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2019-2020年中考英語專題與練習(xí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別（含答案） 一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 　　1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞 have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞說明該謂語是屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍。它和主語的人稱、數(shù)要保持一致。過去分詞是主要的謂語動(dòng)詞，說明句子的意義。 　　2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法 　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的行為對主語目前產(chǎn)生的影響。即用過去發(fā)生的某個(gè)行為來說明現(xiàn)在的某種情況。 　　We are good friends.(現(xiàn)在的情況） 　　I knew him in 1997.（過去的動(dòng)作） 　　We have known each other since 1997. 　?。ìF(xiàn)在完成時(shí)把過去的動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來并著眼于現(xiàn)在） 　　（1）表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet 等副詞修飾。如： 　　-Have you had lunch yet? 　　-Yes, I have. Ive just had it. 　　你（已經(jīng)）吃午飯了嗎？ 我剛剛吃過。（現(xiàn)在我不餓了） 　?。?）表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止，可能仍然在進(jìn)行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語?！? 　　 如：He has taught here since 1981 　　　　 他自1981年就在這兒教書。（可能還要繼續(xù)教） 　　　 　I havent seen her for four years. 　　　 　我有四年沒見到她了。 　　（3）表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一般譯為漢語“過”，常帶有twice, ever, never, three times等時(shí)間狀語。 　　如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京二次。 　　3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 　?。?）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時(shí)，可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語連用。 　　a. 用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑問句中。 　　如：We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。 　　　　They havent finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。 　　b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑問句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”或“從未”等。 　　如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾經(jīng)去過長城嗎？ 　　　　-I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長城。 　　c.用表示到說話為止的過去時(shí)間狀語，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。 　　例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 　　　　　我以前見過她，但記不起在哪里見過。 　　　　　He has been there three times the last few days. 　　　　　近幾天他去過那里三次了。 　　d.用包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。 　　例如：-Have you met him today? -No, I havent. 　　　　　今天你見過他嗎？我 沒有。 　　　　　How many times have you been there this year? 　　　　　今年你去過那里多少次？ 　?。?）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語連用,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從某一時(shí)刻開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如：I havent seen him for two years.　 但是，像e, arrive, buy等終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語連用。要用，必須改為“be（在）”等延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來表述?，F(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換： 　　　 arrive →be here　　　　　　　　 begin(start)→be on 　　　 die　 →be dead　　　　　　　　 e back →be back 　　　 leave →be away　　　　　　　　 fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep) 　　　 get up →be up　　　　　　　　　 go out　　 →be out 　　　 finish →be over　　　　　　　put on　 →wear 或be on 　　　 open　 →be open　　　　　　　join　　 →be in或 be a member of… 　　　 close　 →be closed　　　　　　 go to school →be a student 　　　 borrow　→keep　　　　　　　 　buy　 →have　　　　　 　　　 catch(a cold)→have(a cold)　 get to know →know 　　　 begin to study →study　　　 　 e to work →work等 　　如：He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。 　　　　His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。 　　　　The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。 　　　　We have studied English for three years. 我們（開始）學(xué)英語已三年了。 　　4.幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng) 　?。?）have been(to)與have gone( to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了）”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（說話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀?，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never, several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^北京兩次。 　　 He has gone to Beijing .　 他去北京了。 　　（2）如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。 　 　如：It is two years since his father died. 　　　　=His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有兩年了。 　?。?）終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。 　 　如：I havent left here since 1997.自從1997年以來，我一直沒有離開過這兒。 　　(4) 表示行為或狀態(tài)從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要加表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，常用 for＋一段時(shí)間, since＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)。 　 　I have lived here since my childhood.我從小就一直住在這里。 　 　I have lived here for 10 years. 我在這已經(jīng)住了10年了。 　　(5) 在提問現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語時(shí)通常用 how long 　　How long have you lived here? 　　注意：在表示某一行為狀態(tài)持續(xù)多長時(shí)間時(shí)，根據(jù)終止時(shí)間的不同，時(shí)態(tài)使用是不一樣的。如： 　　 I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在這里住了一周。 　　 I have lived here for a week by now. 到現(xiàn)在為止，我已經(jīng)在這里住了一周。 　　 I will live here for a week next year.明年我會(huì)在這里住一周。 　二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；而一般過去時(shí)表示過去的事實(shí)，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。 I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我剛?cè)ミ^倫敦，是上個(gè)月去的。 　　1. 過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響?！? 　　2. 過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。 　　一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語: 　 　yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語 　　 共同的時(shí)間狀語: 　 　this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 　 　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 　 　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 　　3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.　 　　過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有e, go, leave, start, die, finish, bee, get married等。 　　舉例： 　　I saw this film yesterday. 　　 （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。） 　　I have seen this film.　 　　　 （強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）　　 　　Why did you get up so early? 　 （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了。） 　　Who hasnt handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。） 　　She has returned from Paris. 　　她已從巴黎回來了。 　　She returned yesterday.　 　　 　她是昨天回來了。 　　He has been in the League for three years. 　　(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) 　　He has been a League member for three years. 　(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) 　　He joined the League three years ago. 　　　　 ( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。) 　　I have finished my homework now.　 　　---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? 　　---Hes already been sent for. 　　句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。 　　（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. 　?。▽Γ㏕om wrote a letter to his parents last night. 　　三、練習(xí)題 　　1. A. 用 already或 yet 　　1) Have they taken down the old pictures ___ ___? No, they haven’t____ ___. 　　2) Most of us have finished our positions _____ . 　　3) He said he hadn’t visited the exhibition _____ ___. 　　B.用 since或 for 　　1) We have learned five lessons __ __ _ the beginning of this term. 　　2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital __ _ ___last week. 　　3) I have stayed at my aunt’s ___ __two weeks. 　　C. 用have gone或 have been 　　1) Where are the boy students? They _____ to the school factory. 　　2) Is your father in? No, he ___ _ to Shenzhen. _______he ever ______ there before ? Yes, he ___ there several times 　　3) He asked me if I___ __ to Hangzhou before. 　　 I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I __ __ never _ ___ to that city before. 　　2. 選擇填空 　　1.Mother __ __me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on. It fits me well. 　　A. had made…h(huán)ave tried 　 B. made…h(huán)ave tried 　　C. has made…tried　　　　 D. made…tried 　　2 “He ____to draw horses already”. “When ______ he ?” “ Last year “ 　　A. learned…h(huán)as 　B. learned…did 　C. has learned…h(huán)as　 D. has learned…did 　　3.Tom _____up into the tree. Look, he ____ high up there ! 　　A. has got…is 　B. has climbed…was　 C. got …was　　D. climbed…is 　　4.____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago. 　　A. Did…copy…did　 B. Have…copied…h(huán)ave C. Have…copied…did D. Did …copy…h(huán)ad 　　5. “Why ______ she _______ angry ?” “Because he _____ at her just now .” 　　A. did…get…shouted 　　　　B. has…got…shouted 　　C. did…get…h(huán)as shouted 　　 D. has…got…h(huán)as shouted 　　6. ______you __________ the film before ? Where _____ you ____ it ? 　　A. Have …seen…did…see　　 B. Did …see…did…watch 　　C. Have…seen…h(huán)ave…seen　　D. Did …see…h(huán)ave…seen 　　7.You ____ me waiting for two hours. I ____ for you since five. 　　A. kept…waited　　　　　 B. have kept…waited 　　C. kept…h(huán)ave waited　　　 D. have kept…h(huán)ave waited 　　8.Where ______ John _______ ? To the library. He _________ there for an hour. 　　 A.has…been…h(huán)as gone　B. has…gone…h(huán)as been 　 C. did…go…went　 D. did…be…went 　　9.______ the baby still _____ ? No, it _______ crying. 　　A. Has…cried…h(huán)as stopped　　　B. Is…crying…stopped 　　C. Did …cry…stopped 　　　　 D. Is…crying…h(huán)as stopped 　　10. I _______ the way. I ________ here for quite many years. 　　A. knew…h(huán)ave lived 　B. knew…live　 C. know…h(huán)ave lived 　D. know…live 　　11. _____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have. 　　A. Have…gone to 　B. Have…gone in 　C. Have…been to 　D. Have …been in 　　12. My brother ____college for over three years. 　　A. has gone to　 B. has been to　 C. has been in　 D. has been at 　　13.He ________ the Army by the end of 1989. He ______ in the army since then. 　　 A. joined…is　　 B. has joined…h(huán)as been 　　 C. had joined…is　　D. had joined …h(huán)as been 　　14. By the time I _____ back they ____ up ten satellites. 　　A. came…h(huán)ave sent　 B. came…h(huán)ad sent　 C. e…h(huán)ave sent　 D. had e…sent 　　15. Jack ____ over five lessons by seven o’clock. Then he ____ a rest. 　　A. went…took　 B. went…h(huán)ad taken 　C. had gone…took 　D. had gone…h(huán)ad taken 　　16. We ____ out by that time that he ____ a spy for a long time. 　　A. had found…h(huán)ad been 　B. had found…was 　C. found…h(huán)ad been 　D. found…was 　　17. Before the news ____ him, he ____ to know about it. 　　A. reaches…h(huán)as got　B. reached…h(huán)ad got　 C. reached…got D. had reached…got 　　18. I _____ him a second letter before I ____ from him. 　　A. wrote…h(huán)eard B. wrote…h(huán)ad heard C. had written…h(huán)eard D. have written…h(huán)ear 　　19. People ____ that the soldiers _____ fighting. 　　A. say…h(huán)ad stopped 　B. said…h(huán)as stopped 　C. say…stopped 　D. said…h(huán)ad stopped 　　20. We ____ in a good harvest because we ____ enough rain. 　　A. didn’t get…h(huán)ad had　　B. got…h(huán)ad had　　C. had got…h(huán)ad had D. got…h(huán)adn’t had 　　21. They _______ for five hours when they ______ in New York. 　　A. flew…arrived 　　　　B. had flown…h(huán)ad arrived 　　C. flew…h(huán)ad arrived 　　 D. had flown…arrived 　　22. She ____ that it _____ for two days by that day. 　　A. says…h(huán)as rained 　　B. says…h(huán)ad rained 　　C. said…h(huán)ad rained 　　D. said…rained 　　23. John _____ there since the year before, so he _____ them. 　　A. had worked…knew 　　B. had worked…h(huán)ad known 　　C. worked…knew 　　　　D. worked…h(huán)ad known 　　24. He _____ angry because he ____ for a long time. 　　A. had got…h(huán)ad waited 　B. got…waited 　C. had got…waited 　D. got…h(huán)ad waited 　　25. -I have seen the film “Titanic” already. 　　　 -When __________ you __________ it？ 　　　　-The day before yesterday. 　　A. have； seen　　 B. will； see　　 C. did； see　　 D. did； seen 　　26. Mr Black __________ in China since five years ago. 　　A. lived　 　B. has lived　　 C. lives　　 D. is going to live 　　27. We ____________ trees last Sunday. So far we __________ over 3，000 trees there. 　　A. planted； planted　　　　 B. planted； have planted 　　C. have planted； planted　　 D. have planted； have planted 　　練習(xí)答案： 　　1.A. 1) yet, yet　　 2) already　　　　　　　3) yet 　　　B. 1) since　　　　　　 2) since　　　　　　　　3) since 　　　C. 1) have been　　　　 2) has gone, Has, been, has been　　　 3) have been, have been 　　2. BDACA　　 ADBDC　　 CDDBC　　 ABCDB　　 DCADC　　 BB