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專題11 閱讀理解 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1 只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木不見(jiàn)森林，誤把細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主題 （2018新課標(biāo)III卷）Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to munications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000. Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives. But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never fortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had e. Today, people still e and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762. 27. What is the text mainly about? A. The rise and fall of a city. B. The gold rush in Canada. C. Journeys into the wilderness. D. Tourism in Dawson. 【錯(cuò)因分析】一篇文章都是圍繞著一個(gè)中心思想或一個(gè)話題展開(kāi)的，因此，有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。通讀全文可知，文章主要圍繞Dawson的發(fā)展展開(kāi)，Dawson反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，再根據(jù)每一段的段首句可以總結(jié)出，文章第一段通過(guò)城市發(fā)展的原因引出Dawson，第二段介紹Dawson發(fā)展的原因，第三段介紹人們選擇離開(kāi)該城市的原因及現(xiàn)在的狀況，從而總結(jié)出文章的主旨大意。 【參考答案】 A 近幾年的高考閱讀理解越來(lái)越傾向于從語(yǔ)篇的角度考查能力，考生在做題時(shí)也要相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎w思維，要從整體把握文章的大意，不可過(guò)于糾纏細(xì)節(jié)。利用文章的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行干擾是命題人常采用的干擾方式，考生千萬(wàn)不可被其迷惑。遇到主旨大意題或是標(biāo)題歸納題，切忌只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木，不見(jiàn)森林。 Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one ofSteins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收銀臺(tái)) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists likeSteintomake the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers argument: many cities with bans still allow shopperstopurchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energytoproduce and transport. And while plastic bags may be uglytolook at, they represent a small percentage of allgarbageon the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energytomake. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists dont dispute（質(zhì)疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shopperstouse the same reusable bags for years. 27. What is the best title for the text? A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and Environment C. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control 【答案】A 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2 主觀臆斷，忽視邏輯 Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing. turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, ＂The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing bines both.＂ Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the ＂real＂ and not the virtual(虛擬). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries. 29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce BookCrossing. C. To stress the importance of reading. 【錯(cuò)因分析】 考生容易做錯(cuò)的原因是忽視本題上下文的邏輯關(guān)系和所涉及的相關(guān)信息，單一地、孤立地分析某句內(nèi)容從而不能全面總結(jié)。 【參考答案】B 回歸原文，重視邏輯 考生做閱讀理解題的唯一依據(jù)就是文章，所有的判斷都應(yīng)圍繞文章進(jìn)行。每篇文章都是完整的語(yǔ)篇，上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系非常緊密。在做此類題時(shí)，考生需要通過(guò)上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系揣測(cè)作者所要表達(dá)的真正意圖。 （2018浙江）In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（識(shí)字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad. In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa. How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one. 22. Dickens is pared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________. A. his reputation in France B. his interest in modern art C. his success in publication D. his importance in literature 【文章大意】本文是一篇人物傳記，主要介紹了Charles Dickens在英國(guó)小說(shuō)方面的重要貢獻(xiàn)和深遠(yuǎn)影響。在他200年誕辰之際，讓我們永遠(yuǎn)記住這位對(duì)文學(xué)藝術(shù)做出重大貢獻(xiàn)的小說(shuō)家。 【答案】D 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3 信息錯(cuò)位，忽視題干 Carri Kessler and her husband Will named their daughter Ottilie after a friend from the U.K., who helped them a lot. However, right after their baby girl was born, the couple noticed a big problem. "No one could remember her name and no one could pronounce it. We’re going to keep having to introduce her!" Kessler told Today.. The situation then grew worse as Kessler’s grandmother admitted to sticking Post-it notes around the house to help remind her of Ottilie’s name which can be pronounced either Ott-ill-ee or Oh-teel-ya. Three months after Ottilie was born, the Kesslers decided to legally change their daughter’s name. The couple came up with two possible names. They then settled on Margot after talking to a name expert. The Kesslers’ situation is not unmon as an increasing number of parents experience the same as the Kesslers. According to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their child’s name due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting. Parents care a lot more and think a lot more about names now than their parents. To deal with this, a number of name experts now offer services to help parents choose the right name. Couples have also sought help from the Internet to choose their baby’s name. However, parents can change their child’s name in the event that they regret their choice. In Canada, the rules vary in each province. For instance, in Ontario, the child must have lived in the province for the past 12 months, or since birth if under the age of one. Each of the child’s legal guardians (監(jiān)護(hù)人) must also give permission. 3．What can we learn from the third paragraph? A. The Kesslers’ experience is no exception. B. Unfitness is the main reason for changing the name. C.11% of Canadians are unsatisfied with their baby’s name. D. Parents always pay more attention to children’s name. 【錯(cuò)因分析】根據(jù)第三段中的"due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting"可知,家長(zhǎng)想給孩子改名字的原因有名字太普通、發(fā)錯(cuò)音或者只是不適合,但文中并沒(méi)有說(shuō)不適合是改名字的最主要原因,故可排除B項(xiàng)。根據(jù)第三段中的"According to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their child’s name"可知,11%的BabyCenter Canada的用戶想要給他們的孩子改名字,由此得不出11%的加拿大人都對(duì)他們孩子的名字不滿意這一結(jié)論,故可排除C項(xiàng)。根據(jù)第三段中的"Parents care a lot more...than their parents"可知,現(xiàn)在的父母對(duì)他們孩子的名字的關(guān)注度要比他們自己的父母對(duì)自己的名字關(guān)注度高,但這并不等于說(shuō)父母一直都很關(guān)注孩子的名字,故可排除D項(xiàng)。 【參考答案】 D 審清題干，鎖定范圍 考生在做閱讀理解題時(shí)，一定要看清題干，即所問(wèn)的問(wèn)題是什么，切忌答非所問(wèn)。更改原句詞匯，偷換概念，變換時(shí)態(tài)以及顛倒是非都是命題人經(jīng)常采用的干擾方式。由于題干或選項(xiàng)不是照抄文章中的句子，而是用其同意詞句進(jìn)行表達(dá)的，所以考生一定要仔細(xì)對(duì)照文章，做出正確判斷。 (2017全國(guó)新課標(biāo)II)I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well known as Paul— he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技藝）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen. We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back— he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words. 24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first? A. Paul Newman wanted it. B. The studio powers didn’t like his agent. C. He wasn’t famous enough. D. The director remended someone else. 【答案】C 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)4 斷章取義，忽視語(yǔ)篇 You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association，founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty(貧困) and sickness, promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the worlds most promising＂changemakers＂ seeking to solve(解決) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker. Drayton believes that anyone can bee an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy contributing adult. In fact, it is many young peoples ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an ine for poor people there. When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhakas streets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to post(把……制成堆肥) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilizers(化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14，000. Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development. The authors attitude towards Ashokas programme can be described as ＂________＂． A．changing B．forgiving C．cautious D．positive 【錯(cuò)因分析】 文章介紹了Bill Drayton創(chuàng)辦的機(jī)構(gòu)Ashoka，該機(jī)構(gòu)旨在讓每一個(gè)公民都成為changemaker。如果考生不通篇理解，只注意到文章的某些細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，可能誤選A或C。 【試題解析】文章對(duì)Ashokas programme—changemakers自始至終充滿著贊賞之詞，顯然作者對(duì)此是持積極態(tài)度的。故選D。 【參考答案】 D 重視語(yǔ)境，挖掘信息 近幾年的高考閱讀理解題中出現(xiàn)了不少夾敘夾議類文章，或者是先敘述后議論、或者在敘述中夾有議論，無(wú)論是哪種類型的文章，作者都不直接表明自己的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度，而是將自己的情感貫穿于文章之中。考生在做題過(guò)程中，要從語(yǔ)篇的角度推斷作者的情感。遇到猜測(cè)詞義或句意類試題，考生要依據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行綜合推斷，不宜只根據(jù)某一處細(xì)節(jié)或某個(gè)句子下結(jié)論。 Why College Is Not Home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are being an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves ＂trying on ＂ new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思維方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college munity(群體) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and plex munity. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(規(guī)定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about munity values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery. 1.What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students? A. Sympathetic B. Disapproving C. Supportive D. Neutral 【答案】A 高考閱讀理解試題解題誤區(qū) 第一大誤區(qū)，閱讀文章時(shí)逐字逐句，力爭(zhēng)讀懂每一句話。 很多同學(xué)都覺(jué)得閱讀理解時(shí)間不夠，往往是采用的這種閱讀方法。在高考或者我們平時(shí)高考模擬考試中，英語(yǔ)閱讀一共應(yīng)分配的時(shí)間是35分鐘。平均每篇文章7分鐘，那么這每篇文章的7分鐘又應(yīng)該大致如何分配呢？我問(wèn)過(guò)一些中學(xué)生同學(xué)，不少同學(xué)都認(rèn)為文章讀5分鐘，題做兩分鐘。他們的理由很簡(jiǎn)單，讀完這樣一篇高考文章，沒(méi)個(gè)5分鐘不太可能。 那么我可以肯定的說(shuō)，花5分鐘讀文章的同學(xué)2分鐘絕對(duì)做不完題。于是在考試中這些同學(xué)只得采取犧牲寫(xiě)作文的時(shí)間這樣一種拆東墻補(bǔ)西墻的方法以求在閱讀上多拿分。這樣的做法往往收效甚微，感覺(jué)時(shí)間不夠的同學(xué)很多時(shí)候是因?yàn)椴扇×隋e(cuò)誤的閱讀方法，這樣的話即使補(bǔ)進(jìn)去10來(lái)分鐘時(shí)間，其實(shí)也不見(jiàn)得能多拿幾分。一場(chǎng)考試下來(lái)，同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)閱讀錯(cuò)了很多，開(kāi)始反思的時(shí)候，會(huì)這樣想，我是閱讀速度太慢，文章沒(méi)有讀懂，我應(yīng)該繼續(xù)努力提高我的英文水平，爭(zhēng)取下次考試能把文展輕松讀懂。 這樣一個(gè)努力方向是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的，就高考文章而言，要在7分鐘內(nèi)把文章讀的清楚明白，還要把題作對(duì)，基本是一個(gè)不可能任務(wù)。而且出題人也根本沒(méi)指望一個(gè)中學(xué)生能把高考閱讀文章讀的通通透透。高考閱讀主要考查的是同學(xué)們兩方面的能力，一個(gè)是把握文章主旨大意，另一方面是把握文章的某些細(xì)節(jié)?？季V中說(shuō)閱讀理解測(cè)試學(xué)生好幾方面的能力，其實(shí)都可以歸到這兩類里，它不過(guò)寫(xiě)到更具體一些而已，比如＂根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷、推理和引申＂，這些推理引申不是沒(méi)有根據(jù)的，其根據(jù)也只能根據(jù)兩點(diǎn)，要么文章主旨，要么文章某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。 因此根據(jù)高考閱讀考查的特點(diǎn)，我們?cè)谧x文章時(shí)不是應(yīng)該每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都不放過(guò)的去讀，而是應(yīng)該讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，讀出結(jié)構(gòu)，主旨題就能解決，而其他細(xì)節(jié)題再回文章定位做出。平時(shí)我們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)的過(guò)程中就要注意了，我們讀文章時(shí)要讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，不要在細(xì)節(jié)上做過(guò)多的糾纏。高考文章中的說(shuō)明文占的比重較大，難度也大，而偏偏是這類文章結(jié)構(gòu)鮮明，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該注意把握。我們把閱讀的重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到文章結(jié)構(gòu)之后，建立起正確的時(shí)間分配方法就不是難事了，那就是讀文章3 分鐘，做題4分鐘。其實(shí)你熟悉了把握結(jié)構(gòu)這種讀文章的方式之后，3分鐘足夠你把握文章的大致結(jié)構(gòu)。 第二個(gè)誤區(qū)，讀文章時(shí)斷章取義。 這個(gè)誤區(qū)實(shí)際是第一個(gè)誤區(qū)的延伸，就是同學(xué)對(duì)文章缺乏大局觀，僅僅根據(jù)本段來(lái)理解本段。比如這樣一篇文章，后面有道題問(wèn)的是段落主旨。我們把其他段的大意翻譯出來(lái)，只留下一二兩段： 1、One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might some day get lost in a ＂sea of technology＂ rather than experiencing the natural world. Fear-producing TV and puter games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors, which will changes the wild places of the world, its creatures and human health for the worse, unless adults get working on child’s play. 2、Each of us has a place in nature we go sometime, even if it was torn down. We cannot be the last generation to have that place. At this rate, kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes. ＂If the decline in parks use continues across North America, who will defend parks against encroachment（蠶食）?＂ asks Richard Louv, author of Last Child in the Woods. 3. 接近自然好處多。 4. 不是孩子的錯(cuò)。 5. 每個(gè)人都有責(zé)任來(lái)讓孩子重返自然。 題目：The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that___ A. kids are missing the sense of wonder outdoors B. parks are in danger of being gradually encroached C. Richard Louv is the author of Last Child in the woods D. children are expected to develop into protector of nature 這個(gè)題目正確答案是D，而很多考生誤選了A。糾其原因，就是根據(jù)本段理解本段，沒(méi)能體會(huì)這個(gè)段落在文章中的作用。這篇文章結(jié)構(gòu)很清晰，先講了一個(gè)現(xiàn)象（孩子脫離自然），然后表明了自己的態(tài)度，最后提出解決方案。好了，文章很明顯的是，第一段講了現(xiàn)象，第三段講了態(tài)度，第4、5段講解決方案。那問(wèn)題就出來(lái)了，第二段它要干嗎，是做為第一段的延續(xù)把這個(gè)現(xiàn)象更一步描述呢，還是表明了作者的態(tài)度，并引出了第三段的闡述？這樣就能看出第2段文章的主旨了，它不是在描述現(xiàn)象，