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第三講定語從句 定語從句必備知識 1．定語從句 在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞、代詞或整個句子的從句叫作定語從句。定語從句可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。 The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那個在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。(定語從句作后置定語) 2．先行詞 被定語從句所修飾的詞或句子叫先行詞，作先行詞的可以是： (1)一個詞(通常是名詞，也可以是代詞) This is the place which is worth visiting. 這是值得參觀的地方。 He laughs best who laughs last.誰笑到最后，誰笑得最好。 (2)一個短語 Many lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.許多以前可以通過詢問家庭成員、朋友或者同事就能解決的生活問題，是現(xiàn)在的大家庭無力解決的。 (3)一個分句 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.希臘人認為，語言結(jié)構(gòu)和思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點在人們尚未認識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。 (4)一個完整的句子 I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why I was late that morning.我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個老人躺在馬路上，我立即乘出租車把他送到了醫(yī)院，這就是那天上午我遲到的原因。 3．關(guān)系詞 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞有三大作用：代指先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中充當句子成分。 Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.(which代指Beijing，在從句中作主語) 4．先行詞與關(guān)系詞的關(guān)系 (1)關(guān)系代詞who, that, which實際上是先行詞的替代詞 A plane is a machine that can fly.(that＝a machine) The boy who broke the window is called Tom.(who＝the boy) (2)關(guān)系代詞whose實際上是先行詞的所有格 The boy whose parents were dead was brought up by his grandfather.(whose＝the boys) (3)關(guān)系副詞實際上是“介詞＋先行詞” The school where I study is far from my home. (where＝in the school) 5．分類 (1)限制性定語從句 它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，書寫時不可用逗號分開。如果關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語，關(guān)系代詞通?？梢允÷?。 Do you know the girl who just came in? 你認識那個剛剛進來的女孩嗎？ The time when I first met Mr White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次遇見懷特先生時是我生命中一個非常艱難的時期。 (2)非限制性定語從句 它只是對先行詞作附加補充說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系不是很密切，書寫時往往用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句一般不用that引導(dǎo)。 The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for pany. 這個老婦人一個人住，養(yǎng)了一只貓陪伴她。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的那棟房子有一個漂亮的花園?！? 關(guān)系代詞　 [全析考法] Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．(2018全國卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. 解析：that/which　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，在定語從句中作主語，修飾先行詞study，故填that/which。 2．(2018全國卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soiltesting program________ gives specific fertilizer remendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 解析：that/which　空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中作主語，修飾“a soiltesting program”，先行詞表示物，故用that或者which。 3．(2018浙江高考)Many westerners ________ e to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 解析：who/that　先行詞是Many westerners，指人，故用who/that 引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中作主語。 4．(2017全國卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, ________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 解析：who　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，先行詞是Sarah，且空格處在從句中作主語，故用關(guān)系代詞who。 5．(2015全國卷Ⅰ)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 解析：that/which　根據(jù)語境和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，因此答案為that/which。 Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．(2017全國卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.________________ 解析：that→which　此句是非限制性定語從句，應(yīng)用which而不能用that引導(dǎo)。 2．(2017全國卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.________________ 解析：they→that/which　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，things作其后定語從句的先行詞，并在從句中作主語，故關(guān)系代詞用that或which。 3．(2016四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite.________________ 解析：what→that/which或去掉what　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，dishes后跟的是定語從句，what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，應(yīng)用that/which引導(dǎo)。又因引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中作cooked的賓語，可以省略，故也可以直接把what去掉。 [謹記規(guī)則] (一)關(guān)系代詞的基本用法 1．who 用于指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。 But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.(作主語) 但是，努力過卻失敗的人比那些坐享其成的人要好得多。 2．whom 用于指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可用who代替；但是，若從句中的介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前，只能用whom直接跟在介詞后作賓語，不可用who代替。 In our class there are 48 students, half of whom are girls.(作賓語)我們班有48名學(xué)生，其中有一半是女生。 3．which 用于指物，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。 She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to municate freely with each other.(作主語)在為學(xué)生營造自由交流的氛圍這方面，她很有天賦。 4．that 既可指人又可指物，指人時通?？膳cwho, whom互換，指物時通?？膳cwhich互換，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。 The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.(作主語)這個古老的小鎮(zhèn)有狹窄的街道和建造得彼此靠得很近的小房子。 5．whose 表示所屬關(guān)系，既可指人又可指物，在定語從句中作定語。指物時相當于of which；指人時相當于of whom。 The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.(作定語) 桌上那些封面閃閃發(fā)亮的書是我們的獎品。 6．a(chǎn)s (1)引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，作關(guān)系代詞，既可指人又可指物，在從句中作主語、賓語、表語。常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)：①such＋名詞＋as ... 意為“像……一樣的；像……之類的”；②such(＋代詞＋)as ...，意為“像……一樣的；像……之類的”；③the same (＋名詞＋) as ...意為“和……同樣的”。 He is such a man as is always ready to help others.(作主語)他是一個時刻準備幫助別人的人。 I have the same book as you (have)．(作賓語) 我有一本和你的一樣的書。 (2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，先行詞為整個主句或主句中的一部分，意為“正如；像”。 “You cant judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.(作賓語)正如老話所說的那樣：“人不可貌相?！? [特別注意]　關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時一般可省略，但其前有介詞時一般不可省略。 (二)關(guān)系代詞的兩處關(guān)注點 1．5種只用that而不用which的情況 (1)先行詞是不定代詞all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等或者先行詞被不定代詞所修飾時； Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要為自己說的嗎？ (2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或the only, the very (恰恰，正好), the last, all, no, few, little, any等修飾時； This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.這是我見過的最激動人心的足球比賽之一。 This is the only thing that we can do now. 這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。 (3)先行詞既有人又有物時； The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.你告訴我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就為我們所有人所欽佩。 (4)當先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞也作表語時； Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是過去的那座城市了。 (5)當主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在門口的那個人是誰？ 2．which與as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的3點區(qū)別 which as 位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置靈活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末 搭配上 無動詞的限制 謂語動詞通常是表示感覺或心理活動的動詞，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等 意思上 意為“這一點” 表示“正如……，正像……的那樣” She married again, which was unexpected. 她再婚了，這是始料未及的。 She married again, as we expected. 正如我們預(yù)料的那樣，她再婚了。 關(guān)系副詞　 [全析考法] 單句語法填空 1．(2018江蘇高考改編)Selfdriving is an area________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 解析：where　句意：無人駕駛是一個中國和世界上其他國家處在同一起跑線上的領(lǐng)域。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞area，并在從句中作地點狀語，應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)。 2．(20176月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ________ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生長) through it. 解析：where　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為“the garden”，在從句中作地點狀語，故要用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。 3．(2016全國卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 解析：when　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞是表示時間的“the mid1980s”，且從句中缺少時間狀語，故填關(guān)系副詞when。 [謹記規(guī)則] (一)關(guān)系副詞的分類 關(guān)系副詞 先行詞 句法功能 when 時間 時間狀語 where 地點 地點狀語 why 原因 原因狀語(只引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句) The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 完全靠體力謀生的時代已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了。 I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, where we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.我和朋友一起登上了山頂，在山頂上我們欣賞到了湖光美景。 Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們的提議的原因嗎？ (二)關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞的易混點 若先行詞為一些表示地點的抽象名詞，如situation, point, stage, position, part, condition, case等，且引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語，則常用關(guān)系副詞where或“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句。如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，則用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo)。 I have e to the point where/at which I cant stand him. 我已經(jīng)到了無法容忍他的地步。 Hes got into the situation where/in which he is in debt. 他已經(jīng)陷入負債累累的境地。 At last he got the position (that/which) he had been dreaming of.他最終得到了他夢寐以求的那個職位。 “介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句　 [全析考法] 單句語法填空/單句改錯 1．(2017江蘇高考改編)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 解析：whose　句意：1963年，聯(lián)合國建立了世界糧食計劃署，它的其中一個目的就是減少世界范圍內(nèi)的饑餓問題。關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語，修飾purposes，whose purposes＝the World Food Programmes purposes。 2．(20166月浙江高考改編)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved. 解析：which　句意：就人類為什么哭出眼淚科學(xué)家提出來許多理論，但沒有一項理論得到證明。先行詞為theories，故用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。 3．(2015安徽高考改編)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ________school education depends. 解析：which　句意：一些專家認為閱讀是學(xué)校教育依賴的基本技能。depend upon＝depend on“依靠，依賴”。結(jié)合句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，upon及其后的句子成分在句中作the fundamental skill的定語，是定語從句。從句中缺少一個賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞which。 4．(2015重慶高考)He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of ________ were published in the 1990s. 解析：which　句意：他寫了很多兒童書籍，差不多一半發(fā)表于20世紀90年代。先行詞為childrens books，在從句中作介詞of的賓語，故要用which。 5．(2018全國卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.________________ 解析：which前加in或which→where　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，they raised fish是定語從句，其先行詞是pond，在定語從句中應(yīng)該作介詞in的賓語，或者用關(guān)系副詞where作狀語。 [謹記規(guī)則] (一)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 構(gòu)成 句法功能 用法指津 名詞(代詞)＋介詞＋關(guān)系代詞 主語 可轉(zhuǎn)化為“whose＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) 數(shù)詞(形容詞最高級)＋of＋關(guān)系代詞 主語 數(shù)詞還可以用some, many, most, each等不定代詞替換 介詞(短語)＋關(guān)系代詞 狀語 關(guān)系代詞只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可與關(guān)系副詞互換(從句常用倒裝語序) 介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋名詞 狀語 關(guān)系代詞常用which 和whose 介詞＋關(guān)系副詞 狀語 有時為了表達清楚，還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加介詞from或to The newlybuilt gymnasium, the walls of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard study.新建成的體育館，墻被刷成了淺綠色，對我們來說真是一個安靜的去處，特別是在刻苦學(xué)習(xí)后。 He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever. 他有十個表兄弟，最小的那個很聰明。 She still remembers the day on which she won the prize. 她仍然記得她獲獎的那一天。 He is studying in the classroom now, in front of which stand two trees.他現(xiàn)在正在前面有兩棵樹的那間教室里學(xué)習(xí)。 Mother is preparing lunch, during which time children are playing outside.媽媽在準備午餐，在此期間，孩子們在外面玩。 There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station. 我的房間有一個大窗戶，透過它我可以看到火車站。 (二)兩個注意點 1．“介詞＋which/whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中介詞的確定： (1)根據(jù)從句中動詞、形容詞等與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定。 Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now？你認識剛才和老師談話的那個女孩嗎？(talk作“交談”講時，常與with或to搭配) (2)根據(jù)語意表達的需要來確定。 Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams. 知識是我們借以實現(xiàn)夢想的翅膀。(with表示用某種手段、工具) 2．“介詞＋which＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語從句。常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有： during which time在此期間　at which time在這時 at which point在這一時刻 for which reason由于這個原因 in which case在這一情況下 語法填空解題“3視角” 1．關(guān)系代詞的選用 (1)如果先行詞指人，定語從句中缺少主語，限制性定語從句中用who/that; 非限制性定語從句中用who。 (2)如果先行詞指人，定語從句中缺少賓語，限制性定語從句中用who/that/whom; 非限制性定語從句中用whom。 (3)如果先行詞指物，定語從句中缺少主語或賓語，限制性定語從句中用which/that; 非限制性定語從句用which。 2．關(guān)系副詞的選用 如果先行詞指時間或地點，定語從句中缺少時間狀語或地點狀語，定語從句中用when或where。 3．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”的判定 如果先行詞指人， “介詞＋關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的關(guān)系詞用whom; 如果先行詞指物， “介詞＋關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的關(guān)系詞用which。 據(jù)第1條解題 1．Records are rare before that time because Qin Shi Huang destroyed all the books that could be found. 2．However, speeding up your walking pace cant instantly make you the life of the party, which_means that you neednt change your personality. 3．As is expected, these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions. 4．A best friend is someone whom you can tell everything to, even your most personal feelings and thoughts. 5．Now Edwards is studying English literature, having pleted a college course designed for adults who want to return to education or need extra qualifications to go on to university. 據(jù)第2條解題 6．There are certain dates throughout the year when the entire country takes a vacation at the same time. 7．Of course, there are times when we need to travel long distances. 8．Gift shops in museums used to be the last stop of each visit, where people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends. 據(jù)第3條解題 9．The city has historically developed on seven hills, some of which_are 250m high. 10．We first attended the opening parade, for which our class had made a lot of preparations. 11．Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk, but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed. 短文改錯解題“3視角” 1．忽視先行詞 2．混淆關(guān)系詞的用法 (1)錯用which和that； (2)誤把what當成關(guān)系代詞； (3)介詞后的關(guān)系代詞不能使用that。 3．沒有考慮關(guān)系詞在從句中充當?shù)某煞? 據(jù)第1條解題 1．On the other hand, I can see the singers stories, who are so inspiring.who→which 2．Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station where you can hire to reach your host family.where→which 據(jù)第2條解題 3．She thanked me several times sincerely, that made me feel extremely proud.that→which 4．Secondly, manage our time wisely by setting up a study schedule, that can help us improve our learning efficiency.that→which 5．Looking at the spot what he thought the “fly” was again, he was so angry that he slapped it with all his strength.what→where 6．Last week, I along with my classmates was asked to attend a lecture, the theme of what was environmental protection.what→which 據(jù)第3條解題 7．When I was 12, I met Mary. She came to China with her parents, whom taught English in a university.whom→who 8．In the square which many senior citizens were dancing, I found several elders buried in feeding birds.which→where 9．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of them left their village homes for a better life in the city.them→whom