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專題1 定語從句 從句與句式在語法填空中的考查 并列句或復(fù)合句中的連(接)詞為語法填空必考內(nèi)容，句式結(jié)構(gòu)的判斷至關(guān)重要。 1.并列連詞：連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞、短語或句子的并列連詞有and，or，but，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...等。 2.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接代詞或連接副詞(有意義，并在從句中作句子成分)，以及that(不作任何句子成句，沒有任何意義)，和表示“是否”的whether/if。其中要特別注意連接代詞what的意義和用法。 3.引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。注意：關(guān)系詞是代表先行詞并在定語從句中作句子成分的。 4.引導(dǎo)狀語從句的從屬連詞。 5.特殊句式?？嫉恼Z法項(xiàng)目包含主謂一致、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、省略句、感嘆句、祈使句等。考查形式有謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)、狀語從句的省略中的非謂語動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、替代詞或標(biāo)志性的詞等。 應(yīng)對(duì)策略 若含有兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子之間沒有句號(hào)或分號(hào)，也沒有連詞，那么空格處一定填連接詞，否則，句子結(jié)構(gòu)就不完整。 根據(jù)兩句之間的意義和邏輯關(guān)系，或者根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)，確定是并列句還是某種主從復(fù)合句。然后根據(jù)從句的特點(diǎn)，結(jié)合連詞的意義和作用，確定填具體的某個(gè)連詞。如： 一旦判斷是定語從句，就根據(jù)定語從句的先行詞和代表先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么句子成分，來確定關(guān)系詞。若在從句中作主語或賓語，就用關(guān)系代詞；若作狀語，就用關(guān)系副詞。 從句與句式在短文改錯(cuò)中的考查 1.對(duì)于定語從句的考查主要涉及限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的錯(cuò)用。 2.對(duì)于名詞性從句的考查主要涉及連接詞使用不當(dāng)，缺少連接詞以及what與that、which混用等。 3.對(duì)于并列連詞或從屬連詞的考查主要涉及連詞使用不當(dāng)，缺少連詞以及多余連詞(although不能與but連用，because不能與so連用)等情況。 4.對(duì)于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主謂不一致、含有助動(dòng)詞的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤和替代詞的錯(cuò)用等。 應(yīng)對(duì)策略 1.對(duì)于連詞的考查，注意首先判斷兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞、短語或單句之間是否有連詞，再根據(jù)不同的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷連詞是否運(yùn)用正確。解題時(shí)，可以注意以下幾個(gè)方面： (1)把握前后兩句話之間的銜接關(guān)系，判定是并列句、名詞性從句、定語從句還是狀語從句，根據(jù)連詞在句中作何成分，判斷正誤； (2)注意but(轉(zhuǎn)折)、and(并列)、or(或者/選擇)、so(因此/結(jié)果)等邏輯關(guān)系詞之間的混用； (3)注意although/though/while不與but連用；since/as/because不與so連用。 2.遇到特殊句式，要注意主謂一致、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、省略句、祈使句、感嘆句、反意疑問句等的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn)。 專題1　定語從句 框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖 定語從句的句法功能及相關(guān)定義 1.功能：相當(dāng)于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語。 2.位置：定語從句常置于被修飾詞之后；as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。 Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please. As is known to us all，the earth is spinning around the sun. 3.先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。 先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如：some-，any-，every-，no-與-body，-thing的合成詞或all，none，any，some，that，those等代詞。數(shù)詞和人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。 4.關(guān)系詞：連接先行詞與從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。 關(guān)系代詞：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。 關(guān)系副詞：when，where，why等。 定語從句的核心考點(diǎn) 1.確定關(guān)系詞的步驟： (1)先找先行詞，看先行詞指的是什么。 (2)看關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧? 注意：先行詞與關(guān)系詞是等量關(guān)系。 (1)先行詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由先行詞而定。 This is the place which is worth visiting. (2)關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)了成分，其意思就是先行詞的意義，所以在從句中不能重復(fù)其意。 There are many places we can visit in China.(visit后面不能再加many places/them) 2.在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，下列情況的關(guān)系詞用that而不用which： (1)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。 (2)先行詞被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，few等修飾時(shí)。 (3)先行詞為all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代詞時(shí)。 (4)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。 He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus. (5)先行詞在主句中作表語時(shí)。 The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago. (6)當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。 Which are the books that you bought for me? 3.用which而不用that的情況： (1)在非限制性定語從句中。 (2)當(dāng)關(guān)系詞前有介詞時(shí)。 (3)當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)。 (4)關(guān)系詞后有插入語時(shí)。 4.關(guān)系詞who與that指人時(shí)，根據(jù)不同情況分別用不同的關(guān)系詞。 (1)當(dāng)主句是there be句型時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用who。 (2)先行詞是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用who。 (3)當(dāng)主句是who作疑問詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用that。 Who is that girl that is standing by the window? (4)whom在從句中只作賓語，可被who取代。 5.whose作關(guān)系詞既指人又指物，在從句中作定語。 Do you know Mr Smith whose story is very moving? There is a room，whose window faces the river. 6.關(guān)系代詞as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。 (1)先行詞被such和the same修飾，或句型as many(much)中，從句都用as 引導(dǎo)。 Such books as you bought are useful. 注意：①such...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。如：They are such lovely children that we love them much.②the same...as...和the same...that...都可引導(dǎo)定語從句，前者表示“與……同樣的(但不是同一個(gè))”；后者表示“同一個(gè)，就是那個(gè)”如： This is the same pen as I lost last week. 這同我上周丟失的那支鋼筆一樣。(但不是同一支) This is the same pen that I lost last week. 這就是我上周丟的那支鋼筆。 (2)先行詞為句子，定語從句用as或which引導(dǎo)。 區(qū)別：①意義上：as 含有“這點(diǎn)正如……一樣”。②位置上：as 從句可置于句首，也可在句中或句尾；which引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句只能放在主句之后。 He didn’t pass the exam，as we had expected. There is lots of air in loose snow，which can keep the cold out. As is known，the earth is round. 7.關(guān)系副詞when，where，why when指時(shí)間＝in/at/on/during which where指地點(diǎn)＝in/at/from which why指原因＝for which 注意：that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞之后，取代when，where，why和“介詞＋which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾的先行詞常為the way，the time，the day，the place等，在口語中that常被省略。 I don’t like the way (that/in which) he talks. The day (that/when/on which) she arrived was Thursday. 8.必須注意的問題： (1)關(guān)系詞作主語時(shí)，從句中謂語的數(shù)。 (2)注意區(qū)別定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句。 ①定語從句中關(guān)系詞作從句成分； ②強(qiáng)調(diào)句中it無意義，that/who不是引導(dǎo)詞； ③去掉it is/was和that/who后，如果句子意思講得通則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，講不通則不是。 It is the museum that/which we visited last year.(定語從句) It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句) (3)定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。 ①定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞被稱為關(guān)系詞，that充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語，有時(shí)可省略。 ②同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞被叫作連接詞，that不充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省。 We expressed to them our wish that was the same as theirs.(定語從句) Word came that their army was defeated.(同位語從句) (4)關(guān)系詞在定語從句中省略的情況。 ①關(guān)系詞作賓語，前無介詞時(shí)； ②關(guān)系詞作表語。 (5)關(guān)系詞前有介詞或復(fù)雜介詞，關(guān)系詞只能是which和whom。 (6)幾個(gè)特殊的定語從句句型： ①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.(句中one為先行詞) He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.(句中students為先行詞) ②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place (that/which) we visited yesterday? ③He stood at the window，from where he could see what was happening. ④It may rain，in which case the match will be put off. (一)定語從句意識(shí)缺失 1.關(guān)系代詞被普通代詞取代 (誤)I have many collections of stamps，someofthem are my favorite. (正)I have many collections of stamps，someofwhich are my favorite. 2.關(guān)系代詞遺漏 (誤)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows. (正)The last one wholeaves the classroom please close the windows. 第一句從漢語意思角度是對(duì)的，但是漢語的干擾破壞了英語句式結(jié)構(gòu)。 (二)假冒偽劣的定語從句 1.有從無主式 (誤)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates. (正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates. (正)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates，hasavarietyofhobbies. 第一句虎頭蛇尾，屬于有從無主式的句子，即有從句但沒有主句。 2.從句成分殘缺式 (誤)Those whoagainst it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city. (正)Those whoareagainst it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city. 第一句定語從句的成分不完整，缺謂語。介詞against不能單獨(dú)作謂語。 3.畫蛇添足式 (誤)As can be seen from the picture，that a sad boy stands between his angry parents. (誤)As can be seen from the picture，a man who is talking happily. (誤)I have many collections of stamps，and some of which are my favorite. 第一句中關(guān)系代詞as代替逗號(hào)后面的整個(gè)主句，因此主句是不需要連接詞的。所以應(yīng)去掉that。 第二句中同樣as代替逗號(hào)后面的整個(gè)主句，主句中的who是多余的。 第三句中如果要滿足定語從句的話，顯然并列連詞and是多余的。 考向1　關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.Many westerners who/that e to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018浙江) 解析　句中包含定語從句，先行詞是westerners指人，在定語從句中作主語，用關(guān)系代詞who/that引導(dǎo)，故填who/that。 2.Self-driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. (2018江蘇) 解析　句意為：無人駕駛是一個(gè)中國和世界上其他國家處在同一起跑線的領(lǐng)域。句中先行詞為an area，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞where。 3.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014that/whichshowed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018全國Ⅰ) 解析　此處a study是先行詞，其在定語從句中作主語，故填that或which。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.Around me in this picture are the things were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.(2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　things是先行詞，后面是定語從句，從句中缺少主語，故引導(dǎo)詞用that或which。 2.The dishes 或what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.(2016四川) 解析　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，dishes后跟的是定語從句，what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，應(yīng)用that/which引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中作cooked的賓語，可以省略，因此也可以把what刪除。 考向2　“介詞＋whom/which”或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.(2015廣東) 解析　根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以判斷，在這里應(yīng)填關(guān)系詞來引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，修飾表地點(diǎn)的先行詞the market，且關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作狀語，故填關(guān)系副詞where。 2.Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk，but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me，looking annoyed.(2011廣東) 解析　此處是一個(gè)定語從句，缺少關(guān)系代詞，因?yàn)橄刃性~為other people，指的是人，而且與介詞to連用，所以填whom。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) They also had a small pond 或 they raised fish.(2018全國Ⅰ) 解析　句意為：他們還有一個(gè)小池塘，里面養(yǎng)著魚。此處a small pond是先行詞，其在后面的定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故用in which或where。 考向3　關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.She and her family bicycle to work，which helps them keep fit.(2018北京) 解析　句意為：她和她的家人都騎自行車上班，這有助于他們保持健康。根據(jù)句意可知，從句修飾的是前面的整個(gè)句子，且此定語從句前有逗號(hào)，是非限制性定語從句，所以用which。 2.Kate，whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.(2018天津) 解析　句意為：凱特，在大學(xué)時(shí)我和她的姐姐共住一室，已經(jīng)去澳大利亞工作了。句中先行詞為Kate，在非限制性定語從句中作名詞sister的定語，故用關(guān)系代詞whose。 3.Like anything，it is possible to have too much of both，which is not good for the health. (2017全國Ⅰ) 解析　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處所填詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句并在從句中作主語，且指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，故填關(guān)系代詞which。 4.But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　引導(dǎo)詞代替先行詞在從句中作主語，且指人，故用who。 5.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，where it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted(生長) through it.(2017浙江) 解析　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處所在的句子是非限制性定語從句，修飾前面的先行詞the garden，且從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語，故用where引導(dǎo)該定語從句。 6.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全國Ⅰ) 解析　先行詞是表示時(shí)間的the mid-1980s，且從句中缺少狀語，故填關(guān)系副詞when。 7.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016全國Ⅲ) 解析　所填詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，先行詞指人，且在從句中作主語，故填who。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden， is on the rooftop of their house.(2017全國Ⅱ) 解析　此處是非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞their garden，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，應(yīng)用which而不能用that引導(dǎo)。 2.Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner， might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.(2013新課標(biāo)全國Ⅱ) 解析　此處是非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞dinner，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，應(yīng)用which而不能用that。 3.There，Katia will introduce me to some of her friends，one of has been to China several times.(2011重慶) 解析　因關(guān)系詞指人，并且作of的賓語，只能用whom，不能用who。 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.According to Dr.Lance Workman，these people may develop a temporary moral code in their minds which/that justifies their actions：there are rich people who have things I don’t have so it’s right that I take it. 2.This is the very factory that they visited last summer holiday. 3.When facing hardships，only those who are confident will achieve success. 4.That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late. 5.I wish to thank Professor Smith，without whose help I would never have got this far. 6.After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，who urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive. 7.We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 8.The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball. 9.He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of which were published in the 1990s. 10.We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.I’ve never heard of the people and things you talked about just now. 2.This is the only question has been answered. 3.This is the museum 或where we visited last Sunday. 4.We have made the same mistake you made last time. 5.I shall never forget the years I spent in the country with the farmers， has a great effect on my life. 6.The young man had a new girlfriend，in he took pride. 7.I also enjoyed the evenings 或when we spent together. 8.The visitors saw rows of houses，the roofs of were red. 9.Please tell me the way 或或which you did the job. 10.Little has been done is helpful to our work. Ⅲ.語法填空(定語從句專練) Yangshuo，China It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn’t care.A few hours before，I’d been at home in Hong Kong,1.where I breathed its choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain. I’d skipped nearby Guilin,2.which is a dream place for tourists 3.who/that seek the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4.that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead，I’d headed straight for Yangshuo.For those 5.who fly to Guilin，it’s only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo is really beautiful.A study of travelers 6.that/which was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations 7.that/which are famous in the world.And the town is fast being a popular weekend destination for people and their families 8.that/who are in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent,9.which is a travel pany in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 10.who/that live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.