司馬煤礦2.4Mta新井設(shè)計(jì)含5張CAD圖.zip
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英文原文
Discussion in the mining industry of ecology and sustainable development
Xifengru Houxilin Chenerdong Wangweiwei
Abstract---Mining is the basic industry of national economy.
Mining development are closely linked with the national economy, and the sustainability of mining development in the entire national economy directly affect the sustainability of the mining industry. Sustainable development of the mining model has become an extremely important issue in our era. This article analyzes and learns from other scholars on the basis of research results.
First of all, this article analyzes the ecological status of the mining industry. Although still in the exploration of ecological mining the initial stage, it did not really form an industry. In practice it is in accordance with the requirements of sustainable development of mining, which mainly reflects in the following aspects: Gradually establish and perfect the relevant laws and regulations, and provide a legal basis to protect the mining industry; Significantly improve utilization of mineral resources and wastes; Protect and recover mining ecological environment.
Second, with the advancement of science and technology, mining has entered an unprecedented phase, but we should also clearly understand that mining industry still have some problems in China: The employees of mining industry have a sense of serious waste of resources; Environmental situation is not optimistic; With low level of development and comprehensive utilization of resources many low-grade ore could not be developed; Lack of a unified mechanism for the mining market, and so on.
Finally, this article achieves mining measures of sustainable development in China: Strengthening awareness of sustainable development in the mining industry; Understanding mining laws of development to develop long-term planning; Enhancing environmental awareness of protection, sounding environmental laws of protection and improving environmental skills of protection; Building a fair and reasonable competition; The establishment of a comprehensive, scientific assessment of sustainable development criteria
Keywords---Ecological mining,Sustainable development of mining industry, Measures
0 Introduction
According to the study have showed that over 92% of primary energy,80% of the industrial raw materials,70% of the agricultural means of production come from mineral resources. China has discovered 171 kinds of mineral resources, and being proved reserves of 158 species. China's mineral production rose rapidly in 2005. National mining production value reached more than 5900 billion Yuan, accounting for about 6% of GDP. Combined with minerals directly upstream and downstream industries, total output value was about 30% of GDP in 2005.China's total trade more than 300 billion dollars to promote the mining industry in the process of urbanization. There were 390 new mining towns, which lived in more than 300 million people. The employees of mining enterprises reached 930 million. Mining industry played a very important role in national economy in China.
The 21st century is a critical period of moderately country in China. China's mining industry is facing serious challenges, but also has new development opportunities. With development of the mining industry in 21st Century, some insights have made "green mining" and "ecological mining", and the new sustainable development of mining has come into the new content. Therefore, to explore and promote eco-mining achieves the sustainable development of mining itself, no doubt that we have positive meanings in our strategy of sustainable development throughout the country.
1 The status of ecological mining
Although still in the exploration of ecological mining the initial stage, it did not really form an industry. In practice it is in accordance with the requirements of sustainable development of mining, which mainly reflects in the following aspects:
1.1 Gradually establish and perfect the relevant laws and regulations
From the late 80s of the 20th century, China has successively promulgated the "The People's Republic of China Mineral Resources Law" and supporting laws, "The People's Republic of China Environment Protection Law", and so on. Ministry of Land Resources issued the ecological and environmental protective work to strengthen the idea of the development and utilization of mineral resources. These laws, regulations and regulatory documents provided the legal basis for the rational development and utilization of mineral resources to effectively protect mining environment.
1.2 Significantly improve utilization of mineral resources and wastes
Currently, many mining companies have come to realize the sustainable utilization of mineral resources. They fully rely on technological progress and strengthening management practices to utilize mineral resources: scientific mining operation, rational development, utilization, and avoiding or reducing damage and waste of mineral resources. An Opencast Coal Mine in Shanxi Province take effective measures to enable the coal recovery rate above 95%.The loss rate and dilution rates of gold mining are 1.1% and 2.1% in Paishanlou Liaoning Province.
1.3 Protect and recover mining ecological environment
Maintaining a good ecological environment is not only an important part of sustainable development, but also a basic state policy to protect the environment and reflect the specific requirements. In recent years, many mining enterprises have done a lot of work and achieved gratifying results in the respect of mine ecological environmental protection and restoration. Such as Harbin Songjiang Copper Industry Co Ltd of Heilongjiang Province, paid close attention to the work of mining area: 2 million pine trees, 40000 fruit trees and 20000 poplar trees. The green rate of the mining area achieved 98%
2 The main problems of the development of ecological mining
With the advancement of science and technology, mining has entered an unprecedented phase, but we should also clearly understand that mining industry still have some problems in China.
2.1 Depletion of mineral resources
Mine are non-renewable resources, with the exploitation of mineral resources were bound to result in depletion. Due to lack of reserving resources some companies of mine founded in the 20th century face the danger of shutdown. After the resource depletion, the development of mining town relying on resources and national policy support would reveal a variety of contradictions. The cities of mine dried up would create great pressure and burden to society and the state.
2.2 Environmental situation is not optimistic
Mining development takes up a lot of land, and in the development process produces a lot of waste rock, wastewater and waste gas, which causes negative impact on the ecological environment. The mining landslides, ground subsidence and other geological disasters often happen which are risk of lives and properties. Environmental pollution related to mining development is wide, and measures of treatment are difficult.
2.3 With low level of development and comprehensive utilization of resources? many low-grade ore could not be developed;
Due to a developing country, the level of mining technology and equipment compared with developed countries is a certain distance in China. Backward technology and equipment will inevitably lead to waste of mineral resources. The development of mineral resources is a intensive industry of capital and technology, and large-scale, mechanization, automation is the development direction of international mining. The mining enterprises are mostly labor-intensive and small-scale mines in China, which technology is lag behind, even primitive. There is very serious waste of resources. Even the state-owned mines are relatively backward equipment, and the level are not high .There are the high cost of resource and the problem of low utilization levels.
2.4 Lack of a unified mechanism for the mining market
China is in the early stage of industrialization, and requires a large number of mineral raw materials, energy and mineral support for rapid economic development. The contradiction of mineral supply and demands has become a seller's market. The national macro-control on the mineral market is weak, and mining market is chaotic. Some mining companies rely on government assistance to survive. In sharp contrast to that: a small coal mines and small gold blossom everywhere, and the state repeatedly issue prohibitions. Because of the country's tax system, collective and individual small mines do not play role, which form such unfair competition. Large scale mines have not superior. Even more serious is that cost advantage of small mines is down the market price of mineral products. For the sake of profit, small mines are used to make up a way to expand production, resulting in waste of resources.
2.5 The enforcement of law is not enough
Mining the legal system has undergone considerable development and effectively promoted the development of mining in China. However, with social and economic conditions changing, the legal system of mining need to be further strengthened to reflect principle of the times.
3 To achieve mining measures of sustainable development in China
3.1 Strengthening awareness of sustainable development in the mining industry
Since 1987, Mrs. Bundled made clear concept of sustainable development, sustainable development has become an advocated model of social development, and been widely accepted around the world. But in the process of sustainable development, the role and problems are different between the developed countries and developing countries. China, as a typical developing country, at present the main objective is still developing, which could not take the old road of the "high development, high consumption, high pollution". This idea of sustainable development should guide leadership at all levels. In addition, also by laws and regulations make it obligatory to implement the concept of sustainable development and in various forms for public education to enjoy popular support of sustainable development.
3.2 Understanding mining laws of development to develop long-term planning
Mining development must be faced to resource depletion problem. Any mine, regardless of how to increase exploration efforts and protect existing resources, would be taken without mine one day. Mining workers by means of the highly science and technology, find new deposits, new minerals to guarantee the sustainable development of mining industry. Mining workers increase exploration efforts to find a new source of ore and make full use of existing resources. Under conditions, the exploitation of poor ore and hard bed mining are realistic option. In addition, marine mining greatly expand the footprint of human exploration. Space mining is still only a dream, and in the future will become of human choice. In the full and effective use of existing resources to formulate a long-term planning are around the corner.
3.3 Enhancing environmental awareness of protection, sounding environmental laws of protection andimproving environmental skills of protection
Enhancing environmental awareness of protection, sounding environmental laws of protection and improving environmental skills of protection are to achieve the harmony of mankind and the environment. Environmental awareness is to achieve self-discipline. Consciously protecting the environment is the lowest social cost, so we enhance the people's environmental awareness. In addition, we make full use of modern technology to supervise and control the mining of various processes. We should develop bio-mining, bio-reclamation, cleaner production technologies and more investments in technology to mobilize the enthusiasm of environmental protection workers.
3.4 Developing and introduce technology and equipment improves the level of comprehensive utilization ofresources.
It is a characteristic of mineral resources development in the 21st century that seeks to exploit the poor refractory ore and hard ore mining. Especially mineral resources are mainly poor in China, such as 70% of the copper, 70% to 80% of the bauxite, 80% of iron ore, 90% of the phosphate and more than 93% lean ore, which is the only way of use of lean ore mining in China. Low level of development and comprehensive utilization of resources is due to backward of technology, equipment and management. To change this situation should introduce foreign advanced technology and equipment, in particular the key equipment, and improve the level of mining equipment. Meanwhile, we should strengthen the capacity of independent development in mining equipment, and achieve large-scale and modernization of mining equipment.
3.5 Building a fair and reasonable competition
Mineral resources implement asset management, and separate rights of ownership and management to realize interests of the owner and operator. Circulation of mining rights is on the basis of in an open, transparent and competition. National mineral resources through training, improving the property market and regulating property rightsprohibit assets. We should strengthen the assessment of mineral resource assets and establish assets evaluation indicator system on the basis of the asset price system and the operational effectiveness. Completely shut down polluting and inefficient small coal mines and small gold.
3.6 Speeding up legal system and strengthening law enforcement in the mining
The government should strengthen the supporting legislation, as soon as possible to make up for gaps or deficiencies in the legislation of mining, to modify or improve some legislations that are incompatible with the market economic system, to abolish some outdated the laws and regulations of adverse effects. The government should establish and improve rules and regulations of law, and make public procedures, in order to ensure the administrative staff enforcing the law impartially and strictly controlling mine.
3.7 The establishment of a comprehensive, scientific assessment of sustainable development criteria
The mining evaluation criteria of sustainable development are a scale of mining sustainable development and a timely basis for evaluation and adjustments. The mining evaluation criteria of sustainable development should be experts in all aspects of participation, which is a systematic work. We should be from the viewpoint of system to develop a practical evaluation factors. We should consider the cost in evaluation of factors. We should acquire target acquisition by means of the science, the feasibility of simple, dynamic guidance, standards universal, flexible and adaptive principles.
4 Results:
With the introduction of the national plan, low-carbon economy, energy industry and industry of environmental protection and so on, makes the development of the mining industry facing new opportunities and challenges. Therefore, we should carefully implement the "in the protection of the development, in the development of the protection" and "development and protection of equal importance," develop ecological mining, and take the coordination of resource development and environmental protection for sustainable mining development, which will be inevitable choice for the sustainable development strategy in China .
REFERENCES
[1] Chen Changjie, et al. Mining Sustainable Development of [J]. China Mining, 2001, (1) ,40-41.
[2] Song Qiao, et al. Mining the basic ways of sustainable development [J].Mining Research and Development, 2002,18, P1 ~ 5
[3] Zhu Junshi. et al. Ecological mining [J]. China's mining industry, 2000,9 (6) :35-39.
[4] Fang Baoming, et al. Promote eco-mining industry to promote sustainable development of mining [J]. Shandong Geology, 2001,17(3,4):
中文譯文
生態(tài)采礦業(yè)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的討論
西鳳茹1 侯喜林2
（1. 遼寧工程技術(shù)大學(xué)，鞍山，100083；2. 遼寧工程技術(shù)大學(xué)，鞍山，056038）
摘要---礦業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)。礦業(yè)的發(fā)展與國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)緊密相連，礦業(yè)在整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的可持續(xù)性，直接影響了采礦業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。采礦模型的可持續(xù)發(fā)展已成為我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的一個(gè)極其重要的問(wèn)題。本文分析和學(xué)習(xí)了其他學(xué)者的研究成果的主要內(nèi)容。
首先，本文分析了采礦業(yè)的生態(tài)狀況。雖然仍處在探索生態(tài)開采初期，它并沒(méi)有真正形成一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)。在實(shí)踐中的采礦主要有以下幾個(gè)方面體現(xiàn)了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求，并且逐步建立和完善的有關(guān)法律和法規(guī)為其提供了法律依據(jù)，以保護(hù)采礦業(yè)，大大提高礦產(chǎn)資源和廢物利用率，保護(hù)和恢復(fù)礦山生態(tài)環(huán)境。
其次，隨著科技進(jìn)步，采礦已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)前所未有的階段，但我們也應(yīng)該清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到采礦業(yè)在中國(guó)仍然有一些問(wèn)題：采礦業(yè)的員工有一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的資源浪費(fèi)的意識(shí);環(huán)境狀況不能發(fā)展不容樂(lè)觀;發(fā)展和全面的資源很多低品位礦石利用水平低，缺乏一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的礦業(yè)市場(chǎng)機(jī)制等等。
最后，這篇文章指出了在中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的開采措施：加強(qiáng)采礦業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展意識(shí);采礦法發(fā)展的認(rèn)識(shí)，制定長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃，加強(qiáng)保護(hù)環(huán)境的意識(shí)，探空環(huán)境的法律保護(hù)和改善環(huán)境的技能保護(hù)，建立一個(gè)公平合理的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，建立一個(gè)全面的，可持續(xù)發(fā)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的科學(xué)評(píng)估。
關(guān)鍵詞：生態(tài)開采，采礦業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，措施
引言
據(jù)有關(guān)研究已經(jīng)表明，92％以上的一次能源，80％的工業(yè)原材料，70％的 農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資料來(lái)自于礦產(chǎn)資源。中國(guó)已發(fā)現(xiàn)礦產(chǎn)資源171種，探明儲(chǔ)量的158種。中國(guó)礦產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)在2005年迅速上升。全國(guó)礦業(yè)產(chǎn)值達(dá)5900多億元，占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的6％左右。2005年結(jié)合礦物質(zhì)直接上游和下游產(chǎn)業(yè)，總產(chǎn)值占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值約30％。中國(guó)的貿(mào)易總額超過(guò)300億美元，這個(gè)數(shù)目可以促進(jìn)城市化進(jìn)程中的采礦業(yè)。共有390名居住在300萬(wàn)人以上新的采礦城鎮(zhèn)。礦山企業(yè)的從業(yè)人員達(dá)到9.3億。采礦業(yè)在中國(guó)和在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中起到了非常重要的作用。
21世紀(jì)是中國(guó)這樣一個(gè)中等國(guó)家的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。中國(guó)的采礦業(yè)正面臨著嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)，但也有新的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。隨著21世紀(jì)采礦業(yè)的發(fā)展，一些新觀點(diǎn)如“綠色開采”和“生態(tài)礦山”，挖掘新的可持續(xù)發(fā)展已進(jìn)入新的內(nèi)容。因此，探索和推廣生態(tài)采礦自身實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)我們的可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在全國(guó)各地都有積極的意義。
1 生態(tài)開采的狀態(tài)
雖然仍處在探索生態(tài)開采初期，它并沒(méi)有真正形成一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)。在實(shí)踐中若按照可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略來(lái)采礦，主要有以下幾個(gè)方面：
1.1逐步建立和完善有關(guān)法律、法規(guī)
從20世紀(jì)80年代末以來(lái)，中國(guó)有先后頒布了《中華人民共和國(guó)礦產(chǎn)資源法》及配套法規(guī)，《中華人民共和國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)法》等等。國(guó)土資源部頒布保護(hù)的生態(tài)和環(huán)境的法律法規(guī)實(shí)際目的在于加強(qiáng)對(duì)礦產(chǎn)資源的開發(fā)和利用。這些法律、法規(guī)和規(guī)范性文件的規(guī)定對(duì)礦產(chǎn)資源的合理開發(fā)和利用，有效保護(hù)礦山環(huán)境提供了法律依據(jù)。
1.2 顯著提高了礦產(chǎn)資源和廢物的利用率
目前，許多礦業(yè)公司已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到礦產(chǎn)資源的可持續(xù)利用。他們充分依靠科技進(jìn)步和加強(qiáng)管理的做法，科學(xué)利用礦產(chǎn)資源開采操作，合理開發(fā)利用，避免或減少破壞和浪費(fèi)礦產(chǎn)資源。山西省露天煤礦采取有效措施，保證了95％以上的煤炭回采率。在遼寧省排山樓，損失率和黃金采礦貧化率分別是是1.1％和2.1％。
1.3 保護(hù)和恢復(fù)礦山生態(tài)環(huán)境
保持一個(gè)良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境不僅是可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要組成部分，也是一項(xiàng)保護(hù)環(huán)境和反映的具體要求的基本國(guó)策。近年來(lái)，許多礦山企業(yè)做了很多工作，在礦山生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)和恢復(fù)方面取得了可喜的成績(jī)。 比如黑龍江的哈爾濱松江銅業(yè)有限公司高度重視礦區(qū)的工作，種了2萬(wàn)松樹，果樹40000和20000楊樹，礦區(qū)綠化率達(dá)到98％。
2 生態(tài)采礦發(fā)展的主要問(wèn)題
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，采礦業(yè)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)前所未有的階段，但我們也應(yīng)該清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到中國(guó)的采礦業(yè)仍存在一些問(wèn)題。
2.1礦產(chǎn)資源的枯竭
礦產(chǎn)資源是不可再生資源，隨著不斷開采勢(shì)必導(dǎo)致枯竭。由于缺乏資源，一些始建于20世紀(jì)的公司面臨倒閉的危險(xiǎn)。發(fā)展采礦業(yè)的城鎮(zhèn)依托資源和國(guó)家政策，一旦支撐生產(chǎn)的資源枯竭后，就會(huì)引發(fā)各種矛盾?？萁哔Y源的礦山城市，會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)和國(guó)家造成很大的壓力和負(fù)擔(dān)。
2.2環(huán)境形勢(shì)不容樂(lè)觀
礦業(yè)開發(fā)占用了大量土地，并在開采過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生大量的廢石、廢水和廢氣，從而對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響。而生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則是采礦山體滑坡、地面塌陷等地質(zhì)災(zāi)害經(jīng)常發(fā)生。與礦業(yè)開發(fā)有關(guān)的環(huán)境污染規(guī)章太寬泛，處理方法還是很難。
2.3 由于發(fā)展水平低和很多資源利用率低，很多品級(jí)低的礦石無(wú)法開采
由于是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，開采技術(shù)和裝備水平與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比有一定的距離。落后的技術(shù)和設(shè)備將不可避免地導(dǎo)致礦產(chǎn)資源浪費(fèi)。對(duì)礦產(chǎn)資源的開發(fā)是一項(xiàng)勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，資本和技術(shù)，大規(guī)模，機(jī)械化，自動(dòng)化是國(guó)際礦業(yè)的發(fā)展方向。而在中國(guó)礦山企業(yè)大多是勞動(dòng)密集型和小規(guī)模的礦山，技術(shù)落后，甚至原始，有非常嚴(yán)重的資源浪費(fèi)情況。即使是國(guó)有煤礦，也有相對(duì)裝備落后、水平不高、成本高、資源利用水平低的問(wèn)題。
2.4 缺乏一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的礦業(yè)市場(chǎng)機(jī)制
中國(guó)正處在工業(yè)化的早期階段，需要大量的礦物原料、能源和礦產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的支持。礦產(chǎn)供應(yīng)和需求的矛盾已成為賣方市場(chǎng)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。國(guó)家對(duì)礦產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的宏觀調(diào)控較為薄弱，礦業(yè)市場(chǎng)混亂。一些礦業(yè)公司依靠政府的援助生存。與此形成鮮明對(duì)比的是：小煤礦和小金礦遍地開花，導(dǎo)致國(guó)家一再發(fā)禁令。由于我國(guó)的稅收制度，集體和個(gè)體小煤礦無(wú)法發(fā)揮作用，導(dǎo)致這種不公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。大型煤礦也沒(méi)有優(yōu)勢(shì)。更為嚴(yán)重的是，小煤礦的成本影響礦產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。為求利潤(rùn)，小煤礦用其他方式來(lái)擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)，造成資源的浪費(fèi)。
2.5 執(zhí)法的力度還不夠
和礦業(yè)有關(guān)的法律體系取得了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展，有力地推動(dòng)了中國(guó)礦業(yè)的發(fā)展。然而隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的變化，采礦的法律制度需要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。
3 為了在中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)礦業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展
3.1 在采礦業(yè)中加強(qiáng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展意識(shí)
自1987年以來(lái)，Bundled夫人對(duì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展作出了明確的解釋，可持續(xù)發(fā)展已成為社會(huì)發(fā)展的主流模型，并為世界各地廣泛接受。但在可持續(xù)發(fā)展的過(guò)程中，作用和存在的問(wèn)題是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間的不同。中國(guó)作為一個(gè)典型的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，目前的主要目標(biāo)仍然是發(fā)展，不能采取的老路“高發(fā)展、高消耗、高污染”。此外，還可以通過(guò)法律、法規(guī)、義務(wù)和各種形式的公眾教育來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
3.2了解采礦法發(fā)展長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃
礦業(yè)開發(fā)必須面對(duì)資源枯竭的問(wèn)題。任何礦，不論如何加大勘探力度，保護(hù)現(xiàn)有資源，最終礦產(chǎn)會(huì)枯竭。采礦工人應(yīng)具備高素質(zhì)和高超的技術(shù)手段，尋找新的礦源，以保證采礦業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。采礦工人找到一個(gè)新的礦源和充分利用現(xiàn)有資源的勘探力度的條件下，是現(xiàn)今開采貧礦和硬床開采最好選擇。此外，海洋采礦，大大拓展了人類探索的足跡。太空開采仍然只是一個(gè)夢(mèng)想，在未來(lái)將成為人類的選擇。充分有效地利用現(xiàn)有資源，制訂一個(gè)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的規(guī)劃是指日可待。
3.3 加強(qiáng)環(huán)境的保護(hù)意識(shí)，遵守環(huán)境的保護(hù)法律，提高環(huán)境的保護(hù)能力
加強(qiáng)環(huán)境的保護(hù)意識(shí)，遵守環(huán)境的保護(hù)法律，提高環(huán)境的保護(hù)能力會(huì)使人與自然更加和諧。環(huán)保意識(shí)就是自律。自覺保護(hù)環(huán)境的社會(huì)成本是最低的，所以我們提高人們的環(huán)保意識(shí)。此外，我們還應(yīng)充分利用現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，以監(jiān)督和控制的各種生產(chǎn)工藝的開采。我們應(yīng)該發(fā)展綠色開采，生物填海工程，清潔生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，加大科技投入，動(dòng)員環(huán)保工作者的積極性。
3.4 開發(fā)和引進(jìn)技術(shù)和設(shè)備提高資源的綜合利用水平
在21世紀(jì)，利耐熔的礦石和硬礦石開采是礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)的一個(gè)特征。尤其是在中國(guó)礦產(chǎn)資源品質(zhì)較雜，如銅的70％，70％至80％的鋁土礦，80％的鐵礦石，90％的磷酸鹽和超過(guò)93％的貧礦，這是貧礦開采使用唯一的出路。由于技術(shù)，設(shè)備和管理落后，發(fā)展和資源綜合利用水平低。為了改變這種局面，應(yīng)引進(jìn)國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)和設(shè)備，尤其是核心設(shè)備，提高采礦設(shè)備的水平。同時(shí)，我們應(yīng)加強(qiáng)采礦設(shè)備的自主開發(fā)能力，并將其實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模化和現(xiàn)代化。
3.5 建立一個(gè)公平合理的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境
礦產(chǎn)資源實(shí)行資產(chǎn)管理，所有權(quán)與經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)分開便于實(shí)現(xiàn)所有者和經(jīng)營(yíng)者的利益。采礦權(quán)在一個(gè)公開，透明和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的基礎(chǔ)上流轉(zhuǎn)的。我們應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)礦產(chǎn)資源資產(chǎn)評(píng)估和經(jīng)營(yíng)效益的資產(chǎn)價(jià)格體系，建立資產(chǎn)評(píng)估指標(biāo)體系，完全關(guān)閉污染和低效的小煤礦，小金礦。
3.6 在礦業(yè)中加快完善法律制度和加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法力度
政府在采礦法方面應(yīng)加強(qiáng)配套立法，盡快彌補(bǔ)差距或不足，修改或完善不符合市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的一些法律，取消一些過(guò)時(shí)的法律和法規(guī)。政府應(yīng)建立和完善法律法規(guī)和規(guī)則，以確保行政人員秉公執(zhí)法，嚴(yán)格控制煤礦的開采。
可持續(xù)發(fā)展的開采評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是礦業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的規(guī)模和及時(shí)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)和調(diào)整的基礎(chǔ)?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展的開采評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)該要參考各方面的專家的意見，這是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)性的工作。我們應(yīng)該從系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，制定一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，還應(yīng)該考慮成本因素的評(píng)價(jià)。通過(guò)科學(xué)、簡(jiǎn)單、動(dòng)態(tài)的指導(dǎo)測(cè)試其可行性、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的通用性、靈活性和適應(yīng)性。
結(jié)果：
隨著國(guó)家計(jì)劃，低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)，能源產(chǎn)業(yè)和環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)的引進(jìn)，礦業(yè)發(fā)展面臨新的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。因此，我們要認(rèn)真貫徹落實(shí)“保護(hù)發(fā)展、發(fā)展保護(hù)”和“開發(fā)與保護(hù)并重，發(fā)展生態(tài)礦業(yè)，采礦可持續(xù)發(fā)展的資源開發(fā)和環(huán)境保護(hù)的協(xié)調(diào)”的指導(dǎo)思想，這將是中國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的必然選擇。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Chen Changjie, et al. Mining Sustainable Development of [J]. China Mining, 2001, (1) ,40-41.
[2] Song Qiao, et al. M
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