1中文譯文電動卷揚機的控制對于電動機的控制，我們所知道的最好的方式就是使用由許多點動式按鈕組成的簡單的手工操作臺。而這種操作臺在某些應(yīng)用方面可能仍然是個不錯的選擇，如一些令人頭痛的復(fù)雜的控制也可以用。這篇文章講述了，在你設(shè)計、組建或是購買卷揚機控制器之前，你必須對電動機的基本電氣設(shè)備和你將需要尋址的用戶接口命令進行編址。首先，手動控制臺應(yīng)該是手動控制型的，因此，如果你把你的手指移開按鈕，卷揚機就會停車。另外，每個控制工作站都需要配備緊急制動閘，緊急制動閘可以切斷卷揚機的所有電源，而不僅僅是控制電路的。仔細想想看，如果卷揚機在該停車時，它卻沒有停下來，你就確實需要一種故障保障的方法去切斷線路的電源。在控制工作臺上設(shè)置一個關(guān)鍵操作開關(guān)，也是一個非常好的主意，特別是在通向工作站的線路不能控制時，就可以用那個開關(guān)來控制。 (在設(shè)計控制臺時，即使是最簡單的手工控制臺，也要考慮設(shè)置由專門人員操作的安全操作按鍵。)控制定速電動機對于一臺定速卷揚機的實際控制設(shè)備是一臺三相起動器。電動機的轉(zhuǎn)向被反向，是通過簡單的開關(guān)控制相序從 A-B-C 變換到 C-B-A。這些動作被2完成，是通過兩個三磁極式電流接觸器，而且它們是互鎖的，所以，它們不可能被同時關(guān)閉。NEC 公司要求同時擁有過載和短路保護裝置。為了保護電動機免受由于機械過載引起的過熱的影響，在起動器內(nèi)要安裝熱量過載延遲裝置。當熱量過載延遲裝置過熱時，它所擁有的雙金屬長條斷開電動機的電源。除此外，還可以選擇一臺電熱調(diào)節(jié)器可以用纏繞的方式安裝在電動機上，它可以用于監(jiān)控電動機的溫度變化。對于短路保護，我們一般是通過電動機常用的熔斷器來實現(xiàn)的。一臺獨立的線性電流接觸器，被配置的電流接觸器應(yīng)該超過主回路的電流接觸器，從而達到冗余的目的。這臺電流接觸器是由安全電路來控制的，如：緊急制動和越程極限。我們可以使用限位開關(guān)來實現(xiàn)上述的操作。當你到達正常的行程極限位置末端時，卷揚機就會停車，并且你只能夠向相反的方向移動卷揚機(即遠離極限位置的方向)。這里也需要一個越程限制以防萬一，由于電氣的或者機械的問題，而使卷揚機的運行超過正常的極限位。如果你碰到越程限制器，線形電流接觸器就會打開，因此，卷揚機將無法被驅(qū)動超過這個極限位置。如果上述情況發(fā)生，就需要請專業(yè)的技術(shù)人員來檢查導(dǎo)致碰到越程限制器的具體原因。然后，你就能夠用起動器內(nèi)部的彈力恢復(fù)撥動開關(guān)來處理越程的問題，而不是使用跳閘器或是手工切斷電流接觸器。變速的必要條件當然，簡單的定速起動器被變速驅(qū)動器所取代。這就使事情開始變得有趣起來了！至少，你需要在控制操作臺上增加一個速度表盤。操縱桿是一個較好的操作接口，由于它使你對部件的移動有一個更直觀的控制。不幸的是，你不能僅僅從你的本地控制臺去發(fā)命令控制老式的變速驅(qū)動器，此外，你不能希望它在初始階段，就能安全而可靠的提升與下放設(shè)備。大多數(shù)的變速驅(qū)動器不能實現(xiàn)上述的要求，因為它們并不是設(shè)計用來做提升工作的。驅(qū)動器需要設(shè)置成在制動器松開之前，就能夠在電動機上產(chǎn)生扭矩，并且，當停車時，即在扭矩撤銷之前，制動器將先動作。許多年來，直流電動機和驅(qū)動器提供了一些普遍的解決方案，如它們在各種速度時都具有良好的力矩特性。對于大多數(shù)的卷揚機所需求的大型直流電動機是很貴的，那要比同類型的交流電動機貴得多。雖然，早期的交流驅(qū)動器不是非常有用，如它們有一個非常有限速度適用范圍，而且僅產(chǎn)生低速小扭矩。如今，隨著直流驅(qū)動器的發(fā)展，低成本而且大量可用的交流電動機的出現(xiàn)，導(dǎo)致了一場交流驅(qū)動的革命。變速交流驅(qū)動器有兩個系列。變頻轉(zhuǎn)換器已經(jīng)家喻戶曉，而且的確很3容易使用。這些驅(qū)動器將交流轉(zhuǎn)換成直流，然后，再把它轉(zhuǎn)換回交流，轉(zhuǎn)換后的交流已經(jīng)是不同頻率的。如果驅(qū)動器產(chǎn)生 30Hz 的交流，一臺正常的60Hz 的電動機將以一半的速度運行。從理論上說，這非常好，但是，在實際中，這將會有很多的問題。首先，一臺典型的 60Hz 的電動機在線性頻率低于 2Hz 或是 3Hz 的區(qū)域會出現(xiàn)誤差，并且，開始嵌齒(即急推，猛拉)，或是停車。這將限制你的速度范圍低于 20：1，幾乎不適應(yīng)于運行階段的細微調(diào)節(jié)。其次，許多低成本的轉(zhuǎn)換器也不能夠在低速時提供額定扭矩。使用這些驅(qū)動器，將導(dǎo)致急速移動，或是對于提升部件完全的失效，準確地說，當你試圖去平穩(wěn)的提升一臺科學(xué)儀器時，你不愿看到這樣的情況。一些新型的變極器是閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)(從電動機獲得反饋，提供更加準確的速度控制)，并且使電動機將會工作的相當好。交流驅(qū)動器的另一個系列是流量矢量型驅(qū)動器。這些元器件要求在電動機的主軸上安裝編碼器，使用這些編碼器會使驅(qū)動器可以準確地監(jiān)控電機電樞的旋轉(zhuǎn)。處理器測定了準確的磁性流量的矢量值，這些值要求使電樞在給定的速度下旋轉(zhuǎn)。這些驅(qū)動器允許有無窮大的速度，因此，你實際能夠在零速度時就產(chǎn)生額定扭矩。這些驅(qū)動器所提供的準確的速度和位置的控制，使這些驅(qū)動器在高性能應(yīng)用方面受到歡迎。(基于 PLC 的控制器提供有系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)和控制選項。這個屏幕展示給操作者全面的訪問卡內(nèi)基霍爾德的九層電梯提升的控制面板。)基于 PLC 的系統(tǒng)一臺 PLC 的全稱是可編程序邏輯控制器。首先，PLC 的控制器發(fā)展到取代了基于五六十年代的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)的繼電器，它們工作在室內(nèi)的惡劣的工業(yè)環(huán)境中。這些是模塊化的系統(tǒng)，它們具有大量的各種各樣的 I/O 模塊。這些模塊化的系統(tǒng)可以很容易的實現(xiàn)把半自定義的硬件配置組裝起來，而這樣得到的配置的價錢也很合理。這些模塊包括：位置控制模塊，計數(shù)器，4A/D 和 D/A 轉(zhuǎn)換器，以及各種實體狀態(tài)或是物理接觸閉式輸出模塊。大量不同類型的 I/O 元器件和 PLC 的模塊屬性使得它成為一條有效的途徑去組裝自定義和半自定義的控制系統(tǒng)。對于 PLC 系統(tǒng)的最大的不足就是缺少真實的大量的顯示功能，從而告訴你 PLC 正在做什么和幫助你對 PLC 進行編程。第一臺被用于大型娛樂場所的專業(yè)的 PLC 系統(tǒng)之一，是在拉斯維加斯的原米高梅電影制片公司(現(xiàn)在的貝利公司)的搭車和四輪馬車系統(tǒng)上。許多的制造商提供了標準的基于 PLC 的系統(tǒng)和半自動化聲學(xué)的標志的主機，設(shè)定命令行解釋器的位置，以及提升控制系統(tǒng)也是可用的。使用標準的模塊去組構(gòu)用戶自定義系統(tǒng)的能力是基于 PLC 的控制器的最大的優(yōu)勢。高端控制器對于復(fù)雜的傳動裝置，控制器開始變得復(fù)雜，超過了速度，時間以及位置控制。它們包括寫出復(fù)雜的指令，記錄輪廓線的移動，以及處理可以立即運行的多點指令的能力。許多大型的歌劇院正向著點提升系統(tǒng)的方向發(fā)展，在那里為每一條提升繩索配置有一臺獨立的卷揚機，那些繩索等同于每條電路的調(diào)光器。當多臺卷揚機被用來提升單個的部分時，這些卷揚機必須完全的同步，或是載荷能夠轉(zhuǎn)移，如此會導(dǎo)致一臺單獨的卷揚機變得有過載的危險?？刂葡到y(tǒng)必須能夠使被選的卷揚機保持同步，或是在一臺卷揚機不能夠保持與其他卷揚機同步時，能提供高速的同等的停車能力。對于一臺典型的高速達240 英尺/分鐘和一臺要保持卷揚機的彼此間的速度誤差在 1/8 分之內(nèi)的設(shè)備，你只有少于三微秒的時間去確認問題，并嘗試糾正錯誤的卷揚機速度，在確定你失敗后，你起動組中所有卷揚機的停車。這將需要大量計算，快速 I/O 接口，以及好用的寫入軟件。對于大型的繩索控制系統(tǒng)有兩種非常不同的解決方法。首先是，使用單獨的控制臺，對于一般的問題而言，這樣的控制臺應(yīng)該安裝在適合于操作者視角的位置。然而，這不僅不能夠從一個角度到另一個角度觀察，而且還不可以從一條指令到另一條指令的控制。這些困難已經(jīng)被部分解決。通過使用安裝在不同位置的視頻攝像機，而且這些攝象機連接于三維屏幕圖形，這些圖形使得操作者可以從任意的視角去觀察在三個坐標方向上的預(yù)期的繩索運動。這些可以使得操作者，從一個適合他在實際的操作臺處的視角，或是實際的閉環(huán)電路照相機的視角，來觀察在屏幕上的繩索的運動。對于有內(nèi)部關(guān)聯(lián)的部件的復(fù)雜的移動，上述的觀察使得實現(xiàn)控制和查出故障原因變得更加簡單。5另一個解決的方案就是分布式系統(tǒng)，這個系統(tǒng)使用了多個輕便的控制臺。這將允許不同的操作者以同樣的方式控制傳動裝置的不同方面，我們已經(jīng)改進了手動控制裝置。一個生動的例子，就是在倫敦中部一個蔬菜花卉市場的皇家歌劇院使用了上述的方案，在那里用十個控制臺控制著 240臺電動機。每個控制臺有五個錄音重放裝置，并且已經(jīng)被開啟，以便于每臺電動機被指派給一個單獨的控制臺。一位操作者和一個控制臺就能夠控制所有的裝置，但是，常常是一個控制臺可能是運行臺幕的提升，另一個控制臺是控制臺上的傳動裝置，以及第三個控制臺被用來在后臺將必要的背景畫面放下。(刃口式輕便的控制臺允許多位操作者從最優(yōu)點出發(fā)來控制機器的運動，并且提供三維圖象的顯示。)結(jié)論有巨大變化的繩索控制系統(tǒng)，已經(jīng)從按鈕式的工作站發(fā)展到復(fù)雜的多用戶的計算機化的控制系統(tǒng)。當要購買繩索控制系統(tǒng)時，你總是可以找到滿足你需要的?？刂葡到y(tǒng)最重要的性能是安全性和可靠性。這些是有真實價值的性能，而且你會期望能以一個合適的價格買到這樣的安全性。與某個確定的產(chǎn)品制造商共事，他會使你知道如何進行安裝。而且，他將會讓你和用戶接觸，那些用戶有著與類似的要求。6畢業(yè)論文中英文資料英文原文Control of Electric winchFor motor control, we know the best way is to use the style buttons to move the many simple manual console. And this console, in some applications may still be a good choice, as some complex control headache can also be used. This article describes in your design, build or purchase winch controller, you have the motor's basic electrical equipment and you will need to address the user interface command addressed. First, the manual should be a manual control console type, so if you remove your finger buttons, hoist will stop. In addition, each control station equipped with an emergency need to brake, hoist the emergency brake to cut off all power, not just the control circuit. Think about it, if the hoist at the stop, it did not stop, you do need a way to cut off the fault line protection power. Set the table in the control of a key operated switch, is also a very good idea, especially in the line leading to the workstation can not control, you can use the switch. (in the design of the console, even the simplest manual console, but also consider setting by specialized personnel to operate the safe operation of the keys.)7Constant speed motor controlFor a fixed speed winch actual control device is a three-phase starter. Turn the motor is reversed, by a simple switch controlled phase transformation sequence from ABC to CBA. These actions are completed by two three-pole contactor-style, and they are interlocked, so that they can not be simultaneously closed. NEC, required in addition to overload and short circuit protection devices. To protect the motor against overload due to mechanical effects caused by overheating in the heat to be installed inside the starter overload delay device. When the heat overload delay device overheating, it has a long double off the metal motor power. In addition In addition, you can also select a thermistor can be installed in the motor winding way, it can be used to monitor motor temperature changes. For the short-circuit protection, we generally used by motor fuses to achieve.A linear current independent contactors, the contactors are configured should be more than the current main circuit contactor, so as to achieve the purpose of redundancy. This sets the current contactor is controlled by the security circuit, such as: emergency brake and the more-way limits.We can use the limit switches to achieve the above operation. When you reach the end of the normal travel limit position, the hoist will stop, and you can only move the winch in the opposite direction (ie, the direction away from the limit position.) There is also need for a more limited way just in case, due to electrical or mechanical problems, leaving the operation of hoist limit bit more than normal. If you run into more limiter, linear contactor will open, therefore, can not be driven winch will exceed this limit position. If this happens, you need to ask a professional technician to check the lead to meet the more specific reasons limiter. Then, you can use the starter toggle switch inside the elastic recovery process to deal with more problems, rather than tripping device or a hand-off the current contacts.A necessary condition for speedOf course, the simple fixed speed starter is replaced by variable speed drives. This makes things start to get interesting again! At a minimum, you need to add a speed control dial operation platform. Joystick is a better user interface, because it makes you move parts of a more intuitive control.Unfortunately, you can not just from your local console to send commands 8to control the old variable speed drives, in addition, you can not want it in the initial stages, will be able to enhance the safe and reliable and decentralized facilities. Most of the variable speed drive can not achieve these requirements, because they are not designed to do upgrading work. Drivers need to be set to release the brake before the motor can generate torque, and when parking, that is, before the revocation of torque, the brake will be the first action.For many years, DC motors and drives provide a number of common solutions, such as when they are in a variety of speeds with good torque characteristics. For most of the hoist of the large demand for DC motor is very expensive, and that the same type of AC motor than the much more expensive. Although the early AC drives are not very useful, as they have a very limited scope of application of the speed, but produced only a small low-speed torque. Now, with the DC drives the development of low cost and a large number of available AC motors has led to a communication-driven revolution.Variable speed AC drives in two series. Frequency converter has been widely known and, indeed, easy to use. These drives convert AC into DC, and then, and then convert it back to exchange, the exchange after the conversion is a different frequency. If the drive produced the exchange of 30Hz, 60Hz a normal motor will run at half speed. Theoretically, this is very good, but in practice, this will have a lot of problems. First of all, a typical linear motor 60Hz frequencies below 2Hz 3Hz area or there will be errors, and start cog (that urgent push, yank), or parking. This will limit your speed range lower than 20:1, almost not adapted to the operational phase of the fine adjustment. Second, many low-cost converter is not able to provide the rated torque at low speeds. Use of these drives, will result in the rapid move to upgrade the components or complete failure, precisely, when you try to upgrade a stable scientific instruments, you do not want to see this situation. Some new inverter is a closed-loop system (to get feedback from the motor to provide a more accurate speed control), and the motor will work quite well.Another series of AC drives is the flow vector type drive. These components require installation of the spindle motor encoder, encoder makes use of these drives can accurately monitor the rotation of the motor armature. Processor accurately measured magnetic flux vector values that are required to make the armature at a given speed rotation. These drives allow infinite speed, so you 9actually can produce at zero speed to rated torque. These drives provide precise speed and position control, so these drives in high performance applications to be welcomed.(Based on PLC controllers provide system status and control options. This screen shows the operator full access to the nine-story elevator enhance the control panel.)PLC-based systemsIs the full name of a PLC programmable logic controller. First of all, PLC controller developed to replace the fifties and sixties-based industrial control system relay, they work in harsh industrial indoor environments. These are modular systems that have a large variety of I / O modules. The modular system can easily achieve the semi-custom hardware configuration assembled, and the resulting configuration is also very reasonable price. These modules include: position control module, the counter, A / D and D / A converter, and a variety of physical state or physical contact with closed output module. Large number of different types of I / O components and PLC module property makes it an effective way to assemble custom and semi custom control system.The biggest shortcoming of PLC systems is the lack of the real number of display to tell you what is being done and the PLC on the PLC program to help you.The first is professional entertainment for the large-scale PLC system is one of the original in Las Vegas, MGM (now Bailey Company) of the riding and carriage system. Many manufacturers offer a standard PLC-based semi-10automated acoustic systems and a host of signs, set the location of the command line interpreter, and the upgrading of the control system is also available. Using standard modules to set user-defined system configuration capability is based on the PLC controller of the greatest advantage.High-end controllerFor complex transmission, the controller became complex, more than speed, time and location control. They include complex instructions to write and record the movement contour, and the processing can immediately run the ability to multi-point instructions.Many large opera house is toward the direction of point lift system, where each one is equipped with a rope to enhance independent winches, rope equivalent to those of each dimmer circuit. When more than one hoist is used to enhance the individual part, the hoist must be fully synchronous, or the load to shift, so will lead to a separate winch becomes the risk of overload. Control system must be able to be selected to keep pace winch, or a hoist winch is not able to maintain synchronization with the other, can provide the same high-speed parking capacity. For a typical speed of 240 ft / min and a winch to maintain the rate of error of between 1 / 8 points of equipment, you only have less than three microseconds of time to identify problems and try to correct the error The hoist speed, make sure you fail, you start all the winch stop the group. This will require a large amount of computation, fast I / O interface, and easy to use to write software.For large rope control system has two very different solutions. The first is to use a separate console, the problem in general terms, this console should be installed in the appropriate location of the operator perspective. However, this not only from one angle to another angle, but still can not get an instruction to another instruction from the control. These difficulties have been partially resolved. Installed in different locations through the use of video cameras, and these cameras connected to the three-dimensional display graphics, these graphics enables the operator to observe from the perspective of any of the three coordinates in the expected direction of rope movement. These operators can make from a console for him at the actual angle, or closed circuit camera practical perspective, to observe the movement of the rope on the screen. For the complex interrelated moving parts, makes the implementation of the above 11observation Failure to control and find out easier.Another solution to the problem is a distributed system that uses multiple light console. This will allow the different operators in the same way the different aspects of control gear, we have improved the manual control device. A vivid example is the flower in a vegetable market in central London, the Royal Opera House, the program uses the above, where the control console 240 with ten motors. Each console has five playback device, and has been open, so that each motor has been assigned to a single console. An operator and a console can control all the devices, however, often may be running a console platform screen upgrade, another console is a console on the transmission device, and the third console is used to the necessary background in the background image down.(edge-type portable console allows the operator many advantages from the start to control the movement of the machine, and provide three-dimensional image display.)ConclusionA huge change in the rope control system, a workstation has been developed from a push-button to complex multi-user computerized control system. When the control system to buy rope, you can always find to meet your needs. Control system performance is the most important security and reliability. These are the true value of the property, and you can expect the price to buy a suitable way of security. With a certain product manufacturers to work, he will make you know how to install it. And he will make contact with you and the users, those users have with similar requests.