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2019-2020年高考英語語法 非謂語動詞練習(xí) NOTICE：記住詞性及在句中所承擔(dān)的語法成分 (非限定性動詞相當于n. adj. adv. 的用法，具體如下)。 1. 動名詞( doing ) : n. adj. (其中動名詞有四種形式即：一般式的主動形式(doing): n. adj. ，一般式的被動形式(being done): n. adj.，完成式的主動形式(having done): n.，完成式的被動形式(having been done): n. ) Notice:⑴當完成式起名詞作用時可與一般式互換,此種類型常跟在介詞(for,after,upon,on,about,without,with,etc.)后。即:having done = doing ,having been done = being done ,如:Im sorry for ... , Im upset about having been punished / being punished by my teacher。⑵常與時態(tài)連考(一般式,完成式) 。⑶?？贾鲃颖肀粍?，表示"需要做/該做..." : require / want / need / deserve...doing = require / want / need / deserve... to be done ，值得做：be (well) worth doing = be worthy to be done / of being done.⑷與there be句型連考。⑸與某些特殊句型連考。 2. 不定式( to do ): n. adj. adv. Notice: ⑴ to do表示意想不到的結(jié)果狀語,常與Only連用。⑵其進行時無被動 (其理論上是有“進行時”的被動的，但極少用或為了使句子更加簡潔，所以有的語法書上就干脆說，其“進行時”是無被動的)。⑶ in order / so as to do表目的時,其否定形式不能用not in order / so as to do ,而必須用in order / so as not to do。⑷?？紅oo...to do...作結(jié)果狀語（A. too + adj./adv.(多表性質(zhì)，特征) + to do.“太...而不能”，主語可為人可為物，起消極作用；B.（not/never/only/all/but...）+ too + adj./adv.(表示樂意，愿意，容易等，如：eager,glad,easy,happy,pleased,etc.) + to do...時，“too”相當于“very”,“to do”不表示結(jié)果而表原因,主語多為人，且起積極作用；C. 句型：“not too...to do...”表肯定，譯為：“不太...可以...” ； “too...not to do...”表雙重否定，譯為：“太...不能不...”）。⑸可與wh-/how連用 。⑹?？贾鲃颖肀粍?。⑺表示過去本想做而沒有做:V-ed +to have done = had done to do,would like / love to have done 。⑻常跟不帶to的不定式(如，表示“別無選擇或不得不做...”:cannot but do ,cannot help but do ,cannot choose but do ,etc.)。⑼ to的省略:(如: besides ,but ,except 的前有do后省to,及其他形式的省略)。 ⑽常與時態(tài)連考（一般式,完成式）（?？季湫? It’s said /believed/reported...that +主語+其他=主語+be+said/believed/reported...to do/to be doing /to have done/to have been doing）。⑾與there be句型連考。⑿與某些特殊句型連考。 3. 分詞( V-ing 表主動進行/ V-ed 表被動完成 ): adj. adv. Notice: ⑴由于完成式無adj.形式，所以在(限)定從的省略中完成式是不能做定語的，即無:having done的形式（但可作非限定性定語，也常被稱為作狀語或提于句首）,但可用done來代替having done/having been done。⑵常與定語從句的省略連考。⑶ Being done/ Having been done作狀語時的用法：A.“Being done”表示“(當時)正在被”相當于“When done”或“(當時)存在 / 伴隨的狀態(tài)”。B.在Having been done中:a. 若中文出現(xiàn)“后”“已經(jīng)”等（字眼/時間狀語）（英文卻又沒有給出如：“many/several times/years”等） ，則最好加上“Having been” b. 若中英文都沒有給出明確的（已完成）的時間狀語，則最好不加“Having been” c. 若中英文都沒有明確的時間狀語，但句意中的時間先后性極強，則最好加上“Having been” d 若英文中出現(xiàn)：many/several times ,etc. 則一定要加上“Having been”。（獨立主格中也是如此）C.“Having been done”側(cè)重于表動作被動的先后順序；而“done”除了表被動外，還表(已完成的)狀態(tài)。⑷?？糣-ing作結(jié)果狀語，其前可加thus,thereby。⑸作狀語時可轉(zhuǎn)化為對應(yīng)的狀語從句(伴隨狀語除外)，且常與時態(tài)連考(一般式,完成式)。⑹若強調(diào)時間，對比，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時，則連詞最好不要省(如:作條件狀語時，若有連詞unless ,則unless不能省,作讓步狀語時，若有連詞though ,則也不要省)。⑺表示感官/感覺/使役/致使動詞(hear,feel,find,notice,see,keep,set,make,have,get,wish,leave,watch,imagine,etc.)+sb/sth+分詞,其中如何選擇V-ing/V-ed作賓補，要注意以下三個方面:A.make,wish,want(特殊)后通常跟done作賓補（ Notice：① want其賓補要注意以下幾種情況：（not） want sb / sth (to be) done（被動）(常用) / doing（主動）（want前常帶有否定詞not）。區(qū)別(not) want sb / sth to do與want sb (not) to do .②句型：make sb/sth do ; make oneself done ）。B.set 后常用doing作賓補。(eg: His question has set me thinking deeply ) 。C.作賓補的分詞若表示“正在被”，則前面要加being。⑻短暫性動詞的V-ing不可作定語(eg: A. Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists ；B. Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists √)。⑼ being + adj.不可作后置定語。⑽注意區(qū)別與動名詞的說(叫)法和用法。 4. 非謂語動詞的四種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ( 由于有些非謂語動詞的施動者不是主句的主語，則要添加其邏輯主語防止產(chǎn)生歧義。一般來說，邏輯主語是非謂語動詞動作的執(zhí)行者或承受者(它們在邏輯上存在著主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系)，所以必定能在所在分句中找到，否則就會被視為語法錯誤。但是，有的邏輯主語卻允許不表示出來: 如，無依著(懸垂/垂懸)分詞（通常暗含主語為：you ,he ,we ,it ,they ,one ,etc.在不影響句意(即給出語境)的情況下是可以被接受的 ，若在無語境的情況下，則常會引起歧義是不能被接受的。另外懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)通常出現(xiàn)在科技，新聞等文章雜志上，不鼓勵在學(xué)習(xí)中使用） ，被約定俗成的習(xí)慣用語(如：judging from / by ,according to ,etc.)。等): ⑴動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，⑵不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，⑶分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu))，⑷With 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（※）。 ⑴動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):①邏輯主語有生命:形容詞性物主代詞/名詞s＋動名詞。②邏輯主語無生命:代詞普通格/n.＋動名詞. ( Notice: 若邏輯主語雖表示有生命，但表示的是一類人時,不用①;若復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語(表示有生命的人或物)時也可用②;有多個邏輯主語并列時,不用①;邏輯主語是指示代詞或不定代詞時,不用①) 。 ⑵不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): for / of sb to do ⑶分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)): n. / pron.(主格) +分詞/n./adj./adv./to do/介詞短語 ⑷With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（※）: With + O + OC (V-ing/V-ed/n./adj./adv./to do./介詞短語) (其中,V-ing表示主動進行,V-ed表示被動完成,to do表示將來,adj./adv.表示狀態(tài),介詞短語表示位置.) ( Notice:①“OC”的形式通常根據(jù)其前的“O”來定（尤其“OC”是“V-ed”，“V-ing”的形式），但“to do”除外。②with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的純凈結(jié)構(gòu)。③Without后跟動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),因為Without是介詞). 總的來說：⑴動名詞：n. adj.（Notice:一般式：n. adj.；完成式：n.）⑵to do：n. adj. adv.⑶分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞 / 過去分詞）：adj. adv.（Notice:一般式：adj. / adv. 完成式：adv.） 經(jīng)典例題: ㈠ 單項選擇 He was busy writing a story ,only ___ once in a while to make a cigarette. A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped It isn’t cold enough for there ___ a frost tonight ,so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely. A. would be B. being C. was D. to be There’s no ___ what he is going to do. A. tell B. telling C. told D. to tell “Do you have any clothes ___ today ?” the maid said. A. washing B. to wash C. to be washing D. to be washed 5. The mothers saw their children well ___ at the nursery. A. taking care of B. take care of C. to be taken care of D. taken care of In order not to be disturbed ,I spent three days ___ up in my study. A. lock B. locked C. locking D. to lock 7. Please remain ___ to accept the fellowship . A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. stand As the light turned green ,I stood for a moment ,not ___ ,and asked myself what I was going to do. A. moved B. moving C. to move D. being moved A young woman saw a pair of fashion boots in a shop that set her heart ___ .But the price was far beyond her means. A. to race B. racing C. race D. raced I’d love ___ the party night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone Under the environment of fierce petition ,the only way John could imagine ___ stress was to get tougher via making greater efforts. A. handling B. handled C. of handling D. having handled Sometimesnewideashavetobetestedmanytimesbefore______. A.acceptingfully B.beingfullyaccepted C.fullyaccepting D.fullybeingaccepted While watching television ,___ . A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings ___ the doorbell ,the little girl jumped out of the couch and went to open for her father. A. Hearing B. Having heard C. Heard D. To hear The old man ,___ so badly ,almost lost his memory. A. hurting B. having been hurt C. being hurt D. to be hurt ㈡ 單句改錯。 Attention：單句改錯改錯時改“錯”，而不是把句中的表達法改成另外的表達形式。很多人對這個概念比較模糊。把原句中并沒有錯的形式改成了自己認可的另外一種形式，雖然改后的表達法也是對的，但這樣做偏離了這類題型的答題要求，因而也不能得分。 △下面每句話中有一處錯誤，錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。（修改后不改變句子意思） 增加：在缺詞處加一個漏詞符號（∧），并在此符號下面寫出該加的詞。 刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。 修改：在錯的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。 1. Such / That is the case,we’d better make another plan . 2. We can’t imagine there is such a big library in the town . 3. The villagers want there be a bridge over the river . 4. Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. 5. In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 6.Charles and Linda Mason do all of these things as well as climbed building. 7. They are quiet ,aren’t they ? Yes .They are accustomed to not talk at meal . 8 I‘d like very much e but I have an examination on Monday morning. 　 9. I waved to her but failed attract her attention. 10. My parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure that I get a good education.