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Unit11.F International trade is only the exchange of goods between nations.2. T Countries trade with each other partly because of cost advantages.3. T Trade means countries can provide a wider variety of products for their consumers4. T International trade can greatly expand the market, which enables the suppliers to take advantage of economies of scale.5.T Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade.Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade6. T Still in some cases, political reasons can outweigh economic considerations between countries.7. T When we provide shipping insurance service for foreigners, it can be seen as an example of invisible trade.8.F Trade surplus means that a country’s imports exceed its exports.9. T Tariff and quotas are the examples of trade barriers.10. T A duty levied on a specific shipment can be an import, a protective and a compound duty at the same time.1. ___________ is the reason why international trade first began. a. Uneven distribution of resources c. Economic benefit b. Pattern of demand d. Comparative advantage 2. If one country concentrates on the production of the goods in which it has a comparative advantage, and produces more than it can use, then it will sell the left to other countries. This reason for international trade is called ___________. a. economies of scale c. specialization b. variety of style d. patterns of demand3. The production cost will decrease if the goods are produced on a large scale. This is called ___________. a. economies of scale c. specialization b. variety of style d. patterns of demand4. The followings are the special problems for international trade except for ___________. a. using foreign languages and foreign currency c. having risks b. under foreign laws, customs and regulations d. numerous cultural differences5. ___________ refers to an exchange of services, labor or other non-physical goods between countries. a. Invisible trade c. International trade b. Visible trade d. Balance of trade6. Invisible trade consists of the following items except for ___________. a. transport services across national borders c. insurance services across national borders b. foreign tourist expenses d. product exchange across national borders 7. ___________ is the difference between the value of the goods and services that a country exports and the value of the goods and services that it imports. a. Trade balance c. Trade deficit b. Trade surplus d. Trade barrier8. Each country has to earn ___________ to pay for imports. a. money c. cash b. foreign exchange d. currency 9. ___________ is collected according to physical quantity. a. Revenue tariff c. Specific duty b. Protection tariff d. Alternative duty 10. Which is not the example of trade barriers? ___________ a. Tariffs c. Import duties b. Quotas d. Income tax1. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易 international trade2. 比較優(yōu)勢(shì) comparative advantage3. 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) economies of scale4. 經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng) economic growth5. 外匯 foreign currency6. 有形貿(mào)易 visible trade7. 無(wú)形貿(mào)易 invisible trade8. 貿(mào)易差額 balance of trade9. 貿(mào)易順差 trade surplus10. 貿(mào)易逆差 trade deficit11. 貿(mào)易壁壘 trade barrier12. 非關(guān)稅壁壘.non-tariff barrier13. 財(cái)政關(guān)稅 revenue tariff14. 保護(hù)關(guān)稅 revenue tariff15. 進(jìn)口關(guān)稅 import duty16. 出口關(guān)稅 export duty17. 從量稅 specific duty18. 從價(jià)稅 Ad valorem duty19. 進(jìn)口許可證 import license20. 配額 quota翻譯1. International trade, also known as world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the exchange of goods and services between countries.國(guó)際貿(mào)易， 又稱世界貿(mào)易、 對(duì)外貿(mào)易或海外貿(mào)易， 是國(guó)與國(guó)之間商品和服務(wù)的交換交換。2. Trade may occur because of economies of scale, that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production.貿(mào)易可能源于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)， 即大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)帶來(lái)的成本優(yōu)勢(shì)。 3. Visible trade refers to exports and imports of goods, while invisible trade refers to an exchange of services, labor or other non-physical goods between countries.有形貿(mào)易即產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)出口， 而無(wú)形貿(mào)易則指服務(wù)和資產(chǎn)的交換。4. If a country’ s exports exceed its imports, it has a trade surplus and the trade balance issaid to be positive. If imports exceed exports, the country has a trade deficit and its tradebalance is said to be negative.如果出口大于進(jìn)口， 即為貿(mào)易順差， 稱為出超； 如果進(jìn)口大于出口， 則為貿(mào)易逆差， 稱為入超。 5. A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.關(guān)稅即當(dāng)貨物跨越關(guān)境邊界時(shí)征收的稅， 關(guān)境通常就是國(guó)境。6. A quota is a limitation in value or in physical terms, imposed on import and export of certain goods for a certain period of time.配額是對(duì)某一商品在某一特定時(shí)期的進(jìn)出口加以價(jià)值或數(shù)量上的限定。 7. 各種形式的貿(mào)易壁壘主要來(lái)源于政府干預(yù)(government intervention)。Various forms of trade barriers are largely derived from government intervention.8. 近年來(lái)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速增長(zhǎng)， 貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)也相應(yīng)改變很大。China’s economic growth has been tremendous in recent years and its trade structure has correspondingly undergone considerable transformation. 9. 當(dāng)前國(guó)際貿(mào)易中最大的困難是非關(guān)稅壁壘， 如進(jìn)口配額、 出口管制等。The major difficulties in international trade today are the non-tariff barriers like quota sdttl and export controls.10. 大多數(shù)貿(mào)易協(xié)定是多邊協(xié)定， 而非雙邊協(xié)定。Most trade agreements today are multilateral rather than bilateral.Unit2T1.A term for defining one particular grade of quality in one country may have quite a different meaning in another country. T2.In the case of sale by buyer’s sample or sale by seller’s sample, the quality of the commodities should be strictly the same as what of the sample. Otherwise, it should be stipulated in the contract clearly. F3.The grades of the same product are always the same in different countries. F4.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods. T5.Different ways of measurement such as by weight, by length, by area, by volume and by capacity may be used for different products. F6.In reality, the quantity of goods shipped must be exactly the same with that stipulated in the contract. T7.Packing should be designed according to the need of the cargo. F8.Generally speaking, more packing is required for containerized consignments. T9.Marking of goods can facilitate loading, unloading, transit, storage, inspection and help avoid wrong shipment. T10.Nos.1- 150 in the shipping mark means that there are 150 packages of goods and this package is the first one. 1. The sample made by the seller according to the buyer’s, and then sent to and confirmed by the buyer is called d. counter sample 2. ___________ are usually sold by trade mark or brand name? a. Manufactured goods with steady quality 3. The methods commonly used to express the quality include the followings except for ___________. a. sale by sample b. sale by materials c. sale by description d. sale by trade mark or brand name 4. In international trade, the goods that are demanded on special shape or the characteristics of color and taste should be sold ___________. a. by sample b. by specification c. by grade d. by name of origin 5. Quality standard of FAQ is usually used in the trade of ___________. a. agricultural products b. wood c. aquatic products d. manufactured goods 6. If there is a quality tolerance clause in a contract, within the range of the tolerance, the buyer___________. a. must accept the goods b. can refuse the goods c. can demand the price to be adjusted 7. Quality latitude can be stipulated in the contract in the following ways except for______. a. to stipulate a certain scope b. to stipulate more or less clause c. to stipulate “max” or “min” d. to stipulate a tolerance8. A company exports 50 tons of wheat, but the exporter delivers the extra 2 tons. If there is no other regulation on quantity in the L/C, then the importer should ___________. a. accept 52 tons b. refuse to take 52 tons c. accept extra 1 ton d. refuse to accept extra 2 tons 9. The more or less clause is normally used for ___________. a. bulk goods b. packed units c. individual items d. containerized goods 10. The followings are the typical examples of indicative marks except for ___________. a. Handle with care b. Inflammable c. Keep upright d. Keep in dry place1. 商品描述 description of commodity 2. 對(duì)等樣品 counter sample3. 復(fù)樣 duplicate sample4. 參考樣品 original sample / reference sample5. 憑規(guī)格買賣 sale by specifications6. 良好平均品質(zhì) FAQ 7. 上好適銷品質(zhì) GMQ8. 品牌 brand 9. 商標(biāo) trade mark10. 品質(zhì)公差 quality tolerance 11. 品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度 quality latitude12. 數(shù)量 quantity13. 計(jì)量單位 unit of measurement14. 公噸 metric ton15. 溢短裝條款 more or less clause16. 包裝 packing17. 紙箱 carton18. 裝運(yùn)標(biāo)志/嘜頭 shipping mark 19. 指示性標(biāo)志 indicative marks20. 警告性標(biāo)志 warning marks1. In order to take the initiative, the seller may reproduce the buyer’s sample, and send it back to the buyer as a type sample. After the buyer confirms this sample, sale by buyer’s sample is changed into sale by the seller’s counter sample. 為了采取主動(dòng)，賣方可根據(jù)買方樣品加工出類似樣品交買方確認(rèn)。買方確認(rèn)后，憑買方樣品買賣變?yōu)閼{賣方對(duì)等樣品買賣。 2. FAQ means a quantity of a product that is offered not on a particular quality specification but on the basis that is equal to the average quality of the current group or recent shipment. 良好平均品質(zhì)是指不按特定商品規(guī)格，而以近期的一批貨物或裝船貨物的平均品質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)提供的一批貨物。 3. Tolerance means the permissible range within which the quality supplied by the seller may be either superior or inferior to the quality stipulated in the contract. 公差指賣方交貨品質(zhì)優(yōu)于或劣于合同規(guī)定質(zhì)量的許可范圍。 4. It is very difficult to measure accurately some agricultural and mineral products like corn, wheat, coal, etc., then a “more or less clause”, also called “plus or minus clause”, may be used to allow some tolerance in the quantity. 有時(shí)難以保證裝運(yùn)商品的數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定完全相符，因此會(huì)使用溢短裝條款或稱增減條款以允許數(shù)量差額。 5. Unless there is a stipulation that the quantity of the goods must not be exceeded or reduced, or the goods are to be calculated by number of package, 5% more or less of the goods in quantity should be accepted. 如果未規(guī)定商品質(zhì)量不能增加或者減少，則可有 5%的增減幅度。 6. Packing should be designed according to the need of the cargo. Bulk cargoes require little packing. General merchandises require adequate packing of various types. 包裝應(yīng)按貨物的需要來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)。散裝貨幾乎不用包裝，大路貨需要不同類型的合適包裝。7. 我方對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量很滿意，想知道它們是怎么包裝的。 We appreciate the quality of your products but would like to know how they are packed. 8. 豆子是以散裝或尼龍袋供應(yīng)的。 The beans are supplied in bulk or in gunny bags. 9. 我方采用紙箱而非木箱，因?yàn)榧埾渫瑯舆m用于海上運(yùn)輸，但成本更少，重量更輕。 We have now adopted carton packing instead of wooden cases as the former is just as seaworthy as the latter while the cost is less and the weight lighter. 10. 每罐裝 330 毫升零度可口可樂(lè)，每 24 罐裝一紙箱。 Pack the Coco Cola Zero in tins of 330ml each, 24 tins to a carton.Unit3T1.A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unitand price terms.F2. Both money of account and money of payment must be stipulated in the contract clearly.T3. The fluctuations of exchange rates may influence the interests of tradersT.4. Generally, the price of a foreign exchange is expressed in another currency.T5. Generally speaking, the exporter likes to use hard currency as payment currency.T6. Commission refers to service fees, while discount is a certain percent of price reduction.F7. Commission and discount must be stipulated in the price clause in a contract.T8. According to whether the price includes commission or not, the price can be divided into net price and commission-included price.T9. Discount is usually used as a means of promoting and expanding sales.T10. “USD200.00 per M/T CIFC2% London”means that the seller will receive 200.00US dollars for per metric ton.1. Total cost of exporting includes ___________. a. production cost c. production cost and all charge before exporting b. sales price d. production cost, all charge and taxes before exporting 2. Which one is the best expression of unit price in international trade?___________ a. CIF LONDON US$1010/MT b. USD1,010.00/MT c. CIF LONDON USD1,010.00/MT d. CIF LONDON $1,010.00 3. The seller reduces the price by a certain percentage of the original price for the buyer, that’s to say, the seller does proper favor in price for the buyer. The favor is called____. a. commission b. discount c. advance payment d. deposit 4. While choosing the money for the payment in international trade, one should _____. a. choose hard money b. choose soft money c. choose soft money for export and hard money for import d. choose hard money for export and soft money when import 5. In international trade, the method of calculating plain commission is ___________. a. net price multiplied by commission rate b. commission-included price multiplied by commission rate c. net price divided by（one minus commission rate） d. commission-included price divided by（one minus commission rate） 6. In international trade, the commission is usually collected by ___________. a. the exporter b. the importer c. the insurance company d. the intermediary7. Which one is the price including commission? ___________ a. FOBS b. FOBT c. FOBST d. FOBC 8. Which one of the following quotation is improper? ___________ a. FOB QINGDAO USD10.00/PC b. CIF LIVERPOOL GBP125.00/MT c. FOB SHANGHAI $15.25/PC d. FOB JINAN USD2.00/KG 9. The followings are included in CFR and CPT prices expect for ___________. a. production cost b. freight c. insurance premium d. profit 10. If the unit price clause is stipulated as“USD 200.00 per metric ton CIF London less 3% discount”, the seller will receive ___________ US dollars for one metric ton. a. 200.00 b. 194.00 c. 206.00 d. 196.001. 單價(jià) unit price2. 總值 total amount3. 歐元 EUR/Euro4. 英鎊 GBP5. 價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ) price term6. 計(jì)價(jià)貨幣 money/currency of account7. 支付貨幣 money/currency of payment8. 本幣 home currency 9. 硬(通) 貨幣 hard currency10. 軟(通) 貨幣 soft currency11. 匯率 exchange rate12. 外匯保值條款 exchange proviso clause 13. 中間商 intermediary14. 明傭 plain commission 15. 現(xiàn)金折扣 cash discount 16. 數(shù)量折扣 quantity discount1. A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unit and price terms.單價(jià)由四部分組成： 計(jì)價(jià)貨幣、 單位價(jià)格金額、 計(jì)量單位和價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)。大連理工大學(xué)出 版社2. In ISO 4217 Currency Code List, the currency code is composed of the country’s two character Internet country code plus an extra character to denote the currency unit.在國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織 4217 貨幣代碼表中， 貨幣代碼由國(guó)家網(wǎng)絡(luò)代碼的兩個(gè)字母和代表計(jì)價(jià)單位的另一個(gè)字母組成。 3. Total amount equals to the unit price multiplied by the quantity of the goods. It is often shown in the contract not only in Arabic numbers but also in English words.總值等于單價(jià)乘以商品的數(shù)量。 合同中的總值不止用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示， 還用英大連理工大學(xué)出 版社文字表示。4. Theoretically, use of hard currency as payment currency is more favorable to the exporter, while the importer prefers to pay in soft currency.理論上來(lái)說(shuō)， 以硬通貨幣作為支付貨幣對(duì)出口商來(lái)說(shuō)更有利， 而進(jìn)口商更愿意用軟貨幣。 5. Foreign exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.匯率就是兩國(guó)貨幣間的價(jià)格關(guān)系或一種貨幣相對(duì)于另一種貨幣的價(jià)格。大連理工大學(xué)出 版社6. Plain commission is often represented by a capital letter “C” followed a percentage of commission rate, which is inserted into the price term, for example,“USD200.00 per M/TCIFC2% London.明傭通常用大寫字母“ C” 加上傭金的百分率， 嵌入價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)中來(lái)表示， 如“CIF倫敦價(jià)每公噸 200 美元含 2%傭金。 ” 7. 該報(bào)盤以我方最終確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)。The offer is subject to our final confirmation.8. 你方如果不把價(jià)格降到市場(chǎng)價(jià)格水平就沒(méi)有希望做成買賣。It will be hopeless to get the business if you don’t bring your price into line with the world market. 9. 請(qǐng)報(bào)最優(yōu)惠的 CIF 倫敦價(jià)， 包括 3%傭金在內(nèi)。10. We’d like to have your most favorable CIF London price, including 3% commission.10. 價(jià)格是上海工廠交貨價(jià)每公噸 300 英鎊。The price is GBP 300 per metric ton EXW Shanghai.Unit4( F ) 1. All international business transactions are done under Incoterms 2010. ( T ) 2. Trade terms can be called price terms because they stand for the price component. ( T ) 3. EXW in Incoterms 2010 is the trade term under which the obligations and costs borne by and risks of the seller are minimum.( F ) 4. Under FCA in Incoterms 2010, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer at the time the buyer accepts the goods. ( T ) 5. Generally speaking, under FOB in Incoterms 2010, it is the seller’s responsibility to apply for the export license and pay the export duty. ( F ) 6. Under FOB San Francisco, San Francisco is the port of destination. ( F ) 7. DAT and DAP require the seller to clear the goods for export. ( T ) 8. The buyer has more responsibilities, costs and risks when using FOB than using CIF. ( T ) 9. Under CPT Tokyo, Tokyo is the place of delivery.( T ) 10. The DDP should not be used if the seller is unable to obtain import license directly or indirectly. 1. The trade terms define the responsibilities and expenses of ___________. a. both the seller and the buyer c. both the shipper and carrier b. both the consignee and the consignor d. both the seller and the operator 2. ___________ means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination. a. CPT c. DAT b. DDP d. DAP 3. Under ___________, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards. a. DAT c. FOB b. FAS d. CIF 4. ___________ means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered, and he must contract for transport and insurance. a. FAS c. CFR b. FOB d. CIF 5. In such circumstances where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal, ___________ should be used. a. FCA c. CPT b. FOB d. DAT 6. The buyer should note that under ___________ the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. a. EXW c. CIP b. FOB d. DDP 7. ___________ may be used for any mode or modes of transport. a. FCA CPT DAP c. FCA FAS CIF b. FCA FOB EXW d. FCA CFR DAT 8. ___________ can only be used for waterway transport. a. CIF CIP DAT c. CPT CIF FOB b. CFR CPT DAP d. CIF CFR FOB 9. Under ___________, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination. a. CFR CIF DAT c. CPT CIP FCA b. FCA FAS FOB d. DAT DAP DDP 10. ___________ requires the seller to clear the goods for export and import, where applicable. a. EXW c. DAP b. DDP d. CPT1. Trade terms, also called price terms or delivery terms, are an important part of a unit price in international trade, standing for specific responsibilities and obligations of both the buyer and the seller. 貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)，又稱價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)或交貨術(shù)語(yǔ)，是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中單價(jià)條款的重要組成部分， 代表買賣雙方各自特定的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。 2. FCA requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.FCA 要求賣方在需要時(shí)辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)。3. Under CPT, the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination. CPT 下，賣方必須訂立運(yùn)輸合同，自付費(fèi)用將貨物運(yùn)至指定的目的地。 4. Under CIP, the seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer’ s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. CIP 下，賣方還必須訂立保險(xiǎn)合同以防買方貨物在運(yùn)輸途中滅失或損壞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 5. When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination. 在 CPT, CIP, CFR 或 CIF 適用的情形下，賣方的交貨義務(wù)在將貨物交付承運(yùn)人， 而非貨物到達(dá)指定目的地時(shí)，即告完全履行。 6. 賣方必須支付在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，貨物出口應(yīng)交納的一切關(guān)稅、稅款和其他 費(fèi)用。The seller must pay, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export. 7. CFR 適用于海洋運(yùn)輸和內(nèi)河沿運(yùn)，而 CPT 則適于任何運(yùn)輸方式。 CFR is only applied to sea and inland waterway transport while CPT may be used for any mode of transport.8. 賣方必須按照銷售合同提供貨物和商業(yè)發(fā)票。 The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale. 9. 自賣方交貨之時(shí)起，買方必須承擔(dān)貨物滅失或損壞的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time the goods have been delivered. 10. FOB 是指賣方在指定的裝運(yùn)港，將貨物交至買方指定的船只上，或者指（中間 銷售商）設(shè)法獲取按該種交付方式交付的貨物。 FOB means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered.Unit5T1. Sea transport is the most important mode of transport in international trade now.T2. The freight of liners is relatively fixed, while the freight of tramps is mainly determined by the m