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2019-2020年高考英語 優(yōu)等生百日備考沖刺系列 專題01 語法填空 詞類復(fù)習(xí)（含解析） 方法與知識(shí) 優(yōu)等生基本沒有知識(shí)的問題，所以優(yōu)等生的備考沖刺重點(diǎn)在于：1.梳理正確的做題方法和技巧；2.精選難度適中的訓(xùn)練題。 名詞 命題規(guī)律 名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。名詞的考查強(qiáng)調(diào)語言的情景化，重點(diǎn)考查在特定語境、真實(shí)語境中的準(zhǔn)確辨析、選擇和運(yùn)用名詞的能力。名詞短語的固定搭配及名詞作定語也是高考命題的注意點(diǎn)。 另外，在熟練掌握名詞的基本意義和用法的同時(shí)，要特別留意某些名詞的基本意義之外的引申、拓展和熟詞生義的用法。 名詞的考點(diǎn)歸納： (1)抽象名詞具體化：beauty美、美麗（不可數(shù)名詞） a beauty美人、美麗的東西（可數(shù)名詞）；experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)（不可數(shù)名詞）an experience一次經(jīng)歷（可數(shù)名詞）；surprise吃驚、驚奇（不可數(shù)名詞） a surprise令人吃驚的人或事（可數(shù)名詞）；honor榮譽(yù)、信譽(yù)（不可數(shù)名詞） an honor一種光榮的人或事（可數(shù)名詞）；failure失敗（不可數(shù)名詞） a failure/failures失敗的人或事（可數(shù)名詞）等等。 (2)名詞短語的固定的搭配：have/gain access to接近，到達(dá)；take … into consideration考慮；take advantage of利用；in consequence of 由于 …… 的緣故 ；put into effect 實(shí)行，生效 等等。 【考例分析】 1.“Learn through use” is a good piece of ________ (advise) for those who are studying a new language. 【答案與解析】advice　一條建議，此處應(yīng)用名詞形式。 Ill stop and take a deep ____. We don’t have to take great pains to control waste, but action and a grateful heart are needed; thank the water that runs through our fingers, and save it for poor Arabian or African countries struggling in water ______ (short); 【答案與解析】shortage考查名詞。根據(jù)句意：為貧窮的因水資源短缺而爭(zhēng)斗的阿拉伯國(guó)家或非洲國(guó)家節(jié)約水，此處應(yīng)填寫short的名詞形式，故正確詞語是shortage。 4.With the ____________ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more and more serious.【xx屆甘肅省天水一中一診】 【答案與解析】隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展，空氣污染變得越來越嚴(yán)重。考查名詞：發(fā)展：development 5.Air pollution is caused by the following 3_________: about half of the problem is caused by vehicles. 【xx屆甘肅省天水一中一診】 【答案與解析】空氣污染是由下面的原因造成的?？疾槊~“原因”reasons 6. If everybody realizes the ___________(important) of environment and does something to stop pollution, the problem will be solved. 【方法總結(jié)】1.介詞和動(dòng)詞后面可能缺賓語，這時(shí)填名詞；2.考查含有名詞的固定短語；3.句子缺主語時(shí)也可能填名詞作主語；4.冠詞后面可能填名詞；5一定要注意名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。 代詞 命題規(guī)律 一、代詞是每年必考，貫穿于各個(gè)試題類型的一個(gè)基本知識(shí)?？季V要求在廣泛掌握代詞基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的前提下，強(qiáng)調(diào)在具體語境中理解和使用代詞。 二、不定代詞是代詞中最重要、句法作用也是最為活躍的部分之一。因而，在復(fù)習(xí)中要注意總結(jié)、歸納，特別應(yīng)熟記一批有特點(diǎn)的例句，以加深印象，更加準(zhǔn)確地把握其用法。 三、平時(shí)要多做練習(xí)，能夠提高熟悉語境的能力，很多考題是要和語境相聯(lián)系起來考查的，這方面一定要重視。 代詞高考?？键c(diǎn) （1）人稱代詞：人稱代詞作主語一般用主格形式，做賓語用賓格形式，作表語用主格形式，做定語用所有格形式。反身代詞一般做表語、同位語和賓語，作賓語的前提是賓語和主語一致。特別注意：①人稱代詞用作表語時(shí)，如說明主語，一般要用主格，如說明賓語則要用賓格。②在簡(jiǎn)單的答語中多用賓格形式替代主格形式。 （2）反身代詞：反身代詞在句中可以作enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等動(dòng)詞和by, for, to等介詞的賓語，還可以作主語或賓語的同位語，可譯作“親自，本人”，但不能作主語。 （3） 指示代詞：指示詞有this, that, these, those等。注意以下4點(diǎn)：①this, these是時(shí)間或空間上的“近指”，可與here連用；that, those是時(shí)間或空間上的“遠(yuǎn)指”，可與there連用。②指上文提到的事一般用that，有時(shí)也用this，指下文的事只能用this。③打電話時(shí)，用this來介紹自己，用that來問對(duì)方，不用I或you。④ this和that還可表示程度，意為“如此，那么”，相當(dāng)于so，作狀語。 （4）不定代詞：①表示兩者“都”用both，表示兩者“都不”用neither/nor，表示兩者中的“任一”用either。②表示多者“都”用all，表示多者“都不”用none，no one, neither, nobody, nothing等表示多者中的“任一”用any。③all單獨(dú)使用，或者后接一個(gè)定語從句，或者前面有物主代詞時(shí)，意為everything或the only thing(s)。④another或“another＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”泛指“另一個(gè)，有一個(gè)，再一個(gè)”，其復(fù)數(shù)形式是others或“other＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”泛指“別人或別的物”，有some…others(一些…另一些…)之搭配。the other(+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)特指兩者中的另一個(gè)，常有one…the other(一個(gè)…另一個(gè)…)的搭配；其復(fù)數(shù)形式the others或“the other ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”特指在某些人或物中，除去一部分后，“其余的”“剩下的”人或物。another還可用于“another＋基數(shù)詞或few＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”中，與“數(shù)詞或some＋more/other ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”相當(dāng)。⑤everything(一切事，最重要的事), everyone =everybody (每個(gè)人，所有人); something(某事，重要的人或事物), someone =somebody(某/有人，重要的人); anything(什么事物，任何事物，無論什么事物), anyone =anybody(任何人，無論誰，重要的人); nothing(沒有東西，什么也沒有，不重要的人或事), no one=nobody(沒有人，不重要的人)等。它們還與別有詞構(gòu)成很多習(xí)語，如for nothing(徒勞，免費(fèi))，nothing but(僅僅，只不過)，等等。 （5）代詞it(they),one(ones)和that(those)的用法：①代詞one和it都可以代替上文中提到的可數(shù)名詞，但one指代的是與上文中提到的同類物（復(fù)數(shù)用ones,主格和賓格相同）；而it指代的是上文提到的同一物品（復(fù)數(shù)用they（主格）和them（賓格）。②one(ones)和that(those)這幾個(gè)代詞都可以代替上文中提到的名詞，但使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意：替代不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用that,或者省略不用名詞，或者重復(fù)那個(gè)名詞，但不可用one來代替。替代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用one和that均可，但泛指用one(相當(dāng)于a/an+名詞）；特指時(shí)用that（相當(dāng)于the+名詞）。one(ones)可以有形容詞等前置修飾語，也可以有后置修飾語（of短語除外）；而that(those)不能有前置修飾語，它（們）的修飾語只能后置。后跟of短語時(shí)，一般只能用that(those)。 【考例分析】 【例1】Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult ______ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father. 【解析】it 作賓語從句主語，替代動(dòng)詞不定式短語to choose……。 【例2】She did not hesitate for long: although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while, she knew that this was a present which was bound to please ______. 【解析】him please him (使他高興)，填代詞；根據(jù)句意，此處指代her father。 【例3】He asked his teacher, “Sir, the water was awful. Why did you pretend to like ______?” 【解析】it 指前面提到的“水(the water)”。 【方法總結(jié)】句子缺主語或賓語，空格后沒有提示詞，填詞多為代詞。 形容詞和副詞 命題規(guī)律 形容詞與副詞主要考查以下幾個(gè)方面：考查形容詞作狀語；考查比較級(jí)的用法尤其是隱性比較；考查一些習(xí)語搭配；與形容詞同形的副詞和形容詞后加ly構(gòu)成的副詞的區(qū)別；多個(gè)形容詞作定語時(shí)的排列順序等。 另外，在熟練掌握形容詞與副詞的基本意義和用法的同時(shí)，要特別留意一些形容詞與副詞的基本意義之外的引申、拓展和熟詞生義的用法。 形容詞與副詞基本用法： （1）形容詞和副詞的辨析 形容詞和副詞的辨析主要分為兩類：一類是給出語境，讓學(xué)生填出符合這種語境的形容詞或副詞；另一類是形容詞或副詞的詞形變化。近三年常考的有： 形容詞：appropriate；conscious；generous；reasonable；confident；creative；grateful ；important；spare；public；convenient；apparent；unchallenged；vital；available；specific；similar；available；affordable；acceptable；valuable 副詞：①hopefully；curiously；occasionally；gradually ②thus；besides；rather；otherwise ③petitively；recently；reasonably ④besides；however；therefore；instead ⑤besides；otherwise；however；altogether ⑥especially；equally；naturally；normally ⑦nevertheless；besides；otherwise；therefore ⑧especially；regularly；particularly；approximately （2）形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí) 比較等級(jí)的常見句型：①兩者比較，用“比較級(jí) ＋ than”表示。②表示“兩者之間較……的那個(gè)”用“the＋比較級(jí)＋n.＋ of the two ＋n.”。③表示“越……，就越……”用“the ＋ 比較級(jí)，the ＋ 比較級(jí)”。④as＋原級(jí)adj./adv.＋as ...表示“和……一樣”。⑤not as/so＋原級(jí)adj./adv.＋as ...表示“不如……” 比較等級(jí)前常用的修飾語：a little, a bit, slightly，much, a lot, a great deal, any, far, by far, even, still等。 否定詞＋比較級(jí)＝最高級(jí)：“否定詞＋比較級(jí)”表達(dá)最高級(jí)含義。 【考例分析】 【例1】The teacher replied, “You tasted the water. I tasted the gift. The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be ______ (sweet).” 【例2】I left it early because I had an appointment ______ (late) that day. 【解析】later 指那天晚些時(shí)候。 【例3】It might have made it a little ______ (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didn’t stop the kids in the class. 【解析】harder 句中a little修飾比較級(jí)harder，表示“更難一點(diǎn)”作賓補(bǔ)。 【方法總結(jié)】當(dāng)括號(hào)內(nèi)所提示的詞是形容詞或副詞且空格處需要的仍是形容詞或副詞時(shí)，很可能填比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。 介詞及介詞短語 命題規(guī)律 一、對(duì)介詞句法功能的考查：介詞構(gòu)成的短語，可以在句子中充當(dāng)定語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等；介詞有時(shí)在句子中活用為副詞，充當(dāng)狀語。 二、對(duì)常用介詞的辨析：介詞用法多且復(fù)雜，相近的意思又可以有不同的介詞表示，介詞更著重與動(dòng)詞、形容詞和其他從句結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行考查，所以要根據(jù)語境和交際條件靈活運(yùn)用介詞；同時(shí)對(duì)常用的介詞要重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行區(qū)別整理。 三、對(duì)介詞短語搭配的考查：介詞常和某些形容詞、動(dòng)詞和名詞聯(lián)合運(yùn)用，形成固定搭配，表示各種不同的意思，只要記住這些固定搭配，準(zhǔn)確把握詞組的語義。 介詞與介詞短語高考?？键c(diǎn)： （1）常見介詞的活用 by，with，against，over，on，in，at，besides，for等是常考的介詞。掌握這些介詞的用法和意義、準(zhǔn)確把握句子語境是解題的關(guān)鍵。下面是近年高考考查最多的幾個(gè)介詞，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握：①over可表位置，意為“在……上方，越過；遮住，蓋住”，也可表時(shí)間，意為“在……期間，(多年)以來”等，它還有“在……(問題)上，對(duì)(某事)”等引申意義。②by的主要意思有“在……旁，靠近；乘(車、船等)；不遲于；到……為止；被，由；根據(jù)，按照(關(guān)系)；通過……方式”等，還可以用來表示增加或減少的程度。by構(gòu)成的常見短語有：by and by不久，遲早；by and large大體上；by oneself單獨(dú)；by the way順便說說；by far……得多，最…… by chance碰巧；by accident偶然地；by means of借助；by no means絕不，一點(diǎn)也不；by mistake錯(cuò)誤地。③with可以用來表示“帶有，擁有；隨著；就……來說；用，以；和，與；對(duì)于，關(guān)于”等意思。with還可用來表示原因。④beyond表示“(時(shí)間)過了，比……晚，遲于；(位置)在……那邊，超出……之外；(范圍)超過，為……所不及，超出……的范圍”等意思。 （2）介詞短語的主要類型 高考主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)固定短語的掌握程度、對(duì)短語意義的了解以及介詞在這些固定搭配中的應(yīng)用：①介詞+名詞：on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in one’s opinion根據(jù)某人的看法；in detail詳細(xì)地；out of reach夠不著；beyond description難以描述地；out of question不成問題；out of the question不可能。②動(dòng)詞+介詞：remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事；rob sb. of sth.搶劫某人的……；result from由……引起；call at訪問(某地)。③形容詞+介詞：be curious about對(duì)……好奇；be proud of因……而自豪；be popular with受到……的歡迎；be absorbed in全神貫注于；be enthusiastic about熱衷于。④介詞短語：apart from除……之外；in addition to除……之外(還)；because of因?yàn)?；instead of代替；in fear of為……提心吊膽；for fear of以免；in case of防備；thanks to由于；in the middle of在……中間；according to根據(jù)；in front of在……前面；in return for作為對(duì)……的回報(bào)；in charge of負(fù)責(zé)；as a result of作為……的結(jié)果；in exchange for與……交換等 【考例分析】 【例1】When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman ______ the trouble. 【解析】for reward sb. for sth. 表示“因……而酬謝/報(bào)答某人”。 【例2】He did so the next day. He was very tired ______ doing this for a whole day. 【例3】When Jane got home, with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already ______ table having supper. 【解析】at at table表示“在進(jìn)餐”，是習(xí)慣搭配?！痉椒偨Y(jié)】當(dāng)“……（+限定詞）+名詞”或“……+代詞/doing/從句”在句中不做主語或賓語時(shí)，通常填介詞。 體驗(yàn)高考 [xx新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ] 閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容 (不多于3個(gè)單詞) 或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about__61__(be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, __62__ some of them looked very anxious and __63__(disappoint). When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next __66__ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike __65__(catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused __66__(stop) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept __67__(ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. Finally, when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up to the door of the bus. I heard an excited conversation. Then the driver stood up and asked，“__68__ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh, dear! Its __69__(I)．” She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully. Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers __70__(sudden) became friendly to one another. 61. being　介詞about后使用v.ing形式，因此用being。 62. and　根據(jù)語境可知上下文之間是順接關(guān)系，故用and連接。 63. disappointed　本句的主語是some of them，所以使用形容詞作表語。 64. to　next to…在……旁邊。 65. caught　根據(jù)文章第一句“One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop…”可知本文敘述的是一件過去發(fā)生的事情，所以使用一般過去時(shí)。 66. to stop　refuse to do sth拒絕做某事。不定式作動(dòng)詞refuse的賓語。 67. riding　keep doing sth不停地做某事 。 68. Did　本句是直接引語，是一個(gè)一般疑問句。因?yàn)樵儐柕氖沁^去發(fā)生的事情，所以使用助動(dòng)詞did。 69. me/mine　此處可以使用名詞性物主代詞mine，相當(dāng)于my suitcase。 70. suddenly　此處應(yīng)該使用副詞來修飾句子的謂語動(dòng)詞，在句中作狀語。 模擬新題精選 1.【河北省邯鄲市xx屆高三上學(xué)期1月份教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)】 閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（不多于3個(gè)單詞）或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 On a diet? Then consider sitting by the window the next time you eat out. The researchers measured and mapped 1 design of each restaurant and then used meal checks 2 (track) what diners ordered and how it relatedto where they sat. The results were telling: people sitting 3 (far) from the front door ate the fewest salads and 4 (be) 73 per cent more likely to order dessert. Those 5 (seat) at a dark table ate heavier food and ordered more of it, 6 diners sitting at high-top bar tables ordered more salads and fewer desserts. The darker it is, the more “invisible” you might feel, the less easy 7 is to see how much you’re eating and the less guilty you might feel. Seeing the sunlight, 8 (passer-by) or trees outside might make you more aware 9 how you look, might make you think about walking or might inspire you to choose a green salad. The researchers also notedthat slim diners chewed around 15 times per mouthful, three chews more than heavier diners. By 10 (eat) more slowly, the diner spends less time it takes for the brain to feel full. 【答案】 【小題1】the 【小題2】to track 【小題3】farthest/furthest 【小題4】were 【小題5】seated 【小題6】while/and 【小題7】it 【小題8】passers-by 【小題9】of 【小題10】eating 【小題2】考查不定式表目的。and then used meal checks 62 (track)研究人員然后用菜單來追蹤顧客所點(diǎn)的飯菜和他們所坐位置的關(guān)系，這里表示目的，故填to track。 【小題3】考查形容詞最高級(jí)。根據(jù)“ate the fewest salads”可知，這里說的是坐在離前門最遠(yuǎn)的顧客，故填farthest/furthest。 【小題4】考查主謂一致。and連接兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞短語，主語是people，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，根據(jù)“The results were telling”可知用一般過去時(shí)，故填were。 【小題5】考查過去分詞作定語。seated就坐的，坐著的，相當(dāng)于sitting，在此是形容詞化的過去分詞，表示“坐著”的狀態(tài)，故填seated。 【小題6】考查連詞。句子前后對(duì)比了“Those 65 (seat) at a dark table”和“diners sitting at high-top bar tables”的兩種場(chǎng)合的顧客的點(diǎn)菜情況，while意為“然而”，表示對(duì)比；這里也可看作是由and連接的兩個(gè)分句，故填while/and。 【小題7】考查固定句型。the+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)，意為“越......，就越......”，it is+形容詞+to do sth做某事怎么樣，it是形式主語，不定式是真正的主語，故填it。 【小題8】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。passer-by是一個(gè)合成詞，復(fù)數(shù)是在passer后加s，故填passers-by。 【小題9】考查固定短語。be aware of sth知道，了解，故填of。 【小題10】考查介詞。by通過，后跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞，故填eating。 考點(diǎn)：名詞；介詞；連詞；固定短語；固定句型；過去分詞；形容詞最高級(jí)；不定式 2.【xx年東北三省三校第二次聯(lián)考】Camels certainly like eating green grass, not dry grass. But 1 (strange), camels always keep looking for dry grass 2 their stomachs are filled up. A classmate of 3 (I) whose home is on the edge of Turpan Basin in Xinjiang told me his home has two camels; he said you could imagine a camel’s appetite, for it can slowly swallow dozens of kilograms of hay (干草). I asked him 4 camels eat hay, not green grass. He said the camel is a kind of animal with 5 strong sense of suffering, 6 (fear) its master letting it travel through the desert the next day, and the hay in its stomach is more hunger-resistant 7 green grass. The camel has the best tolerance. Unfortunately, many people can only see a camel’s outstanding performance, but few understand its 8 (prepare) made for it. Life, 9 a camel traveling through the desert, 10 (need) the adequate accumulation, but not everyone can understand it. 【答案】 【小題1】 strangely 【小題2】until/ till/ before 【小題3】mine 【小題4】why 【小題5】a 【小題6】fearing 【小題7】than 【小題8】preparations 【小題9】like 【小題10】needs 【小題3】mine考查名詞性物主代詞。a ckassmate of mine等于my classmate，所以用mine。 【小題4】why考查疑問副詞。由后文的回答，可知此處用。why。 【小題5】a考查冠詞。a sense of固定搭配，所以用a。 【小題6】fearing考查形容詞。由前文的suffering可知此處用fearing。 【小題7】than考查副詞。more.....than固定搭配。 【小題8】preparations考查名詞。preparation是可數(shù)名詞。 【小題9】like考查動(dòng)詞。生命，像駱駝在沙漠中旅行，所以用like。 【小題10】needs考查動(dòng)詞。life是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以加s。 3.【xx山東省高三沖刺模擬一】Eleven-year-old Angela was stricken with a disease involving her nervous system．The doctors did not hold out much hope of her ever recovering __1__ this illness．They predicted she’d spend the rest of her life in a wheelchair．__2__ Angela firmly believed that she was definitely going to be walking again someday．The doctors were charmed by her __3__（defeatable）spirit．They taught her about imaging—about seeing herself __4_（walk）．Angela would work as hard as possible in physical therapy(理療），lying there faithfully doing her imaging，visualizing herself moving，moving，moving! One day，__5__ she was straining with all her might to imagine her legs moving again，__66__ seemed as though a miracle happened: the bed moved! She screamed out，“Look what I __7__（do）! Look! Look! I can do it! I moved，I moved！” Of course，__8__ this very moment everyone __9__ in the hospital was screaming，too．It was the San Francisco earthquake．But don’t tell __10__ to Angela．She’s convinced that she did it．And now only a few years later，she’s back in school．On her own two legs．No walking sticks，no wheelchair． 【答案】 【小題1】from 【小題1】But 【小題3】Undefeatable 【小題4】walking 【小題5】As 【小題6】it 【小題7】am doing 【小題8】at 【小題9】else 【小題10】that/it 【小題1】But?？疾檫B詞。后文她不相信醫(yī)生們的預(yù)測(cè)，所以是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以填but。 【小題3】Undefeatable?？疾樾稳菰~。后面spirit是名詞，所以用Undefeatable修飾。 【小題4】walking。老愛固定搭配。see somebody doing所以用walking。 【小題5】As?？疾楦痹~。譯為在…的時(shí)候，所以填A(yù)s。 【小題6】it。考查固定搭配。it seems是固定搭配，所以填it。 【小題7】am doing?？疾闀r(shí)態(tài)。此處應(yīng)是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，所以填am doing。 【小題8】at。考查介詞。at moment是固定搭配，所以填at。 【小題9】else?？疾樾稳菰~。其他的人也都尖叫，所以填else。 【小題10】that/it。考查代詞。it或that代指地震這件事，所以填that/it。 考點(diǎn)：考查生活故事類短文閱讀 4.【xx寧夏銀川一中第四次月考】Recently a new science behind incentives(激勵(lì)), _1___ (include) in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children __2__ (do) better in school. ___3 _ some cases, he gave students incentives based on input(輸入), like reading certain books, while in _4___, the incentives 5 (base) on output, like results on exams. His main __6__ (find) was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be 7____ (effect) because students do not know how to do better on an exam, apart from general rules like “study harder”. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over 8___ they have much more control. As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have 9___ much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again _10_ you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do. 【答案】 【小題1】 including 【小題2】 to do 【小題3】 In 【小題4】 others 【小題5】 were based 【小題6】 finding 【小題7】 more effective 【小題8】 which 【小題9】 a 【小題10】 If 【解析】 試題分析：題目考查學(xué)生對(duì)上下文的聯(lián)系，還考查了學(xué)生對(duì)形容詞比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)、副詞、介詞短語、條件句、代詞、被動(dòng)語態(tài)、非謂語動(dòng)詞等知識(shí)的掌握情況。 【小題1】 考查非謂語形式 including做伴隨狀語，故填including。 【小題2】考查to do 不定式表示目的狀語,故填 to do。 【小題3】考查介詞in some cases在某些情況下，此處為固定搭配，故填 In 。 【小題4】考查代詞others 別的方面，故填others 。 【小題5】考查動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài) be based on 以…為基礎(chǔ)。故填were based。 【小題6】考查動(dòng)詞的名詞形式finding 發(fā)現(xiàn)，故填finding。 【小題7】考查形容詞的比較等級(jí)用法。原文中此處含有更有效的意思。故寫more effective。 【小題8】考查定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。當(dāng)定語從句引導(dǎo)詞前油介詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只能用which。 【小題9】考查冠詞。該處泛指一個(gè)，故寫a。 【小題10】考查連詞。If引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句。故填I(lǐng)f。 5.【xx山東省菏澤市一?！縉owadays, more and more schools in China have rules making students wear school uniforms to School .A lot of Chinese students plain about 1 (wear) their school uniforms every day But 2 American students get annoyed about their uniforms, too? American high schools usually have a dress code,__ 3 is about requirements for students dressing. Boys at school must wear clean jackets every day. Girls are__ 4 (luck) than boys, they have more flexible 5 (choose) than boys. They can either dress similarly to the boys_6 wear a dress. In general, it takes a student 10-15 minutes every morning 7 (dress) up for class. As students do in China, plenty of American students also have their plaints about school uniforms. What if students really dislike the dress code and want to get rid of it? Instead of getting punished,__ 8 (actual) therere ways to do that. At my school, "dress down" tickets__. 9 (sell) on school days If students are willing to buy a ticket, they dont need to wear school uniforms the following day. I have a strong__ 10 (believe) that one day Chinese students can buy these tickets, too 【答案】 【小題1】 wearing 【小題2】do 【小題3】which 【小題4】luckier 【小題5】choices 【小題6】or 【小題7】to dress 【小題8】 actually 【小題9】are sold 【小題10】belief 【小題1】wearing 考察介詞后面接動(dòng)名詞。該空前有plain about，其中about是介詞，所以要再所給詞wear的后面加上ing變?yōu)閯?dòng)名詞。故填wearing 【小題2】do考察一般疑問句。含有do/have等助動(dòng)詞的句子變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧涞臅r(shí)候?qū)⑦@類助動(dòng)詞提到句首即可。故填do 【小題3】which考察非限制性定語從句引導(dǎo)詞。這里的which代指的是前面整個(gè)句子，并且在定語從句中做主語。故填which 【小題4】luckier考察比較級(jí)。根據(jù)該空后面的than以及所給單詞luck是形容詞可以判斷出這里是要用比較級(jí)，故將luck變?yōu)閘uckier。該句意思為：女孩比男孩更幸運(yùn)。 【小題5】choices考察名詞。根據(jù)該空其那面的助動(dòng)詞have（有）以及形容詞flexible（靈活的）可以判斷出空中應(yīng)該是一個(gè)名詞，故將所給動(dòng)詞choose改為choice。因?yàn)檫x擇不止一個(gè)，所以要將s表示復(fù)數(shù)。故填choices。 【小題8】actually 考察副詞，這里是副詞在句子中間做插入語。故將所給形容詞actual變?yōu)閍ctually。 【小題9】are sold 考察被動(dòng)語態(tài)。根據(jù)句意，在我的學(xué)校，上學(xué)的日子里有賣“換裝”票，如果學(xué)生愿意買一張票，他們就不需要在明天穿學(xué)校制服。 【小題10】belief考察名詞。前面有一個(gè)形容詞strong，形容詞后面一般都是名詞，故將所給動(dòng)詞believe變?yōu)槊~belief。 6.【江西省吉安市第一中學(xué)xx屆高三上學(xué)期第二次階段考】 閱讀下面短文, 按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求, 在空格處填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號(hào)中詞語的正確形式填空, 并將答案填寫在答題卡標(biāo)號(hào)為1～10的相應(yīng)位置上。 Table manners vary from culture to culture. ____1___ is acceptable in one country may be considered extremely rude in another. Here we will tell you about the traditional table manners ____2___ the modern table manners in Korea. __3_____ (tradition), it was the woman’s job ____4___ (cook)food and set the table. The woman would sit __5_____ her husband to make sure that he had everything he needed for a pleasant meal. Only __6____ the husband finished would the woman and her children eat. Nowadays, table manners have changed a lot. ___7____ of the family members eat together at the same time. It is mon to see everyone help with the meal, ___8____ (include) the husband. One tradition, however, has not changed. It is the oldest person that starts the meal. ___9____(stay)until the oldest person is finished is considered to be ____10___ basic tradition of Korean table manners. 【答案】 【小題1】What 【小題2】and 【小題3】. traditionally 【小題4】to cook 【小題5】by/beside/next to 【小題6】after 【小題7】All 【小題8】. including 【小題9】 Staying 【小題10】a 【解析】 【小題1】在一個(gè)國(guó)家被接受的餐桌禮儀可能在其他地方卻被認(rèn)為是粗魯?shù)摹Ｖ髡Z從句缺少主語用What，位于句首首字母大寫。 【小題2】介紹韓國(guó)的餐桌禮儀，傳統(tǒng)餐桌禮儀和現(xiàn)代餐桌禮儀是并列關(guān)系，填and。 【小題3】副詞位于句首，修飾整個(gè)句子，填 traditionally。 【小題4】it做形式主語，不定式做真正的主語。填to cook 【小題5】妻子坐在丈夫身邊，介詞“旁邊”用by/beside/next to。 【小題6】只有在丈夫用完餐后，妻子和孩子才能用餐，填連詞after。 【小題7】所有的家庭成員一起用餐，填“所有的”，位于句首首字母大寫，填A(yù)ll。 【小題8】包括某人，including somebody。 【小題9】 動(dòng)名詞做主語，位于句首首字母大寫，填Staying 。 【小題10】“一個(gè)基本的傳統(tǒng)”，表示泛指填a。 考點(diǎn)：詞匯的運(yùn)用 7.【xx屆河北保定市高三調(diào)研試題】 Over the years Ive been teaching kids about a simple but powerful concept – the ant philosophy（哲學(xué)）, an _____1 (amaze)four-part philosophy. First, ants never quit. If theyre heading somewhere and yo