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在閱讀中我們常常會(huì)遇到生詞或雖是熟詞但用原來學(xué)過的意思去理解卻不通，這時(shí)就需要根據(jù)上下文，也就是語境，去理解，有的也可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去理解。高考閱讀理解題中也常常要求考生推測詞義。這里著重談?wù)劯鶕?jù)語境理解時(shí)的幾條具體線索。,詞義推測的六條線索,1. 根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系 根據(jù)上下句之間表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系的連接性詞語來推測詞義。如表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞有but, however, otherwise, or, though等, 表示對比關(guān)系的標(biāo)志性詞語有unlike, while, on the other hand, in spite of, in contrast等；另外, 分號(hào)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、 對比或不相干的意義。,[例1] Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.,The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is ______. A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you B. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you 解析：B 本句由or引出，與前句意義相對，要求猜的ally顯然與前句的enemy相對，即為“朋 友”，朋友是支持和幫助我們的，故選B。,B,2. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系 就是根據(jù)前后的因果關(guān)系來推斷其中的某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思?？赡苁怯杀硎驹虻木湟馔瞥霰硎窘Y(jié)果的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思, 即由因推果法；也可能是由表示結(jié)果的句意推出表示原因的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思，即由果推因法。表示因果關(guān)系的有because, so that, so/such.that.等。,[例2] Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.,What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean? A. Keep everything out of campgrounds. B. Take away everything you bring in. C. Carry all the necessary food. D. Look after your personal belongings.,解析：B 句中so引出結(jié)果, 由果推因, “不要留下任何參觀的痕跡”, 因此“要把帶來的所有東西都帶走”, 故選B。,B,3. 根據(jù)解釋或修飾語 根據(jù)后面的括號(hào)中、 破折號(hào)后面、 引號(hào)中的內(nèi)容, 或者后面的定語從句，以及namely 和that is等后面的解釋性內(nèi)容推測生詞或短語的意思。,[例3] The schools are reluctant to take time off——even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.,The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless 解析： B 根據(jù)破折號(hào)后面的解釋“即使是有英格蘭和阿根廷比賽門票的老師也很難擠出一天的時(shí)間”，可見學(xué)校是“不愿意”放假的, 故選B。,B,4. 根據(jù)同義關(guān)系 根據(jù)生詞所處語境中的同義或近義詞的意思來推測它的意思。有時(shí)有and 或or等，我們可以根據(jù)前后兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)并列的內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的關(guān)系，來確定同等或同類關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。,[例4] It is obvious that if students value highly their test scores, then a great amount of their self-respect is put in the number. Students who perform poorly on the exam are left feeling that it is all over. The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.,“a prestigious university” is most probably means ____. A. a famous university B. a technical university C. a traditional university D. an expensive university 解析: A 根據(jù)上句可知，此句中的prestigious university就是上句中的good college，也就是prestigious與good或famous同義，故選A。,A,5. 根據(jù)語境關(guān)聯(lián) 由上下文語境的描述猜測出某個(gè)詞語的意思。 [例5] (2013廣東)While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class, a monitor (監(jiān)控器) a few hundred miles away was watching her every move.,Using a web camera equipped in Jennifer’s Los Angeles apartment, the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room… In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general.,A. advanced technique B. sharpening tool C. effective rule D. dividing line 解析：A 第一段總述Jennifer在家中考試，有監(jiān)控器監(jiān)視她的每一個(gè)動(dòng)作；第二段具體描述監(jiān)控器如何監(jiān)視她；第三段開頭，this is the cutting edge…，句中this指代什么？就是指上文描述的為了防止網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育中考試作弊所采用a monitor進(jìn)行監(jiān)控的先進(jìn)技術(shù)，故選A。,The underlined expression “cutting edge” is closest in meaning to ______.,A,6. 綜合運(yùn)用多種方法 除上述方法外, 還可以根據(jù)并列關(guān)系、 同類關(guān)系、 比喻關(guān)系、 定義關(guān)系、 所舉實(shí)例、 構(gòu)詞法和生活常識(shí)等多種方法推測生詞的意義，有時(shí)需要綜合運(yùn)用多種方法，才可推測其意義。 [例6] The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.,The underlined word “fixture” probably refers to something __________. A. that people enjoy eating B. that is always present C. that is difficult to get D. that people use as a gift 解析：B 這種新品種菠蘿很暢銷, 當(dāng)然成為了健康飲食人士購物筐中的“?？汀?。另外根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)可知, 該詞的詞根是fix, 含有“固定”之意。故選B。,B,