永城礦區(qū)陳四樓礦1.5Mta新井設(shè)計(jì)含5張CAD圖-采礦工程.zip,永城,礦區(qū),陳四樓礦,1.5,Mta,設(shè)計(jì),CAD,采礦工程 英文原文 Numeric Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing Technique in Preventing Outburst and the Control Technique Zhao xue-bing Wei wei Ni mao-long Xuzhou mining Group Co Ltd Xu zhou,china,221006 Abstract: To give full play to the technique of hydraulic fracturing in removing the danger of coal and gas outburst by overall relieving the stress, the FLAC3D software was used to analyze the stress distribution after the hydraulic fracturing, and the relation of spatiotemporal coupling of hydraulic fracturing and controlled blasting techniques was theoretically analyzed. The result shows that the technique of hydraulic fracturing should generate high pore pressure and distribute in chaos while relieving the ground stress, which results new hidden danger. The controlled blasting technique used before the hydraulic fracturing should generate crannies which lead the fracturing direction and relieve the stress overall. By analyzing an outburst example of a mine, the spatiotemporal coupling relationship of hydraulic fracturing and controlled blasting techniques directly affects the stress relieving effect. Finally, a number of proposals to avoid incidents were post out to improve the safety use of the hydraulic fracturing technique. Keywords: controlled blasting; hydraulic fracturing; spatiotemporal coupling; overall relieving the stress; coal and gas outburst, pore pressure Coal and gas outburst is affected by ground stress and gas pressure [1], and for a long time it is one of the main problem to highlight the safety production of a mine. Scholars at home and abroad have done a great deal of research works about relieving coal’s stress, and have played a significant role in preventing outburst [2,5]. However, with the deepening of the depth of coal mining, the increasing stress reduce the permeability of coal, conventional methods can’t be effectively removed the stress and gas pressure, coal and gas outburst occur from time to time in complex geological condition region [6, 7]. Hydraulic fracturing technology is an effective method to preventing outburst by injecting high.pressure water into the rock and fracture the coal and rock to release stress and increase the coal.rock permeability. Because the fracturing direction is uncontrollable [8], new high pore pressure will be generated at another places while relieving the stress and distribute in chaos, which has a bad effect on safety production and restricts the extent use. To control fracturing, this paper gave a detailed analysis of the overall relieving stress mechanism of spatiotemporal coupling of controlled blasting and hydraulic fracturing techniques, and made a number of recommendations with the view to make a good use of the techniques to reduce the similar incidents and serve in the coal mine safety production. 1. Hydraulic Fracturing Technique and the Deficiency High pressure water can fracture and expand crannies around a hole to relief the ground stress around, but at the same time high pore pressure and addition stress concentration will formed at some other place, which was proved in China Pigmies Sheena Group. Because the fracturing direction is uncontrollable and difficult to detect at present, most of the cases the fracturing direction is unclear. The coal and mine outburst maybe occur when the coal mine get into the high pore pressure region without realization. It’s very difficult to get clear of the stress distribution after hydraulic fracturing through laboratory or field test, and the repeatability is also weak, while the numeric simulation technique, as a new method, can overcome these shortcomings. Three conditions of one crack, two cracks or three cracks as show in figure 1 were simulated separately. In the figure, “c.i” means crack number i, crack 1 goes along the roadway, crack 2 and 3 goes start with the injection hole and vertical to the roadway, but the crack 3 is upper to crack 2. And the nij means the node number j in condition i, and high pressure water was injected into the injection hole. Fig. 1 Crack distribution （a） one crack （b） two cracks （c） three cracks 1.1 Numeric Simulation Analysis To enable the calculation more close to reality, the model of 50×40×20 m was built according to the outburst location of a mine. The coal seam is 3.5 m thick, 700 m deep, with an inclination of 22°. The fluid.solid coupling mode of FLAC3D was used to analyze the stress distribution after hydraulic fracturing [9]. The upper face was applied 18 MPa pressure, and norm to others was fixed. The model was shown as figure 2: Fig. 2 Numeric analysis model 1.1.1 Bringing no main crack after hydraulic fracturing When no main crack formed after hydraulic fracturing, the high pore pressure shown in figure 3 will be generated. Fig. 3 The stress distribution when no main crack formed Figure 3 shows that although no main crack formed after hydraulic fracturing, the high pressure water had already been injected into the coal, which generated 9 MPa high pore pressure 6 m in front of the roadway, and couldn’t be released for a certain period of time. The concentric contour.shaped of pore pressure was changed to Meniscus because of the excavation of the roadway. The isograms of the pore pressure in front of the roadway is much more intensive compare to other regions, indicating that the pore pressure can easily destroy the coal, and result in coal and gas outburst. So the failure use of hydraulic fracturing technique will generate high pore pressure, which will make it much more danger. So when it is difficult to fracture the coal, some other measures should be taken to ensure the successful fracturing to avoid negative effects. 1.1.2 Analyzing the effect of the hydraulic fracturing The effect will not be perfect when the crack distribution is not like pre.designed. Figure 4（a） shows the “一”.shaped distribution of pore pressure when there is only one crack like figure 1（a）, figure 4（b） shows the “T”.shaped distribution of pore pressure when there are two cracks, figure 4（c） shows the “十”.shaped distribution of pore pressure when there are three cracks like figure 1（c）. Fig. 4 Distribution of pore pressure （a） one crack （b） two cracks （c） three cracks Figure 4（a） shows the pore pressure ahead the roadway reduced heavily when the coal was fractured along the roadway, and the pore pressure, about 6 MPa, transferred to both sides of the crack. The pore pressure becomes more complex, and the gradient is also larger at the both sides of the crack near the water injection hole in front of the roadway, which makes the coal still easily be destroyed and cause outburst. When the coal was fractured along the roadway and vertical to it at a side, then there will be two cracks in front of the roadway and formed a “T”.shape, the pore pressure distribution was shown as figure 4（b）. The figure shows that the pore pressure adjacent to the fractured side was reduced sharply, while the stress still kept as high as about 5 MPa adjacent to the non.fractured side with large gradient. The distribution of the pore pressure is also complex, and the danger of outburst also exists. It may also result in outburst when the roadway excavates into this region without realization. When the coal was fractured along the roadway and vertical to it at both sides, and then formed “十”.shaped crack distribution shown as figure 4（c）. The pore pressure was sharply reduced near the crack in a large region, and the high pore pressure of about 2.5 MPa, distributes far away from the roadway, and had little affects on the roadway when excavating. So it was safe. Some pore pressure of some grids were sampled and stored during the model run and were shown as figure 5. Fig. 5 History of pore pressure （a） node number 3 at different condition （b） different node at condition 2 Figure 5（a） shows the pore pressure of node number 3 in different condition, the curve of no crack is on the top, the curve of n13 and n23 was overlapping in the middle, the curve of n33 was at the bottom. So when no crack was formed in the process of fracture, the pore pressure of node 3 will keep higher, the high pressure may broke the coal, but when there was one crack was formed the pressure will drop highly. The crack 2 has less effect on the node 3, so the curve of n13 and n23 is overlapping. But the pore pressure of node 3 was clearly affected by crack 3, so the curve of n33 is lower than the curve of n23. Figure 5（b） shows the pore pressure history of different node in condition 2 when there were two cracks. From the figure we know the pressure of n22 is lower than n24, and the n21 is lower than n23, which suggests that the pore pressure of node at the crack side drop much lower than the others. From the analysis above, we know that the technique of hydraulic fracturing can not only relief the stress, but also generate high pore pressure for a certain time at both sides of the crack when there are no other cracks formed nearby. The high gradient pore pressure will easily destroy the coal and cause outburst. When there are enough cracks and distribute in order, the high pore pressure and the gradient can be sharply reduced and protect the roadway. 2. Example analysis The coal seam is 700 m underground with inclination of 21°and thickness of 3.7 m, the gas pressure is 1.6MPa and gas content is 18 m3/t. The perch roadway was used in the roof to protect the excavating of coal mine roadway. The distance between the two roadways is about 25 m in plan and 4 m in vertical. The injection hole was drilled from the perch roadway to the coal mine roadway, and the distance between adjacent holes is about 30 m. Water of 30 MPa pressure was injected into the holes to fracture the coal seam. The coal and gas outburst happened when the coal mine roadway had already got through three injection hole, and just 6 m to the forth injection hole. The high pressure was injected 12 days before the outburst accident. The measures and cavity after outburst were shown as figure 6: Fig 6 Methods and the cavity after outburst （a） injection hole （b） front view of the cavity （c） top view of the cavity Figure 5 shows the cavity located about 6 m in front of the roadway and at the top side with the size of 3.6 m high, 7.3 m wide and 12 m long. The shape of the cavity was just like the distribution of the high pore pressure shown in figure 4（a） or 4（b）. So it could be concluded that the outburst accident clearly get related with the hydraulic fracturing, the complex stress distribution caused by the uncontrollable fracturing might be the main reason. 3. Crack Orienting Technology Research Hydraulic fracturing can play a role in eliminating the outburst danger by relieving the stress, but it also would generate complex high pore pressure and maybe result in outburst when the fracturing direction is uncontrollable. So the key technique of the hydraulic fracturing is to control the fracturing direction. The cracks mainly go along the weak planes; however, the direction of weak plane is unknown, which makes the fracturing direction unknown too. Sometime the weak plane is not in good distribution to relieve the stress overall, so manmade weak planes are needed to control the fracturing direction. Shock wave generated by explosive disseminates in the coal and rock to extrude it heavily, which should break the coal and rock, and forms an excess broken ring in the vicinity of the blasting hole and a cranny ring beside the excess broken ring. The shock wave energy density will decay when transporting far away and can only cause lower damage to the rock. When the shock wave energy is not sufficient enough to break the rock, and then change to stress wave, and spread like elastic wave. Although the wave can’t break the rock, the rock mass have the trend to move along the wave all the same, which is bound to generate tensile stress and broke the rock mass for the tensile strength is far less than the compressive strength [10]. Because the cracks distribute around the blasting hole equally, no marked weak planes were generated to control the fracturing direction. If there are some holes around the blasting hole to provide free space for coal’s moving and can reflect the shock wave to generate tensile stress near the holes and break the rock mass to form some weak planes which control the fracturing direction, which technique is named controlled blasting [11~13]. When the distance between control holes and the blasting hole is in 10 m, the stress near the control holes increased 46%~66% [14], which will directly play an important role in breaking the rock mass. When the controlled blasting technique was brought forward, many scholars have made a further study. The field experiments suggest that the controlled blasting can be sure to make weak planes to improve the gas concentration in drainage. But if the distance between control hole and blasting hole is too far, then there will be too less shock wave energy spread to the control hole to break the rock mass, and less weak planes formed after explosion, just like loose explosion only. Although loose explosion can break the rock around the blasting hole, it can also generate stress concentration around the loose rock, and the phenomenon will be more evident in soft coal seam [15]. Visibility, controlled blasting should generate weak planes if the holes have a proper distribution, and can be used before hydraulic fracturing to control the direction, this is the pumping integration of blasting before drilling and fracturing techniques （DBFP）. But if the holes have a bad distribution, there will be no weak planes formed and can’t control the fracturing direction, what’s more, many times people have no realization, which seems more dangerous. For different coal mine have different condition, the experience of one’s can’t be directly used in another. The field experiment of testing the proper distance between blasting hole and control hole was recommend to do before the technique was used to make sure to form the weak planes. The hydraulic fracturing should be used after the weak planes formed, and the injection hole should be designed according to the distribution of the weak planes. The water injection hole should be located at the cross of the weak plane or near the blasting hole. The blasting hole or control hole might be the water injection hole if possible. This is the space relationship of the two techniques used together. When the technology was used, the holes can be distributed as follow: Fig 7 Drilling distribution of DBFP Note: 1.blasting hole, 2.control hole, 3.injection hole Beside the space relationship, the time relationship is also very important. After the controlled blasting the cracks formed will be closed slowly because of the ground stress, and the ability to control the fracturing direction will be lost. This is the time relationship, so the time between the two techniques should not be too long. It can be sure that the spatiotemporal coupling is very important when the two techniques used together, which can directly affect the stress relief effect, so it should be pay more attention. 4. Conclusion and Suggestions From the analysis above, some conclusions can be summarized as below: 1） Hydraulic fracturing technique can relief the stress of the coal and rock, but it also generates high pore pressure at the same time. When the fracturing direction is uncontrollable, the pore pressure will be very complex with the high risk of outburst. 2） Controlled blasting used before hydraulic fracturing can generate weak planes, which can control the fracturing direction. But if the holes have bad distribution and can’t generate weak planes, the control ability will also disappear. 3） The spatiotemporal coupling of controlled blasting and hydraulic fracturing is very important. The cracks will closed slowly after blasting, and the time between the two techniques should not be too long. Some advices are listed as below: 1） The mechanism of the hydraulic fracturing should be further studied; proper methods should be taken to control the fracturing direction. 2） When controlled blasting technique was used to control the fracturing direction, field experiment should be made to ascertain the distribution of the holes. 3） Further study the spatiotemporal coupling of controlled blasting and hydraulic fracturing to avoid failure to control the fracturing direction. Reference [1] MA Pi.liang, FAN Qi.wei. China CMM drainage monograph[J].China Coal, 2004,30（2）:5-8 （in Chinese）. [2] XIAN Xue.fu, GU Min, LI Xiao.hong, JIANG De.yi. Excitation and occurrence conditions for coal and gas outburst [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2009, 30（3）:577-581 （in Chinese）. [3] PAN Yue, ZHANG Yong, WANG Zhi.qiang. Catastrophe theoretical analysis of disintegrated outburst of a single coal shell in coal.gas outburst [J].Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2009, 30（3）:595-602-612（in Chinese）. 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Journal of Fuxin college of Mining. 1995, 14（3）:16-21（in Chinese）.  中文譯文 水力壓裂消突數(shù)值模擬及可控壓裂技術(shù)研究 趙雪兵 魏威 倪茂龍 徐州礦務(wù)集團(tuán) 徐州，中國，221006 摘要：為充分發(fā)揮水力壓裂技術(shù)對(duì)煤巖體的整體卸壓消突作用，采用FLAC3D軟件分析了水力壓裂后的應(yīng)力分布，并從理論上分析水力壓裂和控制爆破的時(shí)空協(xié)同關(guān)系，指出水力壓裂對(duì)煤巖體卸壓的同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生空隙壓力集中，由于壓裂方向不可控，應(yīng)力分布混亂，成為新的安全隱患。在水力壓裂之前使用控制爆破技術(shù)先生成導(dǎo)向裂隙或弱面，控制壓裂方向，均勻壓裂煤巖體，達(dá)到整體卸壓目的。結(jié)合某礦突出實(shí)例分析得知，控制爆破和水力壓裂的時(shí)空協(xié)同關(guān)系和鉆孔的布置情況直接影響技術(shù)使用效果，分析結(jié)果和實(shí)際情況比較吻合。最后提出若干建議，以避免類似事故發(fā)生，提高水力壓裂技術(shù)推廣使用的安全性。 關(guān)鍵詞：控制爆破；水力壓裂；時(shí)空協(xié)同；整體卸壓；煤與瓦斯突出 煤與瓦斯突出（以下簡稱“突出”）是地應(yīng)力和瓦斯壓力綜合作用的結(jié)果[1]，長期以來一直是困擾突出礦井安全生產(chǎn)的主要問題之一，國內(nèi)外學(xué)者圍繞對(duì)煤巖體卸壓消突做了大