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Unit 1　A land of diversity 選修8Unit 1　A land of diversity 【短文語法填空】 We live in a world where snapping (抓拍) photos of your kids and posting them to social media is about as natural to parents as kissing them.But when enjoying __1__ (they) with little ones, sharing pictures at birthday parties, or wearing new __2__ (cloth), parents should keep some moments private.Otherwise, you may put kids into embarrassment, or even __3__ (bad), make them a potential target for child traders.__4__， children at certain stages hate their photos to be made public too. Now, parents __5__ post pictures of their children on social media could be accused by their sons or daughters under France’s privacy laws.Mothers and fathers are likely __6__ (face) a year in prison and a fine of ￡35,000, if they __7__ (find) guilty of posting details of their children’s private lives without their permission.And adults, who accuse that their parents damaged their right to privacy when they __8__ (be) children, could receive a large amount of money from their parents.In February, Eric Delcroix，__9__ expert on Internet law, posted a message on WeChat, reading：“Please stop __10__ (post) pictures of your kids on WeChat.” 語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文，主要呼吁父母不要輕易將孩子的照片放到社交媒體上以保護其隱私。 1．themselves　enjoy oneself為固定搭配，意為“玩得高興”，故用反身代詞themselves。 2．clothes　clothes是名詞，意為“衣服”，這里指“穿新衣服”，故用clothes。cloth意為“布料”。 3．worse　even用來修飾比較級，故用worse，意為“甚至更糟糕的是”。 4．Besides/Furthermore/Moreover　根據(jù)對空格前后語境的理解可知，這里并列敘述了將孩子的照片放到社交媒體上的兩個缺點，所以這兩點之間應(yīng)用承接副詞Besides/Furthermore/Moreover，意為“此外”。注意首字母大寫。 5．who/that　parents后為定語從句，定語從句中缺少主語，且先行詞是parents，指人，故用關(guān)系代詞who/that引導從句。 6．to face　be likely to do sth.為固定搭配，意為“很可能做某事”，故用to face。 7．a(chǎn)re found　find與前面的主語they之間是被動關(guān)系，且全文時態(tài)主要是一般現(xiàn)在時，故用are found。 8．were　根據(jù)前面的“And adults, who accuse that their parents damaged their right to privacy ...”可知，此處指當他們是孩子的時候，是過去的事情，應(yīng)用一般過去時。故填were。 9．a(chǎn)n　an expert on Internet law為同位語，解釋說明了Eric Delcroix。同位語中常用不定冠詞，表示 “一……”；因為expert的讀音是以元音音素開頭的，故用an。 10．posting　stop doing sth.為固定搭配，意為“停止做某事”，符合語境。故填posting。 (對應(yīng)學生用書P184) means n．手段；方法 by means of...用……辦法；借助…… by this means 用這種方法 by all means 務(wù)必，一定，當然可以 by any means 無論如何，以一切可能的手段 by no means 絕不，無論如何也不 a means of munication 一種通訊/交流手段 ①(教材原句)Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. 科學家們認為，這些遷居者通過一條史前時期曾經(jīng)存在的大陸橋穿越北極地區(qū)的白令海峽到達美洲。 ②Punishment is __by__ no means a wise choice to help students grow up mentally and physically. 懲罰絕對不是幫助學生身心成長的明智選擇。 means用作“方式；方法”時單復數(shù)同形。若all/some/several/many means作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；若every/each/one/a means作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 ③Every possible means __has been tried__ (try)，but none worked. ＝All possible means __have been tried__ (try)，but none worked. 各種可能的辦法都嘗試了，但沒有一種奏效。 majority n．大多數(shù)；大半 (1)the majority of ……的大多數(shù) in a/the majority 占大多數(shù) have a majority over sb.擁有多數(shù)……；戰(zhàn)勝某人 (2)minority n．少數(shù) in the minority 占少數(shù) (3)major adj.主要的；vi.專修；主攻n.專業(yè) major in 主修 ①(教材原句)Of the first Spanish to go to California，the majority were religious men，whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他們的職責是向土著人傳授天主教。 ②__A/The__ majority of doctors agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health. 大多數(shù)醫(yī)生認為吸煙對健康極為有害。 ③單句語法填空(2017江蘇卷)Declining birth rate is a __major__ (majority) problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades. (1)majority為可數(shù)名詞，意為great number，指可數(shù)的概念，不指量(amount)。the majority作主語時，如果泛指多數(shù)(與少數(shù)相對)，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式和單數(shù)形式皆可。 (2)the majority of＋名詞，表示“多數(shù)，許多”，其后的謂語動詞取決于of之后的名詞。 (3)majority常由great(但不是greater)修飾，表示“most of”。只有在談到兩個“大多數(shù)”(two majorities)時使用greater。 occur vi.發(fā)生；存在；出現(xiàn) (1)occur to(主意或想法突然)浮現(xiàn)于腦中；被想起，被想到 It occurs to sb.to do sth.使某人想到做某事 (2) 某人突然想起…… (3)sb.e up with sth.某人想出(答案，計劃) ①(教材原句)Yes.It didn’t occur to me that... 是的，我沒想到…… ②Just then an idea __occurred__ (occur)to me. 就在那時我想起了一個主意。 ③單句語法填空(2017江蘇卷)A great decline in young work force is likely __to occur__ (occur) in China，for instance. (1)表達“發(fā)生”之意時，occur與happen可以互換；另外occur，happen，take place，break out等表示“發(fā)生；爆發(fā)”的單詞或短語都不能用于被動語態(tài)或進行時態(tài)。 (2)occur結(jié)構(gòu)中主語不能是人，而是想到的事情或it作形式主語。 【七選五】 Having a learning disability doesnt mean you cant learn.Learning disabilities happen because of the way a persons brain takes in and processes information.__1__ The trick will be figuring out how you learn best. Learning disabilities arent contagious(接觸傳染的)，but they can be genetic.That means they can be passed down in families through the genes，like many other traits we get from our parents and grandparents.Someone with a learning disability probably has other family members who have some learning troubles，too.Kids with learning problems are sometimes surprised to find out that one of their parents had similar troubles when he or she was in school.__2__ Learning experts now know a lot more about the brain and how learning works. Its very hard for a kid to know if he has a learning disability.But kids dont have to figure all this out on their own.__3__ Start with his teacher and his mom or dad. Finding out you have a learning disability can be upsetting.__4__ But the truth is that learning disabilities are pretty mon.And if your learning specialist or psychologist has figured out which one youre facing，youre on the right track.Now，you can start getting the help you need to do better in school. To make this special help really work，youll need to practise the new skills youre learning.It may take a lot of efforts every day.__5__ Soon，youll enjoy the results of all your hard work：More fun and success at school! A．But youll need some help and youll need to work extra hard. B．What a kid needs to do is to tell someone. C．There are people who know how to do just that. D．You might feel different from everyone else. E．But kids today have an advantage over their parents. F．As a result，some people learn differently. G．That can be a challenge，but you can do it. 【解題導語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了學習障礙的形成原因、會被遺傳的性質(zhì)以及如何克服學習障礙。 1．F　根據(jù)空前一句“Learning disabilities happen because of the way a persons brain takes in and processes information”可知，大腦領(lǐng)會和加工信息的方式不同導致了學習障礙的形成；據(jù)此可以判斷，空處介紹學習障礙形成后的結(jié)果：一些人使用不同的方式學習。 2．E　根據(jù)空前一句“Kids with learning problems are sometimes surprised to find out that one of their parents had similar troubles when he or she was in school”可知，有學習障礙的孩子會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的父母中會有一位在上學時有學習障礙；結(jié)合下文中的“Learning experts now know a lot more about the brain and how learning works”可知，現(xiàn)在學習專家已經(jīng)對大腦和學習的工作原理知道得更多；據(jù)此可以判斷，空處與上文形成轉(zhuǎn)折，說明現(xiàn)在的孩子會比他們的父母更有優(yōu)勢，故E項符合語境。 3．B　根據(jù)空后一句“Start with his teacher and his mom or dad”可知，孩子可以從老師和父母那里得知自己是否有學習障礙，據(jù)此可知，孩子不需要自己去弄明白自己是否有學習障礙，但他所需要做的是問一下老師和父母，故B項符合語境。 4．D　根據(jù)空前一句“Finding out you have a learning disability can be upsetting”可知，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己有學習障礙是很難受的；據(jù)此可以推斷，空處應(yīng)該介紹發(fā)現(xiàn)自己有學習障礙后，你會感到自己和他人不一樣，故D項符合語境。 5．G　根據(jù)空前一句“It may take a lot of efforts every day”可知，這種訓練每天需要付出很多努力；據(jù)此可以判斷，那可能是一種挑戰(zhàn)，但是你能做到；故G項符合語境。 make a life 習慣于新的生活方式、工作等；謀生 (1)e to life 蘇醒；變得活躍 live/lead a．..life 過著……生活 e back to life 蘇醒過來；恢復生氣 bring...back to life 使……蘇醒過來；給……活力 start/make a new life 開始新生活 (2)make/earn a/one’s living 謀生 ①(教材原句)Some died or returned home，but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. 有些人死了或回家了，但是大多數(shù)人留在加利福尼亞謀生，盡管困難重重。 ②When the girl finally came __to__ life，we began to breathe easily. 這個女孩蘇醒后我們才放心。 ③The new teacher always brought the class to life __with__ his humor. 新來的老師總是用他的幽默把課上得生動活潑。 team up with(＝cooperate with) 與……結(jié)合/合作，協(xié)作 team up 合作；協(xié)作 be fed up with 對……感到厭煩，膩了 catch/keep up with 趕上 put up with 忍受；容忍 end up with 以……結(jié)束 ①It’s a pleasure to __team__ (team) up with such excellent colleagues. 和這樣出色的同事一起干活真愉快。 ②After seeing so many houses，we ended up __buying__ (buy) the one on the lakeside. 看了那么多的房子之后，我們最后還是買了湖邊的那棟房子。 ③The old couple are never __fed__ (feed) up with going to the same park every day. 這對老夫妻每天都去同一個公園，從不厭煩。 【短文改錯】 假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。 增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(∧)，并在其下面寫出該加的詞。 刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(\)劃掉。 修改：在錯的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。 注意：1.每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞； 2．只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計分。 (2018綿陽市高中第一次診斷) We are required to collect our smart phones and keep it in the teachers during the weekdays.In fact the most of us obey this regulation，but some still play various trick against it.Im among those.Once，I hand in a waste phone.Mr.Li，our head teacher，seemed ignore all that.So I felt very luckily to have an extra phone with me.And good times dont last long.“Can I use your phone as a while？I forgot to take mine by chance.”Mr.Li said，pick out my waste phone and dialing.You can see how embarrassing I was at the scene! 【答案】 We are required to collect our smart phones and keep in the teachers during the weekdays.In fact most of us obey this regulation，but some still play various against it.Im among those.Once，I in a waste phone.Mr.Li，our head teacher，seemed ignore all that.So I felt very to have an extra phone with me. good times dont last long.“Can I use your phone a while？I forgot to take mine by chance.”Mr.Li said， out my waste phone and dialing.You can see how I was at the scene! 第一處：it改為them?？疾榇~。此處指代上文中的“smart phones”，故用them。 第二處：刪除the。此處most是代詞，表示“大多數(shù)”，故其前不用定冠詞修飾。 第三處：trick改為tricks?？疾槊~復數(shù)。trick為可數(shù)名詞，且根據(jù)語境中的“various”可知，此處用名詞復數(shù)形式，即用tricks。 第四處：hand改為handed?？疾閯釉~時態(tài)。根據(jù)語境中的“Once”可知，事情發(fā)生在過去，故用一般過去時，且下文中的“seemed”亦是提示。 第五處：ignore前加to?？疾楣潭ù钆洹eem to do sth.為固定短語，意為“好像要做某事”，符合語境，故用動詞不定式作賓語。 第六處：luckily改為lucky。考查形容詞。lucky是形容詞，在此處作表語。 第七處：And改為But/Yet?？疾檫B詞。根據(jù)語境可知，前后句表示邏輯上的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，并非順承或遞進關(guān)系，故用連詞But/Yet。 第八處：as改為for?？疾榻樵~。固定短語for a while意為“一會兒”，符合語境，故用介詞for。 第九處：pick改為picking?？疾榉侵^語動詞。動詞pick和句子謂語said之間沒有連詞，故此處用非謂語，且pick與句子的主語Mr.Li構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語。 第十處：embarrassing改為embarrassed 。考查形容詞。embarrassed是過去分詞充當形容詞，在從句中作表語，修飾人，意為“尷尬的”。 __That is why__ today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 這就是今天有超過40%的加利福尼亞人把西班牙語作為第一或第二語言的原因。 句中的why引導的是表語從句，注意以下句式的區(qū)別： (1)That’s why...這就是為什么……(why從句表示結(jié)果) (2)That’s because...這是因為……(because從句表示原因) (3)The reason why...is/was that...……的原因是……(表語從句常用that引導，而不用because) ①Tom was ill.That was __why__ he came late for the meeting. 湯姆病了，那就是他開會遲到的原因。 ②Tom came late for the meeting.That was __because__ he was ill. 湯姆開會遲到了，那是因為他病了。 ③The reason __why__ Tom came late for the meeting was __that__ he was ill. 湯姆開會遲到的原因是他病了。 【閱讀理解】 It has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day cold form part of a diet. Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight. A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says, ＂Light to moderate alcohol intake, especially of wine, may be more likely to protect against, rather than promote, weight gain.＂ The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions, particularly that data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight. Boston University’s Dr. Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms(生物學機制) relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood. His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes(糖尿病), which relate to increasing obesity. Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers. The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat, and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods. They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks, taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight. For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases one’s risk of being obese. What’s more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol, a pound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells. 1.The passage is mainly for those_________. A. who produce wine B. who have a drinking habit C. who go on a diet D. who are eager to lose weight 2.The underlined phrase＂ in moderation＂ in the first paragraph means _________. A. excitedly B. carefully C. frequently D. properly 3.What can we learn from the passage? A. Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight. B. Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of being fat. C. The research found moderate drinking has a strong protective effect. D. The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear. 4.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows? A. How to do some easy experiments. B. How to reduce the calories contained in wine. C. How to prove the finding mentioned above. D. How to make wine in a healthy way. 【文章大意】文章講述了飲酒和健康的關(guān)系，告訴我們適量葡萄酒還會減肥。 1.B【解析】推理判斷題。文章講述了飲酒和健康的關(guān)系，比如和肥胖、疾病等的關(guān)系。所以說是寫給有 喝酒習慣的人的，故選B。 2.D【解析】猜測詞義題。與上句形成對比，此處指適量飲酒的人事實上能減肥，moderation＂適度＂與D 項同義，故選D。 4.C【解析】推理判斷題。文章最后講到葡萄酒和紅酒混合會破壞肥胖細胞，所以下文會證明這一觀點， 故選C。