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Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars ***閱讀理解。 There is a popular saying in the English language：“Sticks and stones may break my bones， but words will never hurt me.” Well， that is not true.Unkind words， namecalling or even the socalled “the silent treatment” can hurt children as much as being physically hit， sometimes even more so. A recent study of middle school children showed that verbal（言語(yǔ)的） abuse by other children can harm development in the brain.The study was a project of researchers at Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts.Researcher Martin Teicher and his team studied young adults， aged 18 to 25.These young men and women had not ever been treated in a cruel or violent way by their parents.The researchers asked the young people to rate their childhood exposure to verbal abuse from both parents and other children.Then the researchers performed imaging tests on the brains of the subjects. The images showed that the people who reported suffering verbal abuse from peers in middle school had underdeveloped connections between the left and right side of the brain.The two sides of the brain are connected by a large bundle of connecting fibers called the corpus callosum.This was the area that was underdeveloped. The middle school years are a time when these brain connections are developing.So， unkind， hurtful ments from children or adults during this period have the greatest effect.The researchers tested the mental and emotional condition of all the young people in the study.The tests showed that this same group of people had higher levels of fear， depression， anger and drug abuse than others in the study. The researchers published their findings online on the American Journal of Psychiatry’s website. Parents cannot control what other people say to their children， but they can prepare their children. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。馬薩諸塞州哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)， 語(yǔ)言暴力會(huì)干擾大腦神經(jīng)的連接， 對(duì)孩子的大腦發(fā)育造成不良影響。 1.Why does the author use the popular saying at the beginning？ A.To show the power of words. B.To introduce an opposite view. C.To prove the author’s argument. D.To show ancient people’s wisdom. B　解析：寫(xiě)作意圖題。根據(jù)此諺語(yǔ)后面的“Well， that is not true... hurt children as much as being physically hit， sometimes even more so.” 可知， 本文引用這個(gè)諺語(yǔ)是為了引出一個(gè)不同的或者說(shuō)是相反的觀點(diǎn)， 故選B。 2.What did the subjects have in mon？ A.They were hurt by unkind words. B.They performed poorly in imaging tests. C.They had their brain slightly damaged. D.They experienced no physical abuse at home. D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“These young men and women had not ever been treated in a cruel or violent way by their parents.”可知， 這些實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象都沒(méi)有遭受過(guò)父母的殘酷或暴力對(duì)待， 也就是說(shuō)， 他們?cè)诩依锒紱](méi)受到過(guò)身體上的虐待， 故選D。 3.What will be discussed in the next paragraph？ A.ments on the findings. B.Approaches to further studies. C.Suggestions to parents. D.Different opinions on the matter. C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段可知， 作者接下來(lái)應(yīng)該會(huì)就“父母如何幫助自己的孩子為可能遭受的語(yǔ)言暴力做好準(zhǔn)備， 使他們不會(huì)受到語(yǔ)言暴力的影響”給出一些方法或建議。故選C。 4.What is the main idea of the passage？ A.The way we speak matters. B.Verbal violence should be stopped. C.Unkind words hurt the brain. D.Words are worse than sticks and stones. C　解析：主旨大意題。文章介紹了語(yǔ)言暴力對(duì)孩子的不良影響， 再根據(jù)文中第二段的“verbal（言語(yǔ)的） abuse by other children can harm development in the brain”可以看出， 其影響主要體現(xiàn)在孩子的大腦發(fā)育方面。故選C。 ***語(yǔ)法填空。 Last December my mother and I __1__(fly) to London. The first thing we did was to go on a bus sightseeing tour. This is the best way to see all the sights and learn all about the history of the city. By the time the tour was over it was dark. The Christmas lights were very colorful. And __2__really impressed me was so many people made __3__(they) way home through the heavy traffic on bicycles. I was looking forward to spending the next day in Oxford Street with all its __4__(amaze) shops.And what __5__wonderful experience that was! We bought a ticket for the underground and could go everywhere very quickly. Wespentallmorningshoppingandadmiringthe Christmas displays inside the shops and out in the streets. Then we went to a wax museum __6__(call) Madame Tussauds (杜莎夫人蠟像館), which had a lot of wax __7__(figure) of famous people.My mother took a picture of me standing __8__Prince Charles and Prince Harry. From there we took the tube to Buckingham Palace, the home of the two princes, to watch the Changing of the Guard but __9__(fortunate) we couldnt really see well as there were thousands of tourists waiting __10__(take)photos of the ceremony. 1．________ 　2.________ 　3.________ 　4.________ 　5.________ 　6.________ 　7.________ 　8.________ 　9.________ 　10.________ 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文，講述了作者和媽媽去年12月坐飛機(jī)前往英國(guó)倫敦旅游的經(jīng)歷。 1．flew　考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“Last December”可知，應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故填flew。 2．what　考查主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句且在從句中作主語(yǔ)，所填詞意為“……的事物”，故填what。 3．their　考查代詞。make ones way意思是“前往”，且主語(yǔ)為people，故填their。 4．a(chǎn)mazing　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。amaze意思是“使驚奇”，它的形容詞amazing意思是“令人驚奇的”，常用來(lái)修飾物。由shops可知應(yīng)填amazing。 5．a(chǎn)　考查冠詞。此處是what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，句中experience作名詞，意為“經(jīng)歷”，是可數(shù)名詞，所以要用不定冠詞修飾，故填a。 6．called　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。call與wax museum為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故此處應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，故填called。 7．figures　考查名詞的數(shù)。此處表示“那里有許多名人的蠟像”。由“a lot of”可知，此處要用可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填figures。 8．between　考查介詞。between ... and表示“在……之間”。 9．unfortunately　考查副詞。根據(jù)空后的“we couldnt really see well”可知，應(yīng)用提示詞的否定形式，且要用副詞來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子。故填unfortunately。 10．to take　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。wait to do sth. “等待做某事”，為固定用法。 ***完形填空。 When I was young, like you, I had a dream.But my dream wasn’t like that of an 1 kid.It was to be the best tennis player 2 simply the best “female” one in the world. 3 ， I had a family encouraging me to follow my dream.I learned how important it is to 4 a dream and to dream big.My fight began when I was three and I haven’t taken a 5 since. But too often, most women are not supported or are 6 from choosing their path.I hope it could be changed.For me, it was a 7 of resilience(堅(jiān)忍)．What others marked as 8 about me—my race, my gender—I accepted as fuel for my success.I never let anything or anyone 9 me.I controlled my future. When it es to equal pay, it frustrates me 10 I know firsthand that gender differences exist.I would 11 want my daughter to be paid less than my son for the same work.Women have to 12 many barriers to success.One is that we are constantly 13 we are not men.People call me one of the “world’s greatest female athletes”．Why don’t they say LeBron is one of the world’s best male athletes? We should never let this go 14 ．We should be judged by our achievements but not 15 ． For everything I have achieved，I am 16 to have experienced the highs and lows that e 17 success.I hope my story will be a(n) 18 for women to fight for their dreams.We must 19 to dream big, and in doing so, we enable the next generation of women to be 20 in their pursuit. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇記敘文。作者以自己的事為例呼吁全體女性勇敢追求成功，為爭(zhēng)取性別平等而不懈努力。 1．A.ambitious　　　　　 B．excellent C．a(chǎn)verage D．energetic C　解析：根據(jù)“It was to be the best tennis player”以及下文內(nèi)容尤其是“People call me...Why don’t they say LeBron is one of the world’s best male athletes？”可知，此處指作者說(shuō)自己小時(shí)候的理想與普通孩子的是不同的，故選average“普通的，一般的”。ambitious“有野心的，有雄心的”；excellent“優(yōu)秀的”；energetic“精力充沛的”。 2．A.instead of B．regardless of C．other than D．more than A　解析：結(jié)合本文主旨以及下文中的“People call me one of the ‘world’s greatest female athletes’．Why don’t they say LeBron is one of the world’s best male athletes？”可知，作者希望男女平等，所以作者在此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是自己的理想是做世界上最好的網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員，而不是最好的女網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。instead of “而不是”；regardless of “不管，不顧”；other than “除了”；more than“多于，超出”。 3．A.Hopefully B．Fortunately C．Obviously D．Generally B　解析：幸運(yùn)的是(Fortunately)，作者有鼓勵(lì)她追尋自己夢(mèng)想的家人。此處亦與下文中的“But too often, most women are not supported...”形成對(duì)比。hopefully “有希望地”；obviously “明顯地”；generally “普遍地”。 4．A.make up B．set up C．care for D．push for D　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“My fight began when...” “fight for their dreams”可知，這里指作者知道了為夢(mèng)想而努力是多么重要。push for “為……而努力，力爭(zhēng)”。make up “編造，構(gòu)成”；set up “設(shè)立，建立”；care for“照顧”。 5．A.risk B．leave C．break D．chance C　解析：作者從三歲時(shí)就開(kāi)始為理想奮斗，自此從未間斷。break“暫停，中斷”，符合語(yǔ)境。 6．A.defended B．excused C．discouraged D．dismissed C　解析：但是通常，大多數(shù)女性不被支持，或者被阻止去選擇自己的道路。discourage“阻止，阻撓”，符合語(yǔ)境。defend “保衛(wèi)，保護(hù)”；excuse “同意免除”；dismiss “去除，摒除”。 7．A.thought B．question C．moment D．bonus B　解析：作者希望這種境況可以改變，在作者看來(lái)，這是有關(guān)“堅(jiān)忍”的問(wèn)題(question)。thought “想法”；moment “時(shí)刻”；bonus “意外收獲，獎(jiǎng)金”。 8．A.disadvantages B．concerns C．qualifications D．personalities A　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“my race, my gender” “I accepted as fuel for my success” 可知，此處指被別人列為作者的劣勢(shì)(disadvantages)的東西，比如她的種族，她的性別，作者將它們視為追求成功的動(dòng)力。concern “擔(dān)憂(yōu)”；qualification “資格”；personality “個(gè)性”。 9．A.ignore B．a(chǎn)ttack C．fort D．limit D　解析：根據(jù)下文中的 “I controlled my future.”可知，作者從不讓任何事或任何人來(lái)限制自己，而是自己主宰自己的未來(lái)。limit “限制”，符合語(yǔ)境。 10．A.although B．because C．unless D．if B　解析：當(dāng)談起同工同酬問(wèn)題時(shí)，作者感到懊惱，因?yàn)樗约河H身體驗(yàn)到性別差異的存在。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，前后句之間是因果關(guān)系，且前面是果，后面是因。故用because。 11．A.ever B．even C．never D．just C　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，作者永遠(yuǎn)不希望看到干了同樣的工作，女兒得到的報(bào)酬卻比兒子的少。never “從不，絕不”。 12．A.break down B．take after C．lay aside D．put away A　解析：為了獲取成功，女性不得不打破許多障礙。break down “打破，消除”，符合語(yǔ)境。take after “追趕，跟蹤”；lay aside “留存?zhèn)溆茫选旁谝贿叀?；put away “猛吃，積蓄，把……收起來(lái)”。 13．A.informed B．reminded C．a(chǎn)ssured D．criticized B　解析：其中一個(gè)障礙就是總有人提醒我們不是男性。remind “提醒，使想起”，符合語(yǔ)境。inform “通知，告知”；assure “使確信”；criticize “批判”。 14．A.unchallenged B．unpunished C．unpleted D．uncontrolled A　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，作者在此想表達(dá)的是女性不能對(duì)此置之不理，而要敢于質(zhì)疑。unchallenged “不被懷疑的，完全接受的，沒(méi)有異議的”，符合語(yǔ)境。unpunished “未受懲罰的”；unpleted “未完成的”；uncontrolled “未受控制的，不加約束的”。 15．A.appearance B．position C．background D．gender D　解析：對(duì)我們的評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)該依據(jù)我們的成就而不是我們的性別。gender “性別”，符合語(yǔ)境。appearance “外貌”；position “職位”；background “出身背景，學(xué)歷”。 16．A.superior B．grateful C．indifferent D．preferable B　解析：作者從心底里感謝經(jīng)歷過(guò)的伴隨成功而來(lái)的起起伏伏。grateful “感激的，表示感謝的”，符合語(yǔ)境。superior “更好的，占優(yōu)勢(shì)的”；indifferent “不感興趣的，漠不關(guān)心的”；preferable “更可取的，更合適的”。 17．A.with B．through C．from D．beyond A　解析：參見(jiàn)上題解析。with “和，隨著”，符合語(yǔ)境。 18．A.intention B．inspiration C．solution D．expectation B　解析：作者希望她的故事可以激勵(lì)女性為她們的夢(mèng)想而奮斗。inspiration “鼓舞人心的人(或事物)，使人產(chǎn)生動(dòng)機(jī)的人(或事物)”，符合語(yǔ)境。intention “意圖”；solution “解決方法”；expectation “期待”。 19．A.pause B．a(chǎn)gree C．promise D．continue D　解析：女性必須繼續(xù)心懷遠(yuǎn)大的理想，這樣做的話(huà)，我們就給予下一代女性力量，給予她們追求成功的勇氣。下文中的 “the next generation”是暗示。continue “繼續(xù)”，符合語(yǔ)境。 20．A.expert B．enthusiastic C．brave D．learned C　解析：參見(jiàn)上題解析。expert “內(nèi)行的，經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的”；enthusiastic “熱情的”；brave “勇敢的”；learned “有學(xué)問(wèn)的，博學(xué)的”。 ***短文改錯(cuò) It is five years now since I graduate from high school. Last Saturday, our class held a gettogether, which took us a long time prepare. It was indeed not easy to get in the touch with everybody and set a properly time for all of us. We all enjoyed this precious day greatly, talk about the people and things they were familiar with. It was a pity which some of us were not present as they had gone abroad with further study. Besides, they called back or sent greeting card from different places. 答案： It is five years now since I from high school. Last Saturday, our class held a gettogether, which took us a long time prepare. It was indeed not easy to get in touch with everybody and set a time for all of us. We all enjoyed this precious day greatly, about the people and things were familiar with. It was a pity some of us were not present as they had gone abroad further study. ， they called back or sent greeting from different places. 難項(xiàng)分析： 第一處：graduate→graduated　考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。在“It is＋時(shí)間段＋since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句”中，從句要使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故graduate應(yīng)使用過(guò)去式。 第五處：talk→talking　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。主語(yǔ)We與talk之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表主動(dòng)，故應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。 第九處：Besides→However　考查副詞。根據(jù)前后句句意可知，前后為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，且此處用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，故應(yīng)用副詞However。 ***