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2019-2020年高考英語二輪復習 題型技法指導專題三 閱讀理解 真題試做 A （xx廣東高考） “Have a nice day！”may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression.When my friend Maxie says “Have a nice day”with a smile，I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me.I feel loved and secure since another person cares about me and wishes me well. “Have a nice day.Next！” This version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl at the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out the door.The words e out in the same tone（腔調(diào)）with a fixed procedure.They_are_spoken_at_me，not_to_me.Obviously，the concern for my day and everyone elses is the managements attempt to increase business. The expression is one of those behaviors that help people get along with each other.Sometimes it indicates the end of a meeting.As soon as you hear it，you know the meeting is at an end.Sometimes the expression saves us when we dont know what to say.“Oh，you just had a tooth out？Im terribly sorry，but have a nice day.” The expression can be pleasant.If a stranger says “Have a nice day”to you，you may find it heartwarming because someone you dont know has tried to be nice to you. Although the use of the expression is an insincere，meaningless social custom at times，there is nothing wrong with the sentence except that it is a little uninteresting.The salesgirl，the waitress，the teacher，and all the countless others who speak it without thinking may not really care about my day.But in a strange and fortable way，its nice to know they care enough to pretend they care when they really dont care all that much.While the expression may not often be sincere，it is always spoken.The point is that people say it all the time when they like. 1．How does the author understand Maxies words? A．Maxie shows her anxiety to the author. B．Maxie really wishes the author a good day. C．Maxie encourages the author to stay happy. D．Maxie really worries about the authors security. 2．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean? A．The salesgril is rude. B．The salesgril is bored. C．The salesgirl cares about me. D．The salesgirl says the words as a routine. 3．By saying “Have a nice day，” a stranger may ______. A．try to be polite to you B．express respect to you C．give his blessing to you D．share his pleasure with you 4．According to the last paragraph，people say “Have a nice day” ______. A．sincerely B．a(chǎn)s thanks C．a(chǎn)s a habit D．encouragingly 5．What is the best title of the passage? A．Have a Nice Day — a Social Custom B．Have a Nice Day — a Pleasant Gesture C．Have a Nice Day — a Heartwarming Greeting D．Have a Nice Day — a Polite Ending of a Conversation B I have been consistently opposed to feeding a baby regularly.As a doctor，mother and scientist in child development I believe there is nothing to remend it，from the babys point of view. Mothers，doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a babys blood sugar level lies.All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makes a baby easily annoyed.In this state，the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible.The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth. It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a fourhourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied.The first of the experts to advocate a strict clockwatching schedule was Dr Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night.Ive never heard anything so ridiculous.Baby feeding shouldnt follow a timetable set by the mum.What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks. Well，at last we have copperbottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding.The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5,7,11 and 14，than babies fed according to the clock.By the age of 8，their IQ(智商)scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable.This research es from Oxford and Essex University using a sample(樣本)of 10,419 children born in the early 1990s，taking account of parental education，family ine，a childs sex and age，the mothers health and feeding style.These results dont surprise me.Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels. I hope this research will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby feeding practices. 6．According to Paragraph 2，one reason why a baby cries is that it feels ______. A．sick B．upset C．sleepy D．hungry 7．What does the author think about Dr King? A．He is strict. B．He is unkind. C．He has the wrong idea. D．He sets a timetable for mothers. 8．The word copperbottomed in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______. A．basic B．reliable C．surprising D．interesting 9．What does the research tell us about feeding a baby on demand? A．The baby will sleep well. B．The baby will have its brain harmed. C．The baby will have a low blood sugar level. D．The baby will grow to be wiser by the age of 8. 10．The author supports feeding the baby ______. A．in the night B．every four hours C．whenever it wants food D．a(chǎn)ccording to its blood sugar level C I was blind，but I was ashamed of it if it was known.I refused to use a white stick and hated asking for help.After all，I was a teenage girl，and I couldnt bear people to look at me and think I was not like them.I must have been a terrible danger on the roadsing across me wandering through the traffic，motorists probably would have to step rapidly on their brakes.Apart from that，there were all sorts of disasters that used to occur on the way to and from work. One evening，I got off the bus about halfway home where I had to change buses，and as usual I ran into something.“Im awfully sorry，”I said and stepped forward only to run into it again.When it happened a third time，I realized I had been apologizing to a lamppost.This was just one of the stupid things that constantly happened to me.So I carried on and found the bus stop，which was a request stop，where the bus wouldnt stop unless passengers wanted to get on or off.No one else was there and I had to try to guess if the bus had arrived. Generally in this situation，because I hated showing I was blind by asking for help，I tried to guess at the sound.Sometimes I would stop a big lorry and stand there feeling stupid as it drew away.In the end，I usually managed to swallow my pride and ask someone at the stop for help. But on this particular evening no one joined me at the stop；it seemed that everyone had suddenly decided not to travel by bus.Of course I heard plenty of buses pass，or I thought I did.But because I had given up stopping them for fear of making a fool of myself，I let them all go by.I stood there alone for half an hour without stopping one.Then I gave up.I decided to walk on to the next stop. 11．The girl refused to ask for help because she thought ______. A．she might be recognized B．a(chǎn)sking for help looked silly C．she was normal and independent D．being found blind was embarrassing 12．After the girl got off the bus that evening，she______. A．began to run B．hit a person as usual C．hit a lamppost by accident D．was caught by something 13．At the request stop that evening，the girl ______. A．stopped a big lorry B．stopped the wrong bus C．made no attempt to stop the bus D．was not noticed by other people 14．What was the problem with guessing at the sound to stop a bus? A．Other vehicles also stopped there. B．It was unreliable for making judgments. C．More lorries than buses responded to the girl. D．It took too much time for the girl to catch the bus. 15．Finally the girl decided to walk to the next stop，hoping ______. A．to find people there B．to find more buses there C．to find the bus by herself there D．to find people more helpful there D Saturday and Sunday afternoons—the slowest time periods of the week for general television viewing.Sport events are the most popular weekend programs，especially among male viewers who may not watch much television at other times during the week.This means the television networks are able to sell advertising time at relatively high prices during what normally would be dead time for programming. Media corporations also use sports to attract mercial sponsors that might take their advertising dollars elsewhere if television stations did not report certain sports.The people in the advertising departments of major corporations realize that sports attract male viewers.They also realize that most business travelers are men and that many men make family decisions on the purchases of puters，cars and life insurance. Golf and tennis are special cases for television programming.These sports attract few viewers，and the ratings（收視率）are unusually low.However，the audience for these sports is attractive to certain advertisers.It is made up of people from the highest ine groups in the United States，including many lawyers and business managers.This is why television reporting of golf and tennis is sponsored by panies selling highpriced cars，business and personal puters，and holiday trips.This is also why the networks continue to carry these programs regardless of low ratings.Advertisers are willing to pay high fees to reach highine consumers and those managers who make decisions to buy thousands of “pany cars” and puters.With such viewers，these programs dont need high ratings to stay on the air. 16．Television sport programs on weekend afternoons ______. A．result in more sport events B．get more viewers to play sports C．make more people interested in television D．bring more money to the television networks 17．Why would weekend afternoons bee dead time without sport programs? A．Because there would be few viewers. B．Because the advertisers would be off work. C．Because television programs would go slowly. D．Because viewers would pay less for watching television. 18．In many families，men make decisions on ______. A．holiday trips B．sports viewing C．television shopping D．expensive purchases 19．The ratings are not important for golf and tennis programs because ______. A．their advertisers are carmakers B．their viewers are attracted by sports C．their advertisers target at rich people D．their viewers can afford expensive cars 20．What is the passage mainly about? A．Television ratings are determined by male viewers. B．Rich viewers contribute most to television panies. C．Sports are gaining importance in advertising on television. D．mercial advertisers are the major sponsors of sport events. 考向分析 一、分析近幾年高考閱讀理解題可知其呈現(xiàn)如下特點： 1．體裁多樣，題材廣泛 短文基本都會包含記敘文、議論文和說明文。因此本書也會引導考生弄清各種體裁的特點，掌握其閱讀方法。同時，近幾年的高考閱讀涉及了廣泛的題材，如社會生活、學校生活、環(huán)境問題、個人經(jīng)歷和情感、科學等。 2．詞匯量大，閱讀比例加大 近幾年高考閱讀理解詞數(shù)一般在300～400詞之間，詞匯量大，且從xx年起廣東省閱讀理解題由原來的3篇增加到4篇。短文長度基本不變，但整體閱讀量明顯增加。 二、考點及考綱要求： 英語考試大綱規(guī)定：要求考生能讀懂公告、說明、廣告及書、報、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文章。具體包括以下6點： 1．理解主旨和要義； 2．理解文中具體信息； 3．根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義； 4．作出簡單判斷和推理； 5．理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)； 6．理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。 特別提示：（1）在歷年高考中，要求考生“理解文中具體信息”，即細節(jié)理解題所占比例最大。 （2）以上1、2、3、4、6五項考綱要求在試題中的具體體現(xiàn)，我們在本書中分別稱為主旨大意題、細節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測題和推理判斷題。 答題步驟 一、掌握三種有效的閱讀方法 1．略讀（skimming）：即快速瀏覽文章的標題，首段或尾段，每段的首尾句以及表示句、段關(guān)系的連接性詞語等重要部分，達到了解文章大意或中心思想的目的。 2．尋讀（scanning）：即帶著問題或者關(guān)鍵詞進行快速閱讀，以最快速度尋找所需信息。 3．細讀（careful reading）：即在略讀和尋讀之后，考生能基本了解文章大意和相關(guān)信息范圍，這時在相關(guān)范圍內(nèi)逐字逐句地仔細閱讀，并通過分析、綜合、比較、聯(lián)想等方法，結(jié)合相關(guān)常識或經(jīng)驗進行推理判斷。 二、由于個人情況不一樣，解題的順序也會有所差異，有人喜歡先看題再閱讀，有人喜歡先閱讀再看題。以下推薦5個步驟： 1．略讀文章，了解文章大意及各段大意； 2．閱讀題干及各選項，了解考查的內(nèi)容； 3．帶著問題或關(guān)鍵詞用尋讀法到文中找到相關(guān)句、段； 4．細讀相關(guān)句、段進行推理判斷，得出答案； 5．復讀檢查，驗證答案，尤其對把握不大的題目。 規(guī)律方法 一、細節(jié)理解題 1．細節(jié)理解題常見的命題方式有以下幾種： （1）Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage? （2）Which of the following （sentences/statements）is NOT true according to the passage? （3）According to the passage，all of the following are TRUE except/but ______. （4）The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT ______. （5）In the passage，the author states that ______. （6）According to the passage，when （where，why，how，who，etc.）... （7）Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. （8）Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of...? （9）Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what...is like? 2．解題方法 細節(jié)理解題設題時為了避免出現(xiàn)原文中所用的詞匯，常常用一些同義詞，近義詞或反義詞（雙重否定）。因而在解題時要注意語意轉(zhuǎn)換。 （1）設題之順序原則：一般來說，題序與其相關(guān)信息在文中的順序一致，如某題的答案信息往往會在下一小題的答案信息之前。 （2）了解干擾項設置，主要有以下5種設置： ①正誤并存：部分正確，部分錯誤。 ②擴大或縮小范圍：是原文信息，但不是題干要求的信息。 ③偷換概念：符合常識，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。 ④以偏概全：與原句的內(nèi)容極其相似，但在程度、態(tài)度、褒貶色彩上有變動。 ⑤無中生有：明顯不是文章的信息，與文章事實不符或相反。 （3）具體的解題步驟 首先，迅速定位，縮小范圍：通過尋讀法（scanning），用題干中的關(guān)鍵詞在文中搜索，迅速確定相關(guān)詞句或信息點所在的位置，縮小閱讀范圍。題干中可用來在文中搜索的關(guān)鍵詞可能是專有名詞、數(shù)詞、實體名詞，以及這些詞的同義表達等。 其次，理解其意，對照選項：在找到關(guān)鍵詞句后，要仔細閱讀，準確理解，對照選項，看哪個選項的意思與之最接近。 最后，排除干擾，選出答案。在作出選擇的過程中，要善于辨別真?zhèn)?，排除干擾，不斷縮小范圍，選出正確答案，這就是我們常說的排除法。 （4）特別提示 ①留意否定詞，如果題干中含有否定意義的詞，如NOT，EXCEPT等，應特別留心。 ②巧解排序題。采用“首尾定位法”，即先找到第一個動作和最后一個動作，縮小范圍以便能迅速選出正確答案。 3．真題演練 【例題】（xx全國高考Ⅱ，C篇） Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships.For example，in American culture（文化）the smile is in general an expression of pleasure.Yet it also has other uses.A womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child.A smile may show love or politeness.It can also hide true feelings.It often causes confusion（困惑）across cultures.For example，many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper.Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places（although this is less mon in big cities）.Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places；some Americans believe that Russians dont smile enough.In Southeast Asian cultures，a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings.Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile. … 49．What does the smile usually mean in the U.S.? A．Love. B．Politeness. C．Joy. D．Thankfulness. 解題指導：細節(jié)理解題。由第一段第二句可知，在美國文化中，微笑通常是一種高興的表示。由此可知，在美國微笑通常意味著高興。故選C項。 答案：C 二、主旨大意題 文章都有主旨大意，迅速抓住文章或段落的主旨大意極其重要。主旨大意題包括兩種：主題類試題和標題類試題。 第一類：主題類試題 1．常見的設問方式 （1）The main idea/（central idea）of the passage is ______. （2）The passage is mainly about ______. （3）The passage mainly discusses ______. （4）The passage is concerned primarily about ______. （5）Which of the following statements can best summarize/sum up the main idea of the passage? （6）Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? （7）What is the passage mainly about? 2．解題方法 找到主題句是解題的關(guān)鍵，通過略讀法搜尋各段主題句。主題句一般在文首、文末或首尾呼應；有時在文中；也有可能沒有主題句。需要根據(jù)所述內(nèi)容進行歸納，尋找主題句應注意以下四點： ①作者有意識地反復重復的觀點通常是主旨大意。反復出現(xiàn)的詞語一般是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。 ②段落中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折時，該句極可能是主題句。 ③首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能是主旨大意。 ④以下文字提示，如therefore，but，however，thus，in fact，in short等之后的內(nèi)容很可能就是文章主旨。 當然，具體選擇時要仔細推敲各個選項，排除錯誤選項，從而選出最佳答案。錯誤選項具有以下特點： ①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導致不能全面概括文章大意）；②過度概括（多表現(xiàn)為標題概括內(nèi)容超出了文章大意）；③以事實、細節(jié)替代抽象、具體的大意。 3．真題演練 【例1】（xx浙江高考，C篇） Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever，even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started.Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country.In fact，according to an official report on youth violence，“In our country today，the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment，but the terrible reality of violence”.Given that this is the case，why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems，drive cars，or stay physically fit? … 50．This article is mainly about ______. A．the lives of school children B．the cause of arguments in schools C．how to analyze youth violence D．how to deal with school conflicts 解題指導：主旨大意題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要論述的是如何解決校園里發(fā)生的矛盾和沖突的問題。 答案：D 【例2】（xx全國新課標，D篇） Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. ... 67．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A．People remember well what they learned in childhood. B．Children have a better memory than grownups. C．Poem reading is a good way to learn words. D．Stories for children are easy to remember. 解題指導：根據(jù)文章第一段的“Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知，文章講的是成年人常常驚嘆他們非常好地記著兒時學過的東西。C、D兩項斷章取義，講得太具體，B項錯誤，因為那是過度學習的結(jié)果，不是兒時記憶力好。所以A項正確。 答案：A 【例3】（xx安徽高考，C篇） They are the sort of friends who are so close they trust each other with their lives.If one falls，the other is there to catch him. ... “Your partner can save your life—you can save your partners life，” Wellman said as the pair received congratulations from friends.“There are real close ties.” 67．The main idea of the text is that______. A．two heads are better than one B．friendship is precious in life C．the disabled should never give up D．a(chǎn) man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated 解題指導：主旨大意題。由上述第一段“They are the sort of friends who are so close they trust each other with their lives.If one falls，the other is there to catch him.”以及整篇文章所描述的二人之間的友誼可總結(jié)出，B項符合題意。 答案：B 第二類：標題類試題 1．常見的設問方式 （1）The best title for the passage might be ______. （2）The best title for the passage would be ______. （3）Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage? 2．解題方法 一個好的標題應具備以下3個特點： ①概括性，即凝練，準確而又簡短； ②針對性，即標題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符； ③醒目性，即新穎奇特，能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。 因此有必要掌握以下三種方法： ①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎上，揣摩哪個選項能準確概括主旨。 ②反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去嘗試用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對照，一一排除荒謬選項。 ③研究備選項本身：研究備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、新奇性、概括性等。文章的標題應該新穎奇特，以激發(fā)讀者的好奇心，吸引讀者的注意力。 3．真題演練 【例1】（xx全國新課標，B篇） Honey（蜂蜜）from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar，it is also delicious.Most people，and many animals，like eating it.However，the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest and take the honey from it.Often，these nests are high up in trees，and it is difficult to find them.In parts of Africa，though，people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper—a little bird called a honey guide. The honey guide does not actually like honey，but it does like the wax in the beehives（蜂房）.The little bird cannot reach this wax，which is deep inside the bees nest.So，when it finds a suitable nest，it looks for someone to help it.The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people.Once it has their attention，it flies through the forest，waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.When they finally arrive at the nest，the_follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.Some of the honey，and the wax，always falls to the ground，and this is when the honey guide takes its share. Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax，but it is very determined in its efforts to get it.The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away.They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives，and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit. 63．What can be the best title for the text? A．Wild Bees B．Beekeeping in Africa C．Wax and Honey D．HoneyLovers Helper 解題指導：主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了能夠作為蜂蜜向?qū)У男▲B兒，所以標題應為HoneyLovers Helper。 答案：D 【例2】（xx安徽高考，B篇） Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys? The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences.To the Egyptians，green was a color that represented the hope and joy of spring，while for Muslims，it means heaven.Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures.In China，children are given money in a r