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2019-2020年高三英語二輪復習 專題三 閱讀理解 第四講 主旨大意題 題型1　概括主旨大意類 [示例]　(xx全國卷Ⅲ，C)After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources(來源) for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and pletely drove away the park’s beavers. As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years ing up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a eback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 8．What is the text mainly about? A．Wildlife research in the United States. B．Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C．The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. D．The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. [解題思路] 第一步　速讀文章，找出本篇主題句 After__years__of__heated__debate,__gray__wolves__were__reintroduced__to__Yellowstone__National__Park. 第二步　對比選項，確定答案 關鍵詞復現(xiàn)：wolves;__reintroduced;__Yellowstone__National__Park 嘗試解答　____D____ [答題技巧] 1．識別題干關鍵 (1)What’s the main idea of the passage/text? (2)What’s the passage/text mainly about? (3)What does the author mainly discuss in the passage/text? 2．“主題句定位”尋主旨 概括文章主旨關鍵在于查找主題句。主題句是文章的核心，具有明確的概括性。主題句的位置一般有以下幾種： (1)主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開門見山，提出主題，用細節(jié)來解釋或拓展主題句所表達的主題思想，是最常見的演繹法寫作方式。新聞報道、說明文或議論文通常采用這種寫法。 (2)主題句出現(xiàn)在文末。在表述細節(jié)后，歸納要點以概括主題，是最常見的歸納法寫作方式。 (3)主題句首尾呼應。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結束時再次點出主題。 (4)主題句出現(xiàn)在中間。寫作方式為：細節(jié)描述——歸納主題——進一步解釋。 3．找主題句的五個竅門 (1)首段轉折處常引出文章主題句； (2)主題句常包含文章主題詞； (3)主題句常是定義型或總結型的句子； (4)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答可能是主題句； (5)首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設時，例子或假設后面的內(nèi)容可能是主題句。 題型2　總結段落大意類 [示例]　(xx全國卷Ⅱ，C)Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has pleted its first flight, bringing the pany closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon. 28．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The basic data of the Transition. B．The advantages of flying cars. C．The potential market for flying cars. D．The designers of the Transition. [解題思路] 第一步　讀本段文字，試找出能總結段落大意的關鍵詞 has__two__seats;__four__wheels__and__wings;__at__1，400__feet;__reach__around__70__miles__per__hour等。 第二步　歸納本段大意 嘗試解答　____A____ [答題技巧] 1．識別題干關鍵 (1)The main idea of the... paragraph is probably ________． (2)The... paragraph talks about ________． (3)What’s Paragraph... mainly about? 2．“首尾兼顧”定選項 (1)每個段落通常都有一個中心，段落中心通常會在段首句體現(xiàn)出來。有些采用歸納法的段落，細節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后，段落中心會在段尾句體現(xiàn)。 (2)注意某些段落沒有明顯的段落中心，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容概括出中心。 題型3　標題歸納類 [示例]　(xx全國卷Ⅲ，D)The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.　 Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people, leading to them being more isolated(隔絕) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life. These include custommade navigation(導航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.” “But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.” Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.” “For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined.We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.” “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解決方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.” 15．What is the best title for the text? A．A New Model Electric Car B．A Solution to Traffic Problems C．Driving Services for Elders D．Keeping Older Drivers on the Road [解題思路] 第一步　速讀全文，找出本文的信息句，并標出關鍵詞 Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older__drivers which they hope could help them to continue__driving into later life. 第二步　比對選項，確定答案 關鍵詞復現(xiàn)：old__drivers；continue 嘗試解答　____D____ [答題技巧] 1．識別題干關鍵 (1)What is the best title for this passage? (2)The most suitable title of this passage is________． (3)Which of the following can be the best title for this passage? 2．“高度概括”定標題 (1)所選文章標題須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容。標題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。為吸引讀者的注意，標題往往比較醒目。 (2)一般文章的標題可根據(jù)主題句來判斷，但在某些文章中，如記敘文，沒有明確的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中的事實細節(jié)，查找文章的“主線”，歸納出文章的主題。 3．文章標題三特點 (1)一般為單詞、短語或句子形式，短語居多； (2)短小精悍，精確性強； (3)涵蓋性強，能覆蓋全文大意。 [狀元技法] 大局為重——主旨大意題解題兩注意 1．主旨大意題難度較大，屬于區(qū)分度很高的選拔性題目。注意無論此類題目出現(xiàn)在什么位置都要最后做，需要通讀全文后才能更好地把握文章主題，且文章中其他題目的解答會有助于對主題的理解。 2．注意主旨大意題干擾項的四個特征 (1)范圍過大：干擾項所歸納、概括的范圍太大。 (2)斷章取義：干擾項常以文章的個別信息作為選項，或者以次要的事實或細節(jié)充當全文的主要觀點。 (3)以偏概全：干擾項只反映了文章的部分內(nèi)容，也就是范圍太小。 (4)無中生有：干擾項的內(nèi)容和文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。 ,[學生用書P53]　 　　) A (xx云南昆明高三質(zhì)檢)Two weeks ago, a 7yearold girl, Chloe Bridgewater wrote a letter to Google, expressing her interest in working for the tech pany when she gets older. “Dear Google boss, my name is Chloe and when I am bigger I would like a job with Google, ” she wrote. “I also want to work in a chocolate factory and do swimming in the Olympics.” The student said she liked puters and had a tablet she played games on. She even showed off a robot game that her dad gave her. It wasn’t long before Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google, replied with his own letter on Google website. In a letter dated Feb. 3, Pichai wrote, “Dear Chloe, I’m glad that you like puters and robots, and hope that you will continue to learn about technology. I think if you keep working hard and follow your dreams, you can acplish everything you set your mind to. I look forward to receiving your job application when you are finished with school! ” Her father, Andy Bridgewater told ABC News he was pletely shocked that his daughter received a reply. But he wasn’t surprised that she decided to write the letter in the first place. “She’s got determination. She doesn’t see the barriers that we face every day，” he explained.“If she wants to do it, she will set out to do it and nothing will stop her.” The father remarked that his daughter began jumping up and down after receiving the letter. Still, he’s not in a rush to send his eldest daughter off to work. “Now, my daughter is confident, although she hasn’t yet fully understood that it will take more efforts than finishing her study to make it with Google，” he said. [解題導語]　本文是一篇記敘文，七歲女孩Chloe Bridgewater給谷歌CEO Sundar Pichai寫信，沒想到卻收到了Sundar的回信。 1．Chloe’s letter to Pichai shows us that she________. A．expects to be one of the Google members B．has a talent for making robots C．makes up her mind to study hard D．buries herself in puter games A　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句中的“when I am bigger I would like a job with Google”可知，她寫信給谷歌CEO是希望長大后能在谷歌工作，故A項正確。 2．We can know from the text that________． A．the girl wrote the letter to Pichai on February 3 B．there are two children in Bridgewater’s family C．Andy didn’t expect a reply from Pichai at all D．Google is sure to hire Chloe after her graduation C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的第一句“Her father, Andy Bridgewater told ABC News he was pletely shocked that his daughter received a reply.”可知，Andy對于他的女兒能收到回信很驚訝，據(jù)此可推知，Andy根本沒有指望會收到谷歌CEO的回信，故C項正確。 3．What is the main idea of the text? A．A 7yearold girl gets a job with Google. B．CEO of Google responds to a girl’s letter. C．A father forbids his girl to work for Google. D．Google decides to employ its youngest clerk. B　解析：主旨大意題。本文主要講述七歲女孩Chloe Bridgewater給谷歌CEO寫信，希望長大后在谷歌公司工作，沒想到谷歌CEO給她回了信，鼓勵她努力學習，實現(xiàn)夢想。故選B項。 B (xx江西名校聯(lián)盟檢測)Several decades ago, educators in the USA began to call attention to a national problem: most students leave American schools without the mathematical skills needed for jobs or for higher education.This was especially true for female and minority students.The Educational Testing Service reported that, in an international survey, American teenagers had the lowest math scores. This situation has been defined as “innumeracy”， or the inability to grasp the basic idea of mathematics.Mathematicians, teachers, and scientists were alarmed by these findings.They looked for the reasons and decided that, in addition to poor education, there are many psychological blocks. Embarrassment about not knowing math can lead to fear in the classroom.Fear can lead to silence because students do not want to draw attention to their lack of knowledge.As a result, those students fall further and further behind.Low__visibility__in__the__classroom__has__not__always__been__recognized__as__a__silent__call__for__help. Math educators decided to try to change that.Math reform is beginning with the educators themselves.Teachers are now being trained to recognize and to help students work through “math anxiety”—the roadblock on their way to gaining petence in mathematics.In addition, math textbooks are being updated to help students understand that math is not a sort of foreign language of numbers.Math is a tool that helps us to analyze patterns and structures, and to discover relationships. Traditional puting skills of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are still being taught, of course. However, there is added emphasis on logical thinking and creative problem solving, to which there may be several equally valid solutions. [解題導語]　本文講述了美國學生無法掌握數(shù)學基本概念的現(xiàn)象、原因及相應的對策。 4．What does the underlined sentence probably mean? A．Students with low scores fear to ask their teachers for help. B．Poor equipment in classrooms limits teens’ chances to learn. C．Math anxiety, hardly noticed, is actually a silent call for help. D．Poorsighted students can’t see clearly, which is a silent call for help. C　解析：句意理解題。根據(jù)上下文及畫線句前面的“Embarrassment about not knowing math can lead to fear in the classroom.Fear can lead to silence because students do not want to draw attention to their lack of knowledge.”可知，學生會因自己不懂某些數(shù)學知識感到尷尬，而這又會使他們產(chǎn)生恐懼心理，恐懼可能導致沉默，因為學生不想讓人注意到自己知識匱乏，相應地，老師也就會忽略學生這方面的不足，由此可知，C項最能傳達該畫線句的含義。 5．Which may lead to American students’ innumeracy? A．The methods of teaching. B．The difficulty of math itself. C．Students’ lack of interest in math. D．Schools’ not attaching enough value to it. A　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“in addition to poor education”及第四段的內(nèi)容尤其是“Math reform is beginning with the educators themselves.Teachers are now being trained to recognize and to help students...gaining petence in mathematics.”可知，教學方法可能是美國學生不能掌握數(shù)學基本概念的原因。 6．What may be discussed in the following paragraph? A．What to be taught in America’s revised math programs. B．How to make math reform actually benefit American students. C．How to improve teens’ logical thinking and problemsolving abilities. D．Why traditional puting skills are necessary in mathematics education. C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“there is added emphasis on logical thinking and creative problem solving, to which there may be several equally valid solutions”可知，文章接下來可能會陳述有關怎樣提高學生的邏輯思維能力及創(chuàng)造性地解決問題的能力方面的內(nèi)容，故選C。 7．What is the passage mainly about? A．Mathematic skills needed for higher education. B．The features of America’s mathematics education. C．Improvements in mathematics education in the U．S. D．The importance of mathematics education in the U．S. C　解析：主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文作者就美國學生無法掌握數(shù)學基本概念的現(xiàn)象、原因及相應的對策進行了陳述，故C項最能概括文章的主要內(nèi)容。 專題強化訓練15　主旨大意題——概括主旨大意/段落大意類[學生用書P105(單獨成冊)] A (xx長春監(jiān)測)Life in the Internet age is lonely—or is it? That’s what experts in human interaction are debating after a new Stanford University survey has been published. According to the study, the more time people spend online, the less they can spare for reallife relationships with family and friends. The researchers asked 113 people about the Web’s influence on daily activities. 36% of those people are online for more than five hours a week. “As Internet use bees more widespread, it will have an increasingly isolating(孤立的) effect on society，”says Robert Kraut, one of the researchers. Scholars and Web lovers criticized the study for stretching its data to make the “isolating” point. While 13% of regular Web users admitted the loss of time with loved ones，60% reported watching less TV. The survey also shows that email is the most popular online activity. If some of webheads(網(wǎng)蟲) spend what was once passive TV time keeping pany with friends via emails, “that’s a move toward greater connectedness，” says Paul Resnick，a professor at the University of Michigan. This isn’t the first claim that the Web should be criticized. A xx report monitored 73 Pittsburgharea families’ Internet use for a year. People who used the Internet more “talked less to family members and reported being lonelier and more depressed，” says Robert Kraut. “It’s true that there have been big declines in social connectedness over the past decades, but those declines began before the Internet was invented，” says Thomas Putnam. As Amitay Etzioni says, the Internet gives us a different kind of social life—not better or worse than before, but just different. [解題導語]　本文介紹了斯坦福大學的一項研究，即網(wǎng)絡是否會導致社會孤立以及來自社會各界的討論。 1．Who claimed that the Web had negative influence? A．Robert Kraut.　　　　　 B．Paul Resnick. C．Thomas Putnam. D．Amitay Etzioni. A　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“As Internet use bees more widespread, it will have an increasingly isolating(孤立的) effect on society，”says Robert Kraut, one of the researchers.可知，羅伯特克勞特認為隨著網(wǎng)絡使用越來越廣泛，網(wǎng)絡會導致社會孤立效應。故選A項。 2．The underlined word “This” in Para.4 refers to ________． A．the study conducted by Stanford University B．the survey made by the University of Michigan C．the conclusion in a report written in xx D．the opinion expressed in Bowling Alone A　解析：詞義猜測題。畫線詞所在句句意為：這不是第一次有人稱網(wǎng)絡應該受到批評。這仍然是羅伯特克勞特的觀點，也就是斯坦福大學開展的調(diào)查研究的結果。故選A項。 3．From the passage we learn that ________． A．watching TV used to take time away from staying online B．36% of Web users spend more than five hours a week online C．the Web was blamed more than once for causing an isolating effect D．the Web has the same influence as the telephone and the television C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段第一句This isn’t the first claim that the Web should be criticized.可知，因為網(wǎng)絡使人們之間的聯(lián)系減少，不止一次有人對此進行譴責。故選C項。 4．The passage mainly discusses ________． A．how we can make a better use of the Internet B．whether the Internet causes an isolating effect C．how declines in social connectedness appear D．what a different life the Internet brings to us B　解析：主旨大意題。文章以一項調(diào)查研究入題，進行了關于網(wǎng)絡是否會導致社會孤立效應的討論。故選B項。 B (xx廣東佛山檢測)The times are changing. On Thursday October 13th, singersongwriter Bob Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, marking the first time the highlyeyedon literary award has gone to someone who is mainly seen as a musician, and giving rise to heated discussions. The 75yearold won the prize “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”， the Swedish Academy said. “For 54 years he has been at it, reinventing himself，” said Sara Danius, the academy’s permanent secretary. “Bob Dylan writes poetry for the ear. But it’s perfectly fine to read his works as poetry.” And while many Dylan’s fans have found great delight at the news, others online and in the literary munity are__cross__with the mittee, saying the award has skipped over fiction writers for the second year. New York Times Book Review editor Pamela Paul said it was good news but pointed out how many “deserving” novelists there are. Director Martin Scorsese put out a statement saying he was “overjoyed” that Dylan was awarded the prize. “Dylan’s poetry, his musical genius, has meant so much to me personally and to generations of people around the world，” Scorsese said. “His work has influenced and shaped culture, and he has never stopped exploring and growing as an artist. The Nobel mittee has given Dylan a form of recognition that fits his role in our culture—in world culture.” Dylan won a Pulitzer Prize in xx for his “great influence on popular music and American culture”. He’s the first American to win the literary Nobel since Toni Morrison in 1993. [解題導語]　作為一名歌手，鮑勃迪倫獲得諾貝爾文學獎的消息讓很多人大感意外，從而引發(fā)熱議。 5．Why does Bob Dylan’s winning the Nobel Prize cause heated discussions? A．He created poetic expressions. B．He is known as a musician. C．He reinvents himself. D．He is 75 years old. B　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的marking the first time the highlyeyedon literary award has gone to someone who is mainly seen as a musician可知，正是因為鮑勃迪倫是一位歌手，所以獲得諾貝爾文學獎才引發(fā)熱議。故選B項。 6．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined part in Paragraph 4? A．Are thankful to. B．Are satisfied with. C．Are angry with. D．Are worried about. C　解析：詞義猜測題。第四段開頭的And while many Dylan’s fans have found great delight at the news中while表示“盡管”，引導讓步狀語從句，所以后面的others online and in the literary munity are__cross__with the mittee中的are cross with與found great delight意思應該相反。再根據(jù)最后的saying the award has skipped over fiction writers for the second year可判斷，are cross with應表示“對……生氣”，而不是D項中的“擔心……”。故選C項。 7．What can we know about Dylan according to Martin Scorsese? A．Dylan influences Martin a lot. B．Dylan is happy with the award. C．Dylan is a poet rather than a musician. D．Dylan benefits a lot from world culture. A　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的Dylan’s poetry, his musical genius, has meant so much to me personally and to generations of people around the world可知，鮑勃迪倫對他影響很大。故選A項。 8．What is the passage mainly about? A．A brief introduction to Bob Dylan. B．The reason for Bob Dylan’s success. C．Bob Dylan’s influence on American culture. D．Different views on Bob Dylan’s winning the Nobel Prize. D　解析：主旨大意題。文章開頭就點明了鮑勃迪倫獲得諾貝爾文學獎引起了熱議，接著說明了不同的人對此事的不同態(tài)度。故選D項。 C (xx江西名校聯(lián)盟檢測)Biologist Robert Pitman and his colleagues tracked orcas，or killer whales, and humpback whales off the coast of We