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2019-2020年高中英語 Unit22 Environmental Protection難句.剖析.拓展 北師大版選修8 1. In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earth’s climate—something previously seen as beyond our control. 在過去的幾十里, 科學(xué)家一致認為, 人類正在造成地球氣候的變化——這是一種原來被認為是超出我們控制能力的現(xiàn)象。 剖析：這是一個主從復(fù)合句, scientists have reached consensus and reported 是主句, in the last few decades是時間狀語, that引導(dǎo)賓語從句human beings are causing changes in the Earth’s climate, something...是changes的同位語。previously seen 是過去分詞作定語, 等于that was previously seen, as“就像……一樣”, sth. be seen as“被作為……看待”。beyond our control“在我們的控制之外”。 拓展：過去分詞作定語相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句, 前提是當從句的主語和主句的主語相同時, 才能把從句縮略為過去分詞, 如果主句的主語和從句主語不相同, 要用介詞with構(gòu)成with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)——with sth. done。 2. Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun’s rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on. 如果沒有這些自然產(chǎn)生的氣體, 太陽的光線將會被反射回太空中去, 地球?qū)⑻幱诤渲? 而不適合生命的存在。 剖析：這是一個含有現(xiàn)在分詞的簡單句, Without these naturally occurring gases是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語, the sun’s rays would bounce back into space 是句子的主體, leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。 拓展： 1)本句是一個與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的虛擬語氣, without短語起到一個條件狀語從句的作用, 等于if there were not these naturally occurring gases“如果沒有這些自然產(chǎn)生的氣體”。從句中, be的形式要用were, 主句中謂語要用“would +動詞原形”。 2)此處的leave意為“使得某人或某物處于某種狀態(tài)”, 常用的形式有:leave sb. /sth. +adj. , leave sb. /sth. +介詞短語, leave sb. /sth. +doing, leave sb. /sth. +done。 3. Over the last 100 years, the global average temperature has increased by 1F and many experts insist that the blame for this global warming can mostly be pinned on human activities. 在過去的100里, 全球的平均溫度上升了1華氏度, 許多專家堅持認為，在很大程度上，人類的活動要對全球變暖負責(zé)。 剖析：這是一個由and連接的并列復(fù)合句, 第一個并列分句是Over the last 100 years, the global average temperature has increased by 1F, 第二個并列分句是many experts insist..., 其中又包含一個賓語從句that the blame for this global warming can mostly be pinned on human activities. 拓展： 1)“介詞by+數(shù)詞”表示動作發(fā)展的程度。 2)insist作“堅持認為”講時, 后面的從句用陳述語氣。如:The young man insisted that what he had done was right. 那個輕人堅持認為他做的事情是正確的。 當insist作“堅決要求”講時, 后面的從句用虛擬語氣, 謂語是“should +do”, should 可以省略。如:The young man insisted that what he had won should be sent to the poor pupils. 那個輕人堅決要求將他贏得的東西送給貧窮的學(xué)生。 4. Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence. 根據(jù)這一數(shù)據(jù)推斷, 人類活動與全球變暖之間的關(guān)系不僅僅是一個巧合。 剖析：這是一個主從復(fù)合句, Given this data是過去分詞作條件狀語, 相當于When we are given this data, it seems...是主句, it是形式主語, 真正的主語從句是 that the link...is not merely a coincidence, between human activities and rising global temperatures是介詞短語作定語。 拓展：given作“假設(shè)的, 假使的”講, given短語用在句中可相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。如: Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai on Monday evening. ＝If we are given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai on Monday evening. 假如天氣好, 我們的船將于星期一晚上到達上海。 I’d e and see you in New York, given the chance. = I’d e and see you in New York, if I am given the chance. 如果有機會, 我就到紐約來看你。 5. They suggest making small changes like taking public transport, recycling, using low-flow shower heads, and buying light bulbs that use less energy. 專家們建議我們在生活上作一些小小的改變, 比如搭乘公共交通工具, 循環(huán)使用, 使用節(jié)水沐浴龍頭, 購買節(jié)能燈泡。 剖析：這是一個含有動名詞的簡單句, they是主語, suggest是謂語, making small changes是動名詞作賓語, like 是介詞, 后面接三個動名詞作介詞賓語, that use less energy是定語從句，修飾light bulbs。 拓展：中學(xué)教材中常見的只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞有:avoid, admit, advise, regret, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, permit, resist, risk, suggest, stop 等。(stop 后雖也能接不定式, 但不定式是作狀語。) 只接動名詞作賓語的一些常用特殊動詞的口決: 特殊動詞接“動名”, 使用它們要記清, “放棄”“享受”可“后悔”, “堅持”“練習(xí)”必“完成”, “延期”“避免”非“介意” ， 掌握它們今必行。 6. Reduced rainfall has affected large areas of Africa for years leaving irrigation canals dry and many other zones are being drier. 降雨量的減少已經(jīng)影響了非洲大部分地區(qū)多, 使灌溉渠道干涸, 而許多其他地方則變得更加干旱。 剖析：這是一個由and連接的并列句, 在第一個并列分句中, leaving irrigation canals dry是現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語。在第二個并列分句many other zones are being drier中, 用了現(xiàn)在進行時和形容詞的比較級, 表示正在變化的動作。 7. An even greater number of people live at risk, to some degree, from earthquakes which have claimed more than 1. 6 million lives in the last hundred years. 從某種程度上來說, 有更多的人處在地震的危險中, 在過去的幾百間地震已經(jīng)奪去了160多萬人的生命。 剖析：這是一個主從復(fù)合句, An even greater number of people live at risk是主句。from earthquakes是介詞詞組作定語修飾risk, which have claimed more than 1. 6 million lives in the last hundred years是定語從句。more than 1. 6 million lives in the last hundred years是claimed的賓語從句, more than“超過”, 修飾1. 6 million, to some degree是插入語。 拓展： 插入語一般對一句話作一些附加的說明。常見的插入語有形容詞(詞組)、副詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語、介詞短語、從句以及固定短語。插入語的位置, 可放在句首、句中或句末, 一般用逗號或分號隔開。 1）常見的介詞短語有:to some degree（從某種程度上來說), in fact;in addition;in a word;on the other hand;in other words;in one’s opinion;in that case;by the way;of course;as a rule;to one’s surprise;for example;on the contrary（相反);in a way(在某點上、在某種程度上);for one thing;for another (thing)等。 2）常見的形容詞(詞組)、副詞作插入語的有:sure enough(果然);strange;worse still(更糟糕的是);most important(最重要的是);honestly;obviously;however;otherwise;luckily;unfortunately;besides;first;second;especially;surprisingly等。 3）常見的不定式作插入語的有:to tell the truth;to be short(簡單地);to begin with(首先);to be sure(自然、當然、果然);to be honest/frank;to make things worse;to make a long story short;to speak of(值得一提的是)等。這些插入語表示說話人的態(tài)度, 在句子中作獨立成分。 4）常見的現(xiàn)在分詞短語作插入語的有:generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from/by;talking of(談到);considering(考慮到);putting it mildly(說得客氣一點)等。這些分詞用來修飾全句。 8. Most disaster experts believe there is the potential that things could get a lot worse. 大多數(shù)研究災(zāi)難的專家認為情況可能會變得更加嚴重。 剖析：這是一個主從復(fù)合句, Most disaster experts believe是主句, there is the potential 是賓語從句, that things could get a lot worse是同位語從句, 進一步說明the potential的內(nèi)容。 拓展：1）同位語對前面的名詞起解釋作用。同位語從句與定語從句在外形上非常相似。同位語從句的先行詞多為fact, belief, news, idea, thought, question, reply, possibility, hope, problem, remark, report等名詞, 引導(dǎo)詞常用that。 2）同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別： ①從意義的角度來看, 同位語從句與先行詞之間存在的是同位或等同的關(guān)系。定語從句與先行詞之間存在的是所屬關(guān)系, 表示“……的”, 起修飾限定作用。 ②從語法角度來看, 引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞, 只起語法作用, 用來連接同位語從句, 在從句中不充當任何成分。引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞, 它除了起引導(dǎo)從句的語法作用之外, 還要在從句中充當句子成分, 主要是作主語或賓語。 ③從先行詞的詞性來看, 同位語從句的先行詞大都為抽象名詞, 而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞, 也可以是代詞或句子。