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Prat5SensingTechnology,5.1Sensorsinmanufacturing5.2Microthermocouples5.3PressureMicrosensors5.4QProx?QT113Charge-TransferTouchSensor(1)5.5QProx?QT113Charge-TransferTouchSensor(II),5.1Sensorsinmanufacturing,5.1Sensorsinmanufacturing,5.1.1SpecializedEnglishWordstransducer變換器piezoelectriccrystal壓電晶體mechanicallyactuated機(jī)械壓力physicalstimulus物理刺激piezoelectricactuator壓電傳動(dòng)裝置，壓電驅(qū)動(dòng)器piezoelectricsensor壓電式傳感器piezodevice壓電裝置magnetism磁性，吸引力，磁學(xué),,kineticenergy動(dòng)能Radiant輻射，輻射的，發(fā)光的electromagneticradiowaves電磁無線電波microwaves微波multi-signalcapability多信號(hào)處理能力easeofintegrationinto易于集成到….atomic原子，原子的，原子能的molecularenergy分子能gravitational引力,,massenergy質(zhì)能，質(zhì)能關(guān)系electricaldischargemachining電火花加工surfacefinish表面光潔度cuttingfluid切削液lubricants潤滑劑，潤滑物，潤滑油tooling模具，加工magneticfields磁場(chǎng)strain應(yīng)變，緊張，拉緊relativitytheory相對(duì)論pertainingtomotion相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng),,displacement位移Bindingenergy結(jié)合能infrared紅外線visiblelight可見光ultraviolet紫外線，紫外線的acceleration加速度flowvelocity流速rateoftransport傳輸率moment力矩，彎矩Torque轉(zhuǎn)矩，扭矩，力矩roughness表面粗糙度,,stiffness剛度viscosity粘度Crystallinity結(jié)晶度structuralintegrity結(jié)構(gòu)整體性wavevelocity波速amplitude振幅，波幅phase相位，相polarization偏振，極化spectrum頻譜，光譜，譜conductivity電導(dǎo)率,,magneticflux磁通量，磁通permeability滲透率，滲透性intensity光強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)度emissivity發(fā)射率，輻射率reflectivity反射率，反射，反射系數(shù)transmissivity透射率，透過率specificheat比熱容thermalconductivity熱導(dǎo)率,5.1.2Notes,Atransducerisgenerallydefinedasadevicethattransmitsenergyfromonesystemtoanother,oftenwithachangeinformoftheenergy.此句的主句是“Atransducerisdefinedasadevice”。全句可翻譯為“一般將變換器定義為從一個(gè)系統(tǒng)向另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)傳輸能量的設(shè)備，往往伴隨著能量形式的變化”。,“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞“device”。,Weshalldiscussthebasiccharacteristicsofbothtypesofsilicon‘micro-sensors’butintroducesomeoftheuniquefeaturesofthelatterwhicharebecomingmoreandmoreutilizedinmanufacturing.句中“which”引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾“Features”。全句可譯成“我們討論這兩種類型的硅‘微傳感器’的基本特征。但對(duì)在制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用變得越來越多的后者，我們還要介紹一些它獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)。”,“which”引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾“Features”,,Inpractice,these10formsofenergyarecondensedintothesixsignaltypeslistedaswecanconsideratomicandmolecularenergyaspartofchemicalenergy,gravitationalandmechanicalasone,mechanical,andwecanignorenuclearandmassenergy.全句可譯為“在實(shí)踐中，可以將原子與分子能看作化學(xué)能的一部分，可以將引力和機(jī)械能統(tǒng)一為機(jī)械能，還可以忽略原子能和質(zhì)能，這樣一來，這10種能量就可以壓縮成所列出的六類信號(hào)”。,第一個(gè)“as”為連接詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句“we……energy”；,第二個(gè)“as”為介詞，意為“當(dāng)作”。,,Finally,thereareanumberoftechnicalspecificationsofsensorsthatmustbeaddressedinassessingtheabilityofaparticularsensor/outputcombinationtomeasurerobustlythestateoftheprocess.此句的主句是“thereareanumberoftechnicalspecificationsofsensors”。全句可譯為“最后，在評(píng)估某種‘傳感-輸出組合’能是否具備對(duì)制造過程的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定的測(cè)量的能力時(shí)，有一系列技術(shù)參數(shù)必須加以考慮?！?“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句“must……process，“technical”是先行詞。,,5.2Microthermocouples,,5.2Microthermocouples,5.2.1SpecializedEnglishWordssemiconductingresister半導(dǎo)體電阻thermocouple熱電偶potentiometrictemperaturesensor電位型溫度傳感器opencircuitvoltage開路電壓thermoelectricpower熱電勢(shì)，溫差電勢(shì)，熱電功率lineardevices線性器件，線性裝置full-scaleoperation滿量程,,,siliconprocess硅工藝加工，硅工藝standardintegratedcircuit(IC)process標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集成電路（IC）工藝nonstandardmaterials非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料ptresistor鉑電阻Thermistor熱敏電阻Transistor晶體管operatingrange測(cè)量范圍Sensitivity靈敏度dopedsilicon摻雜硅,,standardbipolarprocess標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙極工藝baseresistor基極電阻emitterresistor發(fā)射極電阻epi-resistor外延電阻TCR電阻溫度系數(shù)intrinsicsemiconductor本征半導(dǎo)體inherenttemperaturesensitivity固有的溫度敏感性silicondiode硅二極管dopingconcentration摻雜濃度,,,,planarICprocess面集成電路工藝conductanceband導(dǎo)帶valenceband價(jià)帶phonondragterm聲子曳引項(xiàng)carriercharge載流子電荷resistivityconstant電阻率常數(shù)boron硼theoreticalvoltage理論電壓Polysilicon多晶硅n-typeepilayern型外延電阻,5.2.2Notes,Unlikethemetalandsemiconductingresisters,athermocoupleisapotentiometrictemperaturesensorinthatanopencircuitvoltageVTappearswhentwodifferentmetalsarejoinedtogetherwiththejunctionheldatatemperaturebeingsensedTsandtheotherendsheldatareferencetemperatureTref.此句是一個(gè)成分比較復(fù)雜的主從句結(jié)構(gòu)。主句是“athermocoupleisapotentiometrictemperaturesensor”，,介詞短語“Unlike”引導(dǎo)狀語“themetalandsemiconductingresisters”,“inthat”（相當(dāng)于“inwhich”）引導(dǎo)原因狀語定語從句，修飾“temperaturesensor”。,“when”引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句“twodifferentmetalsarejoinedtogetherwiththejunctionheldatatemperaturebeingsensedTsandtheotherendsheldatareferencetemperatureTr”，其中“heldatatemperaturebeingsensedTs”為過去分詞短語作定語，修飾“thejunction”，而“beingsensedTs”則是現(xiàn)在分詞短語（被動(dòng)式）作定語，修飾“temperature”?！癮ndtheotherendsheldatareferencetemperatureTref.”中的“heldatareferencetemperatureTref.”也是定語，修飾“theotherends”。,,,,Unlikethemetalandsemiconductingresisters,athermocoupleisapotentiometrictemperaturesensorinthatanopencircuitvoltageVTappearswhentwodifferentmetalsarejoinedtogetherwiththejunctionheldatatemperaturebeingsensedTsandtheotherendsheldatareferencetemperatureTref.全句可譯為“與金屬和半導(dǎo)體電阻不同，熱電偶是一種電位型的溫度傳感器。當(dāng)兩種不同的金屬連接在一起，結(jié)點(diǎn)一端溫度為Ts，另一端為參考溫度Tref時(shí)，就會(huì)有開路電壓VT輸出。”,,,ThebasicprincipleisknownastheSeebeckeffectinwhichthemetalhaveadifferentthermoelectricpowerorSeebeckcoefficientP;句子可譯為“金屬具有不同的熱電勢(shì)或塞貝克系數(shù)P，稱為塞貝克效應(yīng)，它是熱電偶的基本工作原理”。,，“inwhich”引導(dǎo)定語從句“themetalhaveadifferentthermoelectricpowerorSeebeckcoefficientP”，修飾“theSeebeckeffect”。,主句,,,Typically，theycanoperatefrom-100to+2000℃withaccuracyofbetween1and3percentforafull-scaleoperation(FSO).句子可譯為“通常情況下，熱電偶的測(cè)量范圍為-100?2000℃，精度為（滿量程的）1％—3％”。,介詞短語“withaccuracyofbetween1and3percentforafull-scaleoperation(FSO)”做賓語補(bǔ)足語狀語。,,,Theinclusionofnonstandardmaterials,during,forexample,aCMOSprocess,whichis‘intermediate’CMOS,isgenerallyregardedashighlyundesirableandshouldbeavoidedifpossible.全句可譯為“在加工工藝中加入非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料，如在CMOS工藝中加入非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料，這稱為‘中間’CMOS，被普遍認(rèn)為是極不可取并應(yīng)盡量避免的?！?“whichis‘intermediate’CMOS”是關(guān)系代詞，系“which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,during,forexample,aCMOSprocess”=“forexample,duringaCMOSprocess”。,,5.3PressureMicrosensors,5.3.1SpecializedEnglishWordsbulk塊，體，堆micromachined微型加工的microaccelerometersensors微加速度傳感器gyrometer陀螺測(cè)試儀，陀螺儀表piezoresistivesensor壓阻傳感器deflection應(yīng)變straingauges應(yīng)變片diaphragm振膜，隔膜，膜片membrane膜片，振片,,,piezoresistivecoeffcient壓阻常數(shù)piezocoeffcient壓電系數(shù)pickupelectrodes信號(hào)電極staticdeflection靜荷載撓度，靜載撓度，靜變位torsionaloscillation扭轉(zhuǎn)振蕩resonantfrequency共振頻率shuttlemasssupport振梁nonlinearresonator非線性諧振器linearoscillation線性振蕩,,,piezoresistivepickup壓阻傳感器springconstant彈簧系數(shù)hardspring硬彈簧，硬質(zhì)彈簧crosssection橫截面，橫切面，橫剖面lateral橫向barometricpressure氣壓，大氣壓，大氣壓力microshuttle微型壓力傳感器silicononinsulator(SOI)絕緣硅（一種新型硅基集成電路材料的簡稱）exhaustgasrecirculation排氣再循環(huán),,,fuelpressure燃料壓力activesuspensionhydraulics液壓主動(dòng)懸架piezoresistors壓敏電阻器anodicbonding陽極鍵合glasssupport玻璃支inlethole進(jìn)入孔Pyrex硼硅酸玻璃referencecapacitors標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電容器Oxide氧化物boron硼,,,alignmentkey對(duì)準(zhǔn)標(biāo)記substatewafer次級(jí)硅片trench溝resonator諧振器resonatorwafer諧振硅片buriedcavity隱藏孔hole孔evacuatedcavity真空共振腔glassfrit玻璃粉contactpad觸板nitride氮化物,,5.3.2Notes,Thetwoimportantsiliconsensorsarethepressureandmicroaccelerometersensors,withsubstantialgrowthexpectedforgyrometers,whichwillbeusedfornavigation.全句可譯為“壓力傳感器和微加速度傳感器是兩種重要的硅傳感器，隨著陀螺儀需求的大量增長，這兩種傳感器將會(huì)用于導(dǎo)航領(lǐng)域”。,“which”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句“willbeusedfornavigation”，修飾“gyrometers”，,“withsubstantialgrowthexpectedforgyrometers”在句中作伴隨狀語，其中“expectedforgyrometers”為過去分詞短語，修飾“growth”。,,,Thepiezoresistiveconstant（П44）istypically+138.1pC/Nandthatmakesmeasuringpressureintherangeof0to1Mparelativelystraightforward.此句可譯為“壓阻常數(shù)（П44）的典型值為+138.1pC/N，這就保證了壓力測(cè)量值在的0到1Mpa范圍內(nèi)有相當(dāng)好的線性度?！?句中“and”引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的句子。后句中的“that”指代“Thepiezoresistiveconstant（П44）istypically+138.1pC/N”,,,Inthiscase,acapacitivebridgecanbeformedwithtworeferencecapacitorsandtheoutputvoltageisrelatedtothedeflectionofthemembrane△xandhencetheappliedpressure(P-P0).此句可譯為“在這種配置下，電容橋由兩個(gè)參比電容組成，輸出電壓與振膜撓度△x有關(guān)，因而與所施壓力(P-P0)有關(guān)?！?介詞短語“Inthiscase”作條件狀語,“and”連接兩個(gè)并列句子。,,,ThedynamicalequationthatgovernsthebehaviorisamodifiedversionofEquation(5.3.3)toincludeatensionterm,whichaffectstheeffectivespringconstantKm.此句可譯為“約束振蕩的動(dòng)6態(tài)方程是方程（5.3.3）的修正方程，增加了一個(gè)影響彈簧常數(shù)Km的張力項(xiàng)?！?句中“whichaffectstheeffectivespringconstantKm”是“which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，指代前面的句子，修飾“atensionterm”,“that”引導(dǎo)主定語從句修飾“thedynamicalequation”。,,,Ascostsaredrivendown,themovetowardpiezoresistivepolysiliconisdesirablebutcreatessomestabilityandprecisionissues.此句可譯為“由于成本的降低，壓阻式多晶硅變得更加符合需要，但隨之也帶來了一些穩(wěn)定性和精確性方面的問題?！?“Ascostsaredrivendown”為原因狀語從句，主句有兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞“is”和“creates”。,5.4QProx?QT113Charge-TransferTouchSensor(1),5.4.2SpecializedEnglishWordscharge-transfer(QT)電荷轉(zhuǎn)移project投射proximityfield接近路consensusfilter協(xié)同濾波器noiseimmunity抗（干）擾性autocal=autocalibrate自動(dòng)校正，自動(dòng)標(biāo)定togglemode切換方式strapoption搭接選擇，接線選擇lead-freepackage無鉛封裝,,appliancecontrol家電控制accesssystems接入系統(tǒng)，接入技術(shù)proxsensors接近傳感器，接近開關(guān)pointingdevice指點(diǎn)裝置，定位裝置consumedevices消費(fèi)設(shè)備self-contained獨(dú)立的，自給的Dielectric絕緣的，（電）介質(zhì)Ceramic陶瓷metal-bearing合金屬的,,burst脈沖（串）Electrode電極TA即TAPP，纖薄陣列塑料封裝（ThinArrayPlasticPackage之略)SOIC小輸出線封裝(SmallOutlineIC之略)DIP雙列直插式封裝（Dualln-linePackage之略）nor-critical不挑剔的，要求不高的RFemissions射頻輻射（RF為radiofrequency之略）Susceptibility敏感性，可感性,,EMI電磁干擾（ElectroMagneticInterference之略）consecutive一致的single-slope單斜坡ADC模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換（部件）（AnalogDigitalConversion）straycapacitance雜散電容，分布電容Trace引線copperpours（印刷電路板上）敷銅ESD靜電放電（Electrostaticdischarge之略）,,sparse稀疏的mesh網(wǎng)（狀物）byimplication其實(shí)tenuous脆弱的，微弱的ample足夠的，豐裕的PCB印刷電路板（PrintedCircuitboard之略）wind繞組core（鐵）芯picofarad微微法（拉），皮（發(fā)拉）,5.4.3Notes,HeartBeat?這里TM為TradeMark之略，“注冊(cè)商標(biāo)”之意，表示HeartBeat?是一注冊(cè)商標(biāo)，受產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)。,,Sensitivityisrelatedtoelectrodesurfacearea,orientationwithrespecttotheobjectbeingsensed,objectcomposition,andthegroundcouplingqualityofboththesensorcircuitandthesensedobject.這是一個(gè)簡單句，“isrelatedto”后有多個(gè)介詞賓語。注意其中“theobjectbeingsensed”和“thesensedobject”，前者為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語，后者為過去分詞作前置定語，意思完全相同。全句可譯為“靈敏度和電極表面面積、感應(yīng)對(duì)象的朝向、材質(zhì)以及感應(yīng)電路和感應(yīng)對(duì)象兩者對(duì)地的耦合質(zhì)量等有關(guān)?！?,Thislawasappliedtocapacitivesensingrequiresthatthesensor’sfieldcurrentmustcompletealoop,returningbacktoitssourceinorderforcapacitancetobesensed.全句可譯為“用于電容傳感時(shí)，該定律要求傳感器的場(chǎng)電流必須構(gòu)成一個(gè)回路，最后返回源頭，才能感應(yīng)到被測(cè)電容?！?“that”引起的賓語從句中“inorderto”后接的不定式動(dòng)詞原形因?yàn)檫壿嬛髡Z“（for）capacitor”，而變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)“(to)besensed”了。,“asappliedtocapacitivesensing”是主句的狀語，可看成是狀語從句“asitisapplied…..”的省略。,,5.5QProx?QT113Charge-TransferTouchSensor(II),5.5.2SpecializedEnglishWordsmetallizedhousing（鍍）金屬外殼crumpleinto弄皺fringefields散射（電）場(chǎng)，干擾（電）場(chǎng)lateral橫向的，側(cè)面的inadvertent無意的，偶然的diminishingreturns得不償失trade-off權(quán)衡，折中propagate傳播，繁殖adverse不利的，有害的,,,survivability生存能力legitimate合理的，正當(dāng)?shù)模戏ǖ膕lew-rate轉(zhuǎn)換斜率，邊沿斜率，threshold門檻，閥值，臨界值hysteresis滯后，延滯asymmetric不對(duì)稱的obstruction堵塞（物），阻擋（物）elevated升高的，高貴的suppress抑制，排除，鎮(zhèn)壓brushes輕擦，擦過successive連續(xù)的，逐次的,,survivability生存能力legitimate合理的，正當(dāng)?shù)?，合法的slew-rate轉(zhuǎn)換斜率，邊沿斜率，threshold門檻，閥值，臨界值hysteresis滯后，延滯asymmetric不對(duì)稱的obstruction堵塞（物），阻擋（物）elevated升高的，高貴的suppress抑制，排除，鎮(zhèn)壓brushes輕擦，擦過successive連續(xù)的，逐次的,,,5.5.3Notes,Thehumanbodynaturallyhasseveralhundredpicofaradsof‘freespace’capacitancetothelocalenvironment(Cx3inFigure1-3),whichismorethantwoordersofmagnitudegreaterthanthatrequiredtocreateareturnpathtotheQT113viaearth.全句意為“人體自然而然地會(huì)和周邊環(huán)境產(chǎn)生出一個(gè)幾百個(gè)微微法的‘自由空間’電容（圖1.3中的Cx3），這比QT113建立經(jīng)過大地的回路所需要的電容值要大兩個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)之多?！?“which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾“severalhundredpicofarads”，,從句中的“that”為代詞，其后“requiredtocreateareturnpathtotheQT113viaearth”是它的定語。,,,Insomecasesitmaybedesirabletoincreasesensitivityfurther,forexamplewhenusingthesensorwithverythickpanelshavingalowdielectricconstant.這是一個(gè)簡單句.全句可譯為“某些情況下，希望將靈敏度進(jìn)一步增加，例如在傳感器的面板很厚而介電常數(shù)又很小的情況下?！?注意“whenusing…..”可以認(rèn)為是“whenyouareusingthesensorwithverythickpanelshavingalowdielectricconstant”省去了“youare”。,,,Increasingtheelectrodessurfaceareawillnotsubstantiallyincreasetouchsensitivityifitsdiameterisalreadymuchlargerinsurfaceareathantheobjectbeingdetected.全句可譯為“在電極面積已經(jīng)比被測(cè)物的面積大很多的情況下，如果再增大電極面積并不會(huì)明顯提高觸摸靈敏度?！?,動(dòng)名詞短語作主句的主語,“ifitsdiameterisalreadymuchlargerinsurfaceareathantheobjectbeingdetected.”為條件從句，其中“beingdetected”為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞，作“object”的后置定語。,,,Toaccomplishthis,theQT113incorporatesadetectintegrationcounterthatincrementswitheachdetectionuntilalimitisreached,afterwhichtheoutputisactivated.本句共有四個(gè)句子，結(jié)構(gòu)上是較復(fù)雜的。全句可譯為“為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，QT113整合了一個(gè)檢測(cè)計(jì)數(shù)器。這個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)器在每次檢測(cè)時(shí)就開始增量，到達(dá)上限值時(shí)，才激活輸出?！?主句,“thatincrementswitheachdetectionuntilalimitisreached”為“adetectintegrationcounter”的定語從句，“untilalimitisreached”則是從句的狀語從句,與“thatincrementswitheachdetection”并列的從句，表示進(jìn)一步的結(jié)果。,