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第五講名詞性從句 從屬連詞that, whether與if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 [全析考法] 單句語法填空/單句改錯(cuò) 1．(201811月浙江高考)It is possible ________ caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷) in humans, too. 解析：that　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，it作形式主語，that從句為真正的主語。 2．(2017天津高考改編)She asked me________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadnt. 解析：whether/if　句意：她問我是否已經(jīng)把書還給圖書館了，我承認(rèn)說我還沒有還。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處引導(dǎo)賓語從句，且在從句中不作任何成分，只起連接作用；又根據(jù)句意可知此處表示“是否”，故用whether或if引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 3．(2016北京高考改編)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is________ one can be entirely free from dust. 解析：that　句意：雨季最令人高興的事情就是人們可以完全遠(yuǎn)離灰塵。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句包含一個(gè)表語從句，且表語從句中句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，故使用that引導(dǎo)表語從句，that在表語從句中不作句子成分，只起連接作用。 4．(2016天津高考改編)The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. 解析：that　句意：經(jīng)理提出了一個(gè)建議，我們應(yīng)該有一個(gè)助手。工作太多了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)同位語從句，解釋說明suggestion的具體內(nèi)容，故填that。 5．(2016江蘇高考改編)It is often the case________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. 解析：that　句意：通常情況下，對(duì)于那些堅(jiān)持希望的人來說，一切皆有可能?？仗幰龑?dǎo)主語從句，從句中不缺少任何成分且意思完整，故使用that引導(dǎo)。 6．(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.________________ 解析：where→that或去掉where　found后是一個(gè)賓語從句，不缺少句子成分且句意完整，所以不能用where，應(yīng)該用that引導(dǎo)，that也可省略。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] (一)that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)本身無意義，只起連接作用，也不在句中作任何成分。它引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義都完整，往往用于陳述事實(shí)。引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句時(shí)，that不能省略。引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，在口語和非正式文體中，that可省略。但下列情況下，that不可省略： 1．that從句作介詞的賓語； I dont know exactly where he lives, except that its somewhere out in the wilds.他具體住在哪里我不是很清楚，只知道是遠(yuǎn)離城市的邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)。 2．that引導(dǎo)的從句位于句首時(shí)； That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all. 眾所周知，地球圍著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。 3．賓語從句前有插入語時(shí)； We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我們希望他和我們待在家里。 4．動(dòng)詞后有多個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)，只有第一個(gè)that可省略，從第二個(gè)從句開始that不可省略； He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告訴我他得離開并且很快就會(huì)回來。 5．it作形式賓語時(shí)，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中that往往不可省略。 He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.他清楚地表明會(huì)議不會(huì)被推遲。 (二)that引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)可用it作形式主語的四大句式 1．It＋be＋形容詞(necessary, right, likely, unlikely, wrong, important, certain, clear, obvious, strange, normal等)＋that從句 It isnt likely that I should accept such an offer as that. 我不可能接受像那樣的幫助。 2．It＋be＋名詞(短語)(a pity, a shame, good news, a fact, an honour, a wonder, no wonder等)＋that從句 Its no wonder that he didnt want to go.難怪他不想去。 3．It＋be＋過去分詞(said, told, heard, reported, decided, suggested, advised, ordered, remembered, thought, considered, wellknown, announced等)＋that從句 It is decided that the meeting has been put off until next Monday.會(huì)議被推遲到下周一已經(jīng)定下來了。 [特別注意]　在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required ...＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語應(yīng)用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”。 It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying English.建議你花更多的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)英語。 4．It＋特殊動(dòng)詞或短語(seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, occur to, make no difference等)＋that從句 It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone. 她突然想到喬害怕獨(dú)自一個(gè)人待著。 (三)whether與if的用法 1．用whether或if均可的情況 (1)whether可引導(dǎo)各種名詞性從句。引導(dǎo)大部分動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句時(shí)，兩者均可。 (2)it作形式主語，且主語從句在句末時(shí)，兩者均可引導(dǎo)主語從句。 Its uncertain whether/if hell e this evening. 他今天晚上是否會(huì)來還不確定。 2．用whether而不用if的情況 (1)主語從句和賓語從句置于句首時(shí)； Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.我們能否有干凈的飲用水取決于政府將采取什么樣的有效措施處理水污染問題。 (2)引導(dǎo)表語從句和同位語從句時(shí)； The problem is whether the air pollution can be controlled.問題是空氣污染能否被控制住。 He asked me the question whether we should give money to the homeless. 他問了我我們是否該給無家可歸者錢的問題。 (3)引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語從句時(shí)； It depends on whether we have enough time. 這取決于我們是否有充足的時(shí)間。 (4)引導(dǎo)詞與or not連用時(shí)； I dont know whether or not the report is true. ＝I dont know whether the report is true or not. 我不知道這個(gè)報(bào)道是否是真的。 (5)引導(dǎo)詞后接to do時(shí)； They dont know whether to go there. 他們不知道是否去那里。 (6)有些動(dòng)詞如leave, put, discuss, decide等后的賓語從句； We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我們討論了我們是否應(yīng)召開一個(gè)會(huì)議。 (7)避免用if引導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生歧義。 Let me know whether you are ing to our party. 讓我知道你是否來參加我們的宴會(huì)。 連接代詞與連接副詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 [全析考法] 單句語法填空/單句改錯(cuò) 1．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Im not sure________ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla (大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere. 解析：who　分析句子成分，空格處作從句的主語，根據(jù)后面的“me or the female gorilla”可知，作者把自己和大猩猩作對(duì)比，表示“我不知道我和大猩猩誰更害怕”，故填who。 2．(2018北京高考改編)This is ________ my father has taught me — to always face difficulties and hope for the best. 解析：what　句意：這就是父親教給我的——永遠(yuǎn)面對(duì)困難并且寄予最大的希望。表語從句中動(dòng)詞taught缺少直接賓語， 且表示“……的東西”，故填what。 3．(2018北京高考改編)Without his support, we wouldnt be________ we are now. 解析：where　句意：要是沒有他的幫助，我們就不會(huì)是現(xiàn)在的情形了?？仗幰龑?dǎo)表語從句，表示的是具有抽象意義的地點(diǎn)，故用where引導(dǎo)。 4．(2018天津高考改編)The gold medal will be awarded to ________ wins the first place in the bicycle race. 解析：whoever　句意：這塊金牌將頒發(fā)給在這場(chǎng)自行車比賽中獲得第一名的人。從句中缺主語且表示“人”，因此填whoever引導(dǎo)賓語從句并在從句中作主語。 5．(2018江蘇高考改編)By boat is the only way to get here, which is________we arrived. 解析：how　句意：坐船是到達(dá)這里唯一的方式，我們就是這樣來的。how 引導(dǎo)表語從句，表示方式。 6．(2017北京高考改編)Every year, ________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. 解析：whoever　句意：每年，在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上，制作出最漂亮風(fēng)箏的人將會(huì)獲獎(jiǎng)。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意可知，主語從句中缺少表示人的主語，故填whoever。 7．(2017北京高考)Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street, not knowing________she was heading. 解析：where　句意：簡(jiǎn)在綠樹成蔭的街道漫無目的地走著，不知道她要去哪里。本句考查名詞性從句中的賓語從句，根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，賓語從句中缺少表示地點(diǎn)的連詞， 故填where。 8．(2017江蘇高考改編)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of________it used to charge. 解析：what　句意：我們選擇這家賓館是因?yàn)檫@里住一晚上的價(jià)格降到了20美元，這是它以前要價(jià)的一半。此處考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，在of后面what既引導(dǎo)賓語從句，又在從句中作charge的賓語。 9．(2016北京高考改編)Your support is important to our work.________ you can do helps. 解析：Whatever　句意：你們的支持對(duì)我們的工作很重要，你們做的任何事情都有幫助。根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知，whatever引導(dǎo)的是主語從句，主語從句中缺少謂語動(dòng)詞do的賓語，表示事物， 故用Whatever引導(dǎo)。 10．(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ________ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days. 解析： how　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處是一個(gè)賓語從句?？崭窈蟮膖hick為形容詞，因此空格處應(yīng)用副詞，故填how。 11．(2014廣東高考)I didnt understand ________ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation. 解析：why　根據(jù)語境可知，“我”不知道/不明白為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的事情。不明白的一定是原因，故用why引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 12．(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.________________ 解析：that→where　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，介詞to之后為賓語從句，而賓語從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語，故用where引導(dǎo)。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] 引導(dǎo)詞類別 常見引導(dǎo)詞 作用 連接代詞 what, which, who, whose, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 有詞義；在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作主語、表語、賓語或定語等 連接副詞 how, when, where, why, however, whenever, wherever 有詞義；在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語 What worries us most is who let out the secret. 最令我們擔(dān)憂的是誰泄漏了秘密。 Whoever breaks the law should be punished. 無論誰觸犯法律都應(yīng)該受到懲罰。 Go and get your coat. Its where you left it. 去把你的大衣拿來。就在你原來放的地方。 I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 我不知道怎么能到火車站。 Thats why I want you to work there. 那就是我要你在那兒工作的原因。 Wherever he goes makes his parents worry. 他無論去哪兒父母都擔(dān)心。 語法填空解題“3步驟” 1．根據(jù)兩句之間的意義和邏輯關(guān)系，或者根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)判斷是否是名詞性從句。 2．一旦判斷是名詞性從句，就根據(jù)名詞性從句中缺少什么句子成分來確定選用什么連接詞。若從句中缺少主語、賓語或表語，用連接代詞；若缺少狀語就用連接副詞。 3．如果不缺少成分則要考慮意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if; 如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。 缺少成分 1．Make the most of your strengths, and you can be successful regardless of which type you fall into and_how_fast or slowly you walk. 2．It is what_is written on the signs inside the bus that has people talking. 3．They never get angry and are always kind to the students. Thats why the children can always get on well with their robot teachers. 4．What surprised us most was that her works of art soon became famous and were on display in the British Museum. 5．Be sure to be with a strong awareness that you are what you eat! 6．My friend Julia brought out all her dresses and told me to take_whichever_suited me best. 7．From them, the West learns what_is uniquely Chinese, for example, feng shui. 8．Whoever es here to have the meeting will be treated to a wonderful dinner. 9．Wondering who it was, Terry, a newer to this city, went to the door and opened it impatiently. 不缺少成分 10．I wonder first of all what they want, and then wonder if/whether_they are so eager to accept advice themselves. 11．It never occurred to me that you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. 12．There is no doubt that it is of great help to their study and future life. 短文改錯(cuò)解題“3視角” 1．檢查連接詞是否誤用： 尤其注意容易混淆的that與what, that與which, which與what, if與whether; 2．檢查連接詞是否漏掉或多余，以及使用連接代詞時(shí)從句中是否存在多余的句子成分； 3．檢查賓語從句與主句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)是否正確。 據(jù)第1條解題 1．I have the confidence what you can learn how to make Chinese knots.what→that 2．Above all, I wonder that it is convenient for you to inform me of the specific schedule in advance.that→whether/if 3．How I do every day is to listen to lectures, take notes and do my homework, which seems to be endless.How→What 4．I also feel grateful to my dad just because of which he has been doing for me ever since.which→what 5．Whenever I want to see it, that I must do is to close my eyes, and it will appear in front of me.that→what 據(jù)第2條解題 6．The police told him what it had happened: his car had been on a private parking lot and had been taken away by the police.去掉it 7．To make matters worse, I had to share a double room with someone I did not know, despite the fact I had paid for a single room._fact后加that 8．As the College Entrance Examinations will be held in June, the students should make full use of time to review that what they have learned.去掉that 據(jù)第3條解題 9．How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on what he goes with, whether his friends or relatives.what→who 10．Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is that he never finishes anything.that→why