG)曲線的數(shù)字超聲波儀器(例如 Krautkr?mer USN 52或等同)可以應(yīng)用.7.3.1 比例范圍比例范圍可以調(diào)節(jié)到產(chǎn)品的自由邊,或用一個相同材料的校準(zhǔn)塊.當(dāng)用壓縮探頭時,比例范圍可以通過來自產(chǎn)品上平行表面或相同材料的校準(zhǔn)塊的后壁回波來調(diào)節(jié).7.3.2 靈敏度,壓縮探頭后壁回波設(shè)置到全屏幕高度的 80 %.通過探針詳細(xì)的 DGS-圖解法捕獲裝置調(diào)節(jié)達(dá)到在相關(guān)距離規(guī)定的參考反射鏡的靈敏度.7.3.3 靈敏度,角度探頭用角度探頭時,可利用來自 IIW校準(zhǔn)塊 V1 或 V2 的后壁回波.7.3.4傳播損失在用角度探頭測量前,超聲波操作人員應(yīng)確保如下的測量:- 測量確定在為靈敏度設(shè)置的校準(zhǔn)塊和鑄鐵產(chǎn)品之間的接觸和衰減的不同.- 測量按如下執(zhí)行:1)有平行表面的區(qū)域用 V-傳播法或 2)用相同材料的校準(zhǔn)塊.- 聲音路徑長度的不同應(yīng)得到補(bǔ)償.基本的捕獲裝置應(yīng)通過可能的傳播損失來糾正.7.4檢測范圍產(chǎn)品掃描的范圍應(yīng)根據(jù)明確的控制說明,如果控制說明沒有說明,應(yīng)根據(jù)區(qū)域 1(表1)和圖形 A(表 2)的接受水平來評價.并且要附送客戶的質(zhì)量部門進(jìn)行評價.7.5區(qū)域分類根據(jù)實際材料橫斷面的厚度,要根據(jù)區(qū)域類別進(jìn)行項目檢驗.(見表 2)實際材料橫斷面的厚度等于或小于 80 mm的檢驗要根據(jù)表 2中的圖 A實際材料橫斷面的厚度大于 80 mm的檢驗要根據(jù)表 2中的圖 B,(例如 100 mm厚的材料,關(guān)于 1區(qū)域是斷面的各個邊掃描的深度 40 mm需檢驗.關(guān)于 2區(qū)域還剩有 20 mm的中心部分要檢測)7.6信號評價根據(jù)信號的類型, 評價傳播和放置區(qū)域,在下面超聲波信號中,可接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有所區(qū)別.* 兩個平行面之間的后壁回波的減少或全損失.* 同步信號后壁回波的減少或全損失.* 不會發(fā)生后壁回波區(qū)域的信號.提到的信號類型可出現(xiàn)在可測量和不可測量區(qū)域,對于 1區(qū)域的信號是平行平面,在減少后壁回波的同步信號和后壁回波全損失同步信號有所區(qū)別.在無平行平面區(qū)域或用角度探頭時,所有的信號應(yīng)在后壁回波全損失的規(guī)則之后評價.7.6.1 減少后壁回波只是超出了表 1規(guī)定的實際材料厚度的減少后壁回波的信號.如聲波(投射到掃描表面上) 信號應(yīng)根據(jù)表 1中 1區(qū)域來評價. 信號的極限是后壁回波減少到材料厚度的實際記錄水平.后壁回波的全損失是比實際材料厚度的記錄水平多 6 dB7.6.2無區(qū)域信號是有下面探測的單一信號:1)對于實際的區(qū)域和材料厚度,反射量大于記錄水平(DSR/KSR) 2)不能表明的掃描表面的任何可測量的投射區(qū)域.這樣的信號可直接根據(jù)表 1來評價,并且只作為 DSK的尺寸表示來記錄.7.6.3有區(qū)域信號是有下面探測的信號:1) 對于實際的區(qū)域和材料厚度,反射量大于記錄水平(DSR/KSR) 2)能表明的掃描表面的任何可測量的投射區(qū)域. 投射區(qū)域通過用低于實際記錄水平的 6 dB滴方法來測量.(1區(qū)域的反射鏡和只作為后壁回波的減少或全損失探測的信號,應(yīng)根據(jù)表 1,1區(qū)域來評價.并且這兩區(qū)域和回波振幅(DRS)應(yīng)做記錄.7.6.4 反射器的傳播深度是由在區(qū)域 2 有后壁回波同步全損失的,從兩表面對點的測量來確定的,在那里直接反射相等與或大于反射器在區(qū)域 1 的點(全損失) 被獲得的記錄水平。這也是從 2區(qū)域進(jìn)入到 1區(qū)域的信號傳播深度測量的過程.然而,在1區(qū)域放置信號的零件應(yīng)根據(jù) 1區(qū)域的接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來評價.7.7聲速測量結(jié)節(jié)(球狀石墨的形狀,大小和分布)是通過測量壓縮波的聲音速度來確認(rèn)的.也可作為客戶控制說明的檢驗信息.7.7.1 技術(shù)當(dāng)檢測具有平行平面的區(qū)域時,實際壁厚可通過游標(biāo)卡尺或螺旋測微器來測量.可用單金剛石壓縮探頭來測量聲速, 用固定式探頭測量兩個重疊的后壁回波的超聲距離.在超聲波儀器上, 只有當(dāng)回波之間的距離和壁厚接近時, 聲波的速度將改變.7.8記錄所有可記錄的信號應(yīng)標(biāo)在項目的表面, 對各個項目的信號將做詳細(xì)的信息記錄, 信息包括關(guān)于掃描表面的地點, 關(guān)于項目記錄水平的地點深度, 區(qū)域, 回波高度.根據(jù)表 4通過機(jī)械加工或修復(fù)磨削去除的.接近表面的信號不應(yīng)做記錄.根據(jù)表 1的接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在信號測量和記錄結(jié)果評價后, 不接受的區(qū)域應(yīng)指出.對于不能確定缺陷類型的詳細(xì)檢驗程序,要和客戶達(dá)成一致.記錄聲速值和測量點, 要求在表 3中給出.7.9報告完成的檢測項目的最終報告應(yīng)包含的信息有:圖號/型號, 檢驗人/日期,檢測工藝,客戶控制說明的參考,設(shè)備,檢測結(jié)果應(yīng)包括 7.8中提到的信息和圖表.最終報告應(yīng)由制造商保存至少十年.附件 2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）NDT for Spheroidal graphite cast iron1.0ScopeThis general instruction describes the performance of non-destructive testing of SG-cast iron. Requirements for extent of examination and probe selection are not included in this instruction. For each type of standard component such requirements are described in specific CUSTOMER control instructions or in the purchasing specification.1.1Definitions DSR (disc shaped reflector) = KSR (kreis shall reflector) = FBH (flat bored hole).DSR = KSR()=FBH()2.0ReferencesThe latest edition of standards mentioned below shall be used as basis for inspection according to this general instruction:EN 1290 (MP)* EN 1369-1996 (MP) Quality levels* EN 12454-1998 (VT)* Stahl-Eisen Prüfblatt SEP 1924* EN 12686-3* ASME Sec. V, Article 73.0NDT-personnelPersonnel carrying out NDT must as a minimum have qualifications corresponding to one of the following certification schemes:? EN 473/Nordtest Doc. Gen. 010? SNT TC-1A? EN 473? ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 1, App. 6 (for magnetic particle only).The quality department of THE CUSTOMER shall evaluate the documentation for qualifications before the work is commenced. Normally THE CUSTOMER will require qualifications corresponding to level II, unless job descriptions and organisation charts for the inspection department or testing firm allows the use of level I personnel. For the surface method wet magnetic particle, certificates of competency according to ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 1, Appendix 6 are accepted.4.0Calibration All NDT-equipment shall be subjected to a documented system for calibration and verification according to present national or international codes.5.0Validity This procedure is valid for examination of both machined and unmachined cast iron items. Rough surfaces on unmachined items may be smoothly ground to the extent necessary to carry through the examination.6.0Visual examination All cast surfaces, which on the final item are to protrude unmachined, shall be free of surface breaking discontinuities as described in table 6. The table is based on the European norm EN 12454 which describes the use of reference comparators. All unacceptable indications shall be marked on the surface of the item. Location and size of unacceptable indications are recorded. Indications, which subsequently may be removed by machining or by repair grinding according to table 4, shall not be recorded.6.1ReportingAll examinations shall be finished with a final report containing information as item No./type, inspector/date, examination results with information as mentioned in section 6.0 and relevant sketches.7.0Ultrasonic examination 7.1Equipment 7.1.1 Ultrasonic instrument type pulse-echo with presentation of A-scans on a CRT-screen or LCD-display. The instrument shall fulfil following requirements:* The time base shall be adjustable and permit selection of any range (screen length) within the working range of the instrument.* The instrument shall have an amplification range of at least 80 dB. The amplification must be adjustable in max. 2 dB steps with an accuracy of 1 dB. * The screen height linearity shall be better than 2%.* The instrument shall be capable to work within the frequency range of 0.5 - 6 MHz with single crystal probes as well as twin crystal probes and transmitter-receiver technique. 7.1.2 Probes: Use of single crystal compression probes in the frequency range 1 - 4 MHz is normally preferred. In areas with stringent quality requirements scanning with twin crystal compression probes and angle probes may be prescribed. For wall thickness’ less than 20 mm a frequency of minimum 4 MHz shall be used for all probe types. For each standard component probe selection will appear from the specific CUSTOMER control instruction.Following probe types of manufacture Krautkr?mer or equivalent may be specified:Krautkr?mer Single crystal compression probes: MB2S, 2 MHz, ?10 mmB2S, 2 MHz, ?24 mmB1S, 1 MHz, ?24 mmTwin crystal compression probes: MSEB2, 2 MHz, ?10 mmSEB 2-0°, 2 MHz, ?24mm7.1.3 Couplant: Ultrasonic jelly, oil or paste.7.2Surface condition General requirements to the surface finish of the specific control areas are described in the purchasing specification. The specified scanning surfaces in the control instruction shall have a condition, which ensures full coupling between the component and the sole of the probe. Possible irregularities may be ground flush to the surrounding surfaces. 7.3Calibration Digital ultrasonic instruments (e.g. Krautkr?mer USN 52 or equivalent) with facilities such as auto adjustment of scale range and with pre-programmed DGS (AVG) curves for probes of same manufacture may be used. For such instruments calibration shall be performed in accordance with the routines described in the belonging manual and in accordance with following requirements:7.3.1 Scale range: The scale range is adjusted on a free edge of the item or using a calibration block of similar material. When using compression probes the scale range is adjusted using the back wall echo from a parallel surface on the item or from a calibration block of similar material.7.3.2 Sensitivity, compression probes: The back wall echo is set to 80 % of full screen height. Using the probe specific DGS –diagram the gain setting is adjusted to a sensitivity of the prescribed reference reflector at the relevant distance.7.3.3 Sensitivity, angle probes: Using angle probes the back wall echo from the radii's on the IIW calibration blocks V1 or V2 are used (calibration block to be used appears from the specific DGS-diagram).7.3.4 Transfer losses: Prior to examination with angle probes the ultrasonic operator shall ensure the following measurement: - Measurement to determine the differences of coupling and attenuation between the block for setting of sensitivity and the cast-iron item. - Measurement shall be carried out by - 1) using V-transmission in areas with parallel surfaces or 2) using a calibration block of similar material. - Differences in sound path length shall be compensated for. The basic gain setting shall then be corrected for possible transfer losses.7.4Extent of examination The item is to be scanned to the extent according to the specific control instruction. If a control instruction is not prepared the indications shall be evaluated according to the acceptance levels for zone 1 (table 1) and figure A (table 2) - and shall be forwarded to the quality department of CUSTOMER for evaluation. 7.5Classification of zones The item must be examined according to the zone classification for the actual material cross section thickness (see table 2). For a thickness of the actual material cross section equal to or less than 80 mm examination shall be carried out according to figure A in table 2. For a thickness of the actual material cross section greater than 80 mm examination shall be carried out according to figure B in table 2. (E.g. 100 mm thickness in actual material cross section: 40 mm in depth of the material nearest to the scanning surface from all sides shall be examined according to zone 1, whereas the remaining 20 mm of the centre core shall be examined according to zone 2).7.6Evaluation of indications Indications shall be evaluated according to their type, propagation and zone placement. The acceptance criterias distinguish between the following types of ultrasonic indications:* Reduction or total loss of back wall echo in areas with parallel surfaces. Indications with simultaneous reduction or total loss of back wall echo. * Indications in areas without the possibility of a back wall reflection. The mentioned types of indications can appear with or without measurable area. For indications in zone 1 in areas with parallel surfaces, the registration level distinguishes between indications with simultaneous reduction of back wall echo or with simultaneous total loss of back wall echo. In areas without parallel surfaces or when using angle beam probes, all indications are evaluated after the rules for simultaneous total loss of back wall echo.7.6.1 Reduction of back wall echo are indications which are detected only as a reduction of the back wall echo exceeding the recording level for the actual material thickness according to table 1. Propagation (projection on scanning surface) for such indications shall be evalu-ated in accordance with table 1, zone 1. The indication limits are where the back wall echo is reduced to the actual recording level for the material thickness.Total loss of back wall echo is defined as a reduction greater than the recording level + 6 dB for the actual material thickness. 7.6.2 Indications without area are single indications detected by – 1) a reflection greater than the recording level (DSR/KSR) for the actual zone and material thickness, and - 2) which do not show any measurable projected area on the scanning surface. Such indications shall be evaluated directly according to table 1, and only the size expressed as DSR shall be recorded. 7.6.3 Indications with area are indications detected by – 1) a reflection greater than the recording level (DSR) for the actual zone and material thickness and – 2) which do show a measurable projected area on the scanning surface. The projected area is measured using the 6 dB drop method below the actual recording level.Reflectors in zone 1 as well as indications detected only as a reduction or total loss of the back wall echo shall be evaluated according to table 1, zone 1, and both area and echo amplitude (DRS) shall be recorded. 7.6.4 Depth propagation for reflectors in zone 2 with simultaneous total loss of back wall echo is determined by measuring from both surfaces to the points where a direct reflection equal to or greater than the recording level for reflectors in zone 1 (total loss) is obtained. This is also the procedure for depth measurement of indications propagating from zone 2 into zone 1. However, the part of the indication located in zone 1 shall also be evaluated according to the acceptance levels for zone 7.7Measurement of sound velocity The nodularity (shape, size and distribution of spheroidal graphite) is verified by measurement of the sound velocity for compression waves. Also check for information described in the specific CUSTOMER control instruction. 7.7.1 Technique: Measurement is carried out in areas with parallel surfaces, where the actual wall thickness can be measured with a slide caliper or a micrometer screw gauge. For measurement of sound velocity single crystal compression probes are used. With stationary placed probe the ultrasonic distance between two repeated back wall echoes is measured. On the ultrasonic instrument the sound velocity for compression waves is changed until the distance between the echoes is similar to the actual wall thickness. 7.8Recording All recordable indications shall be marked on the surface of the item. For each item the indications shall be recorded with detailed information about location in relation to the scanning surface, depth location, area, echo height in relation to the recording level on the item. Indications near surfaces, which subsequently may be removed by machining or by repair grinding according to table 4, shall not be recorded. After measurement of indications and recording the results are evaluated in accordance with the acceptance levels in table 1. Unacceptable areas are pointed out. Specific examination procedures for types of defects, which cannot be identified with this procedure, can be agreed upon with CUSTOMER. The sound velocity values and the points of measurements are recorded. Requirements on the sound velocity values are given in table 3. 7.9Reporting All examinations shall be finished with a final report containing information as item No./type, inspector/date, examination technique, reference to specific CUSTOMER control instruction, equipment, examination results with information as mentioned in section 7.8 and relevant sketches.Final report must be kept by manufacturer for a minimum of 10 years.