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第四講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)詞不定式　 [全析考法] Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)You dont have to run fast or for long________ (see) the benefit. 解析：to see　此處意為：你不必跑很快或很久就能看到它的好處。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)該使用不定式形式作目的狀語(yǔ)。 2．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ______ (improve) water quality. 解析：to improve　根據(jù)“改善水質(zhì)”是“政府鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民種植玉米而不種植水稻”的目的，可知此處應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。 3．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ________ (stay) and watch. 解析：to stay　allow sb.to do sth.為固定搭配，意為“允許某人做某事”。 4．(20186月浙江高考)While regularly eating out seems to ________ (bee) mon for many young people in recent years, its not without a cost. 解析：have bee　根據(jù)后面的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in recent years可知，此處應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞不定式的完成時(shí)。 5．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)They are required ________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. 解析：to process　require sb.to do sth.為固定搭配，意為“需要某人做某事”。 6．(2016四川高考)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something ________ (eat)! 解析：to eat　句意：25天中，她寸步不離她的孩子，甚至不去找東西吃！不定式to eat作定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的不定代詞something。 7．(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ________ (cool) the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night. 解析：to cool　“be＋形容詞＋enough＋to do sth.”為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“足夠……，能夠做某事”。 8．(2014全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ________ (stop) until we reached the next stop. 解析：to stop　refuse后接動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用其不定式形式，即refuse to do sth.“拒絕做某事”。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 1．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me.________________ 解析：watching→watch　ask to do sth.意為“請(qǐng)求做某事”，是固定結(jié)構(gòu)。 2．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious.________________ 解析：take前加to　be eager to do sth.表示“渴望做某事”，是固定結(jié)構(gòu)。 3．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)When summer es, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables！________________ 解析：pick前加to　invite sb. to do sth.意為“邀請(qǐng)某人做某事”，是固定結(jié)構(gòu)。 4．(20166月浙江高考)He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us.________________ 解析：knowing→know　pretend后面接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，這里是否定式pretend not to do sth.“假裝不做某事”。故knowing改成know。 5．(2015四川高考)Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.________________ 解析：want后加to　want后跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，want to do sth.意為“想要做某事”。 6．(2015浙江高考)The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.________________ 解析：felt→feel　make后面跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)，即make sb. do sth.，表示“使某人做某事”，所以此處應(yīng)將felt改為feel。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] 不定式由“to＋動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，其否定形式是“not to＋動(dòng)詞原形”。不定式可以加賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，它沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。 (一)不定式的用法 1．作主語(yǔ) (1)不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往放在謂語(yǔ)之后，用it作形式主語(yǔ)。 To see is to believe.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。 It is right to give up smoking.戒煙是正確的。 (2)在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中，若形容詞側(cè)重于評(píng)價(jià)人物的特性、特征，則構(gòu)成不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞應(yīng)用of，此時(shí)形容詞常為kind, nice, foolish等詞，且sb.與形容詞之間可構(gòu)成邏輯上的系表關(guān)系；若形容詞側(cè)重于描寫不定式動(dòng)作的特征、特點(diǎn)，則構(gòu)成不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞應(yīng)用for。 It is generous of him to contribute so much. 他捐獻(xiàn)了這么多真是太慷慨了。 It was important for us to live a lowcarbon life. 過(guò)一種低碳生活對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。 2．作賓語(yǔ) (1)下列動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)牢記下面的口訣： 決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend 主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help We agreed to meet at the school gate. 我們一致同意在校門口見(jiàn)面。 (2)在某些動(dòng)詞如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，然后加賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，最后加不定式作真正的賓語(yǔ)。 We think it our duty to protect the environment. 我們認(rèn)為保護(hù)環(huán)境是我們的責(zé)任。 3．作表語(yǔ) 不定式作表語(yǔ)多表示某一次具體的、特定的或有待實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。 My dream is to enter Peking University. 我的夢(mèng)想是考入北京大學(xué)。 4．作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) (1)在很多動(dòng)詞后都可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。 Father will not allow us to play in the street. 父親不會(huì)允許我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！? (2)下列動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))接省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： 一感 (feel)，二聽(hear, listen to)，三使(let，have, make)，五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at)，半幫助 (help)，但在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)需加to。 Nobody saw him e in. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) 沒(méi)人看見(jiàn)他進(jìn)來(lái)。 The thief was observed to enter the bank. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) 有人看見(jiàn)小偷進(jìn)了銀行。 5．作定語(yǔ) (1)不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 I have a lot of work to do.我有許多工作要做。 (2)不定式常放在某些名詞或代詞后作定語(yǔ)。 如果作定語(yǔ)的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后需要加相應(yīng)的介詞。 I need a pen to write with.我需要一支鋼筆寫字。 [特別注意]　如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way等，不定式后的介詞習(xí)慣上可以省去。 (3)不定式用來(lái)修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或no, all, any等限定的中心詞，且與中心詞為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他總是第一個(gè)到校，最后一個(gè)離校。 (4)被修飾詞是抽象名詞時(shí)，常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的該類名詞有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。 The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的能力與觀點(diǎn)本身同等重要。 [特別注意]　不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，若句子主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，則用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義；若句子主語(yǔ)不是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，則用被動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。 She has a sister to look after. 她有一個(gè)妹妹要照顧。(she是look after的執(zhí)行者) 6．作狀語(yǔ) (1)作目的狀語(yǔ)。表示“為了”，可以單獨(dú)放在句首、句中或句末。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能置于句首。 To increase levels of munity service, some schools have launched pulsory volunteer programs. 為了提高社區(qū)服務(wù)水平，一些學(xué)校已經(jīng)發(fā)起了義務(wù)志愿者服務(wù)計(jì)劃。 (2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)常表示令人意外的結(jié)果，有時(shí)前面加only，以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中： only to do　　　　　　　　 表示意想不到的結(jié)果 enough to do 足夠做…… too ... to do 太……而不能…… so/such ... as to ... 如此……以至于…… Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.湯姆乘出租車去了機(jī)場(chǎng)，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他要乘坐的飛機(jī)已飛入高空。 He is old enough to go to school.他到上學(xué)的年齡了。 (3)作原因狀語(yǔ)。表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等的形容詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，后可接不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)，用以說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生這種心理活動(dòng)或情緒的原因，常用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。 Maggie was glad to be home in her own bed. 瑪吉回到家躺在自己的床上，覺(jué)得非常高興。 (二)動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 1．動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法 形式 意義 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般式 與句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行 to be doing — 完成式 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生 to have done to have been done 完成進(jìn)行式 發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前并且持續(xù)到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)仍在進(jìn)行 to have been doing — I saw him go out.我看見(jiàn)他出去了。 The boy pretended to be studying hard when his teacher came in.當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候，那個(gè)男孩假裝正在努力學(xué)習(xí)。 Im sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉讓你久等了。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. 明天要舉行的會(huì)議很重要。 2．動(dòng)詞不定式語(yǔ)態(tài)四注意 (1)不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。 Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有開門的鑰匙嗎？ (2)不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語(yǔ)之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式。 He needs a room to live in.他需要一間房間居住。 (3)不定式作表語(yǔ)(性質(zhì))形容詞的狀語(yǔ)，和句中主語(yǔ)之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式多用主動(dòng)形式，這是因?yàn)槿藗兺J(rèn)為形容詞后省去了for sb.。 This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.這臺(tái)機(jī)器很容易操作。只需幾分鐘，任何人都能學(xué)會(huì)使用它。 The book is very hard to understand.這本書很難理解。 (4)在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說(shuō)話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式；如果說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動(dòng)形式。 There is a lot of work to do. (有人必須去干活) There is a lot of work to be done. (工作必須被做) 請(qǐng)注意下面兩個(gè)句子的含義是不同的： There is nothing to do. (無(wú)事可做，感到十分乏味) There is nothing to be done. (某東西壞了，無(wú)法使之恢復(fù)正常) 動(dòng) 名 詞　 [全析考法] Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________ (die) early by running. 解析：dying　此處作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)，且后有副詞early作狀語(yǔ)，故填動(dòng)詞die的動(dòng)名詞形式dying。 2．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged. 解析：looking　avoid后接動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語(yǔ)，故填looking。 3．(20186月浙江高考)I still remember ________ (visit) a friend whod lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time. 解析：visiting　remember doing sth.“記得做過(guò)某事”，為固定搭配。 4．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by ________ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. 解析：eating　by在此處表示“通過(guò)”，是介詞，后面接動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語(yǔ)。 5．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm ________ (rest)． 解析：resting　spend time (in) doing sth.為固定搭配。 6．(2014全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Still, the boy kept ________ (ride)． 解析：riding　keep后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，keep doing sth.意為“繼續(xù)做某事”。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 1．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.________________ 解析：sell→selling　動(dòng)詞sell在介詞by后作賓語(yǔ)，故使用其動(dòng)名詞形式。 2．(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.________________ 解析：take→taking　此處為between ... and ... 結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)前面的“staying at home”可知，此處也要用動(dòng)名詞形式，與前面保持一致。 3．(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.________________ 解析：wear→wearing　此處用動(dòng)名詞作介詞by的賓語(yǔ)。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] 動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞ing形式構(gòu)成的，它在句中起名詞作用。 (一)動(dòng)名詞的句法功能 1．作主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)用it作形式主語(yǔ)。 Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. 聽別人對(duì)你剛讀過(guò)的這本書的反應(yīng)會(huì)帶來(lái)額外的樂(lè)趣。 It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前預(yù)約一下是值得的。 [知識(shí)拓展]　下面句型中常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)： It is/was a waste (of ...)/no use/no good doing sth. 2．作表語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示通常的情況，多指抽象的、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，句子主語(yǔ)通常是無(wú)生命的事物或由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。 My job is teaching you English.我的工作是教你們英語(yǔ)。 3．作賓語(yǔ) (1)下列動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)牢記下面的口訣： 考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒(méi)得想 consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy 避免錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞 avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate 禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡 forbid, imagine, risk; cant help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape He tried to avoid answering my questions. 他試圖對(duì)我的問(wèn)題避而不答。 (2)由“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)，其后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的有be/get used to (習(xí)慣于), look forward to (期盼), feel like (想要), insist on (堅(jiān)持), get down to (開始認(rèn)真做某事), devote ... to ... (致力于……), object to (反對(duì)), stick to (堅(jiān)持), give up (放棄)等。 Its time I got down to thinking about that essay. 我該認(rèn)真思考一下那篇論文了。 (3)下列動(dòng)詞或詞組既可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，也可以接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義上有區(qū)別： 4．作定語(yǔ) (1)動(dòng)名詞可置于名詞前作定語(yǔ)，表示被修飾的名詞的用途、性能或目的。 a walking stick＝a stick for walking　手杖 a sleeping car＝a car for sleeping　臥鋪車 (2)表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可以表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 John is a promising young man. 約翰是一個(gè)有前途的年輕人。 (二)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 形式 意義 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般式 與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或稍后發(fā)生 doing being done 完成式 先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作完成 having done having been done　　　 Do you like playing chess？你喜歡下棋嗎？ She was pleased that the teacher wasnt angry with her for her having been so rude. 她很高興老師沒(méi)有因?yàn)樗臒o(wú)禮而生氣。 分 詞　 [全析考法] 單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò) 1．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while ________ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the banks Juergen Voegele. 解析：feeding　when/while＋現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于when/while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)名詞China和動(dòng)詞feed之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，故填feeding。 2．(201811月浙江高考)Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem ________ (call) caffeinism. You get very nervous and you cant sleep. 解析：called　problem與call之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞called作定語(yǔ)。 3．(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter ________ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 解析：permitted　因?yàn)榫渲幸延兄^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞was，故此處要用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。因permit與reporter之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用過(guò)去分詞形式作后置定語(yǔ)。 4．(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots，________ (use) twigs (樹枝) to remove it. 解析：using　第二句句中已有謂語(yǔ)cooked，且無(wú)其他連接詞，use與主語(yǔ)People之間為主謂關(guān)系，故填現(xiàn)在分詞形式作方式狀語(yǔ)。 5．(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel pany in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ________ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 解析： living　句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞arranges，故此處應(yīng)考慮填非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。由于live與其所修飾的名詞people之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，故用表示主動(dòng)意義的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。 6．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.________________ 解析：wait→waiting　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，was為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)Everyone與wait之間為主謂關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞waiting作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] 分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，且含有進(jìn)行的意義；過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且含有完成的意義。 (一)分詞的句法功能 1．作狀語(yǔ) 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，一般在句中作時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、方式、條件、伴隨、讓步等狀語(yǔ)。 分詞作狀語(yǔ) 用法 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 相當(dāng)于when, while, before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 作原因狀語(yǔ) 相當(dāng)于because, since, as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。 作條件狀語(yǔ) 相當(dāng)于if, unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) 常用現(xiàn)在分詞表示自然而然的結(jié)果。 作方式或伴 隨狀語(yǔ)　　 表示一個(gè)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的次要的(或者伴隨的)動(dòng)作，常用逗號(hào)與句子主體部分隔開。 作讓步狀語(yǔ) 相當(dāng)于though, although, even if等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.這個(gè)句子被譯成英語(yǔ)后，發(fā)現(xiàn)它有一個(gè)完全不同的語(yǔ)序。(作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)) Not knowing (＝Because he didnt know) how much longer he could last, Nicholas did the only thing he could — he huddled in his cave and slept. 因?yàn)椴恢肋€能維持(生存)多久，尼古拉斯只能做一件事——蜷縮在他的山洞里睡覺(jué)。(作原因狀語(yǔ)) Used (＝If it is used) with care, one tin will last for six weeks.如果小心使用，一罐可以用六個(gè)星期。(作條件狀語(yǔ)) More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. 中國(guó)已經(jīng)建成更多的高速公路，這讓人們的出行變得更容易。(作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)) 2．作表語(yǔ) 表示事物的特征或性質(zhì)時(shí)，表語(yǔ)用現(xiàn)在分詞；表示人或物的內(nèi)心感受時(shí)，表語(yǔ)用過(guò)去分詞。 Please describe a dog that is frightening. 請(qǐng)描述一只令人害怕的狗。 Please describe a dog that is frightened. 請(qǐng)描述一只驚恐的狗。 3．作定語(yǔ) (1)作定語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式為doing, being done和done。當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用doing；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示分詞動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，用being done；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示分詞動(dòng)作已完成時(shí)，用done。 I have never seen a more moving film. 我沒(méi)看過(guò)比這個(gè)更令人感動(dòng)的電影了。 The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的房子是給老師的。 The broken glass is Toms.這個(gè)打破了的杯子是湯姆的。 (2)作定語(yǔ)的不及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式為doing和done, doing表示正在進(jìn)行；done表示已經(jīng)完成。 boiling water　正沸騰的水　　 boiled water　開水 4．作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) (1)感官動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)see, watch, observe, look at, listen to, notice及keep, find等詞可跟分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系；過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。 I saw him entering the bank. (him與enter之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系) 我看見(jiàn)他正向銀行里走。 I saw him operated on. (him與operate之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) 我看見(jiàn)(有人)給他做了手術(shù)。 (2)have, get后可接現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 They had the fire burning all night. (burn動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行) 他們讓火整夜燒著。 I will have my bike repaired tomorrow. (讓別人去修) 明天我要讓人修一下我的自行車。 (二)現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 形式 意義 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般式 與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或稍后發(fā)生 doing being done 完成式 先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作完成 having done having been done　　　 Having finished his homework, he went to bed. 完成作業(yè)后，他上床睡覺(jué)了。 The meeting being held now is of great importance. 現(xiàn)在正在開的會(huì)很重要。 (三)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等，也可以作定語(yǔ)。 1．名詞/代詞(主格)＋非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow. (permit的邏輯主語(yǔ)是weather而非we) 明天如果天氣允許，我們就進(jìn)行比賽。 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. (fix的邏輯主語(yǔ)是his eyes而非he) 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。 Many trees to be planted, our newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful. (plant的邏輯主語(yǔ)是many trees而非our newlybuilt school) 種上許多的樹后，我們新建的學(xué)?？瓷先⒏?。 2．名詞/代詞(主格)＋名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ) The students were having a discussion, their faces (being) red with excitement. 學(xué)生們正在進(jìn)行討論，因?yàn)榧?dòng)，他們的臉都紅了。 The boy came in, book in hand. 男孩走進(jìn)來(lái)，手里拿著書。 [特別注意]　為使句子簡(jiǎn)潔、明快，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的冠詞或代詞也常省略。 (四)with/without＋賓語(yǔ)(名詞/代詞)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) “with/without＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中常作伴隨狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)。 1．“with/without＋名詞/代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞”中的現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)且進(jìn)行，或表特征。 The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park, with their pet dog following them. 這對(duì)老夫婦經(jīng)常晚飯后在公園散步，他們的寵物狗跟在后面。 2．“with/without＋名詞/代詞＋過(guò)去分詞”中的過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)且完成，或表狀態(tài)。 It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.真可惜，這位偉大的作家去世時(shí)，他的作品尚未完成。 3．“with/without＋名詞/代詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式”中的不定式表將來(lái)。 With the exception of using a small microwave oven to heat food, students are not permitted to cook in their rooms. 除了可以使用小型微波爐加熱食物之外，學(xué)生們被禁止在他們的房間里做飯。 4．“with/without＋名詞/代詞＋形容詞/副詞/名詞/介詞短語(yǔ)”中的形容詞等表賓語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。 With production up by 60%, the pany has had another excellent year.產(chǎn)量提高了60%，公司又度過(guò)了輝煌的一年。 語(yǔ)法填空解題“3策略” 1．分析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間以及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系 (1)若非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主謂關(guān)系， 且正在進(jìn)行，要想到用現(xiàn)在分詞形式(doing)； (2)若非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且表完成， 要想到用過(guò)去分詞形式(done); (3)若非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，或作目的狀語(yǔ)，或跟在表示喜怒哀樂(lè)的形容詞后表示原因或意料之外的結(jié)果等， 要想到用不定式形式(to do)。 2．掌握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的固定句式結(jié)構(gòu) (1)Its＋形容詞＋(for/of sb.＋)to do sth.； (2)Its no good/use/pleasure doing sth.； (3)find/think/believe/consider＋it＋adj.＋to do sth.； (4)be likely to do sth.很可能做某事。 3．牢記后跟非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特定動(dòng)詞 (1)牢記用動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞； (2)牢記用動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。 據(jù)第1條解題 1．According to the study, when faced (face) with the new challenges, fast walkers are more likely to be active while quiet people tend to walk more slowly. 2．The hobby selected (select) by teens depends upon their free time. 3．Last summer I was lucky to_spend_ (spend) a couple of days in this city and I just fell in love with its narrow paved streets and neat beautiful house! 4．When his father discovered his son practising on a violin one day, he gave him a beating, saying (say) that he was going to beat the music out of the boy. 據(jù)第2條解題 5．It is mon _to_find (find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in peoples homes. 6．People with positive attitude are more likely _to_succeed (succeed) than those with negative attitude. 7．Everyone in our class is working hard and doing what we could to_enter (enter) a good university. 據(jù)第3條解題 8．Last year, scientists saw some monkeys rubbing (rub) themselves with a certain kind of insects to_protect (protect) themselves from fierce mosquitoes biting. 9．The Old Town is definitely worthy _to_be_seen (see)． 10．So, what kinds of food do you avoid eating (eat)? 短文改錯(cuò)解題“2視角” 1．從非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成角度檢查 (1)檢查是否該有不定式符號(hào)to; (2)檢查動(dòng)名詞或分詞是否正確。 2．從非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法角度檢查 (1)檢查介詞后的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否正確； (2)檢查并列結(jié)構(gòu)中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是否一致； (3)檢查作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是否合適； (4)檢查作狀語(yǔ)的分詞表示主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)。 據(jù)第1條解題 1．In addition, municate with our teachers and classmates is also a good way. municate→municating 2．Last evening he used it take his cousin out for ice cream._take前加to 3．He hopes create an environment for his students that is much more relaxing than the one he used to study in.hopes后加to 據(jù)第2條解題 4．After that, I swore I must learn English well, especially spoken English, and never make that embarrassing thing happening again. happening→happen 5．Id like work for you because I care a lot about presently affairs.like后加to 6．To her surprise, the poor old man was sitting on the floor with the palm of his hand bleed.bleed→bleeding 7．Arrived home, I almost forgot my tiredness. Arrived→Arriving 8．Yesterday morning I was determined to giving her a hand and do some washing.giving→give 9．Most high school students want to get into famous universities and they spend most of their time review lessons. review→reviewing 10．Learning this news, I am really willing to travel with you and introducing Xian to you. introducing→introduce