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Unit 5　Nelson Mandela—a modern hero 【短文語法填空】 Sending gifts varies greatly from country to country.In Australia, Canada, the United States 1. European countries，sending gifts is rarely expected. While seen as a nice gesture，it is more important to avoid 2. (give) highly personal gifts such as clothing.When visiting the home of a colleague from one of these 3. ( country)，it is normally appropriate to bring a gift to the hostess. In America, 4. (expense)gifts are definitely out.A good 5. (choose) is to take the deserving person to dinner，or to 6. entertainment or a sporting event. 7. the contrary，gift giving is a traditional custom in Japan.In Japan the proper gift is thought 8. (express)the givers true friendship，gratitude and respect far 9. (well) than words can.So if you plan to visit Japan or to have any Japanese visit you here，be prepared. Australia is known for its friendliness and informality.So modest gifts，such as a diary，a paperweight，or a coffee cup might 10. (present)to a friend.At a trade show，Tshirts，ties，baseball caps，or a pin may be appropriate souvenirs.Anything more than these types of gifts could cause embarrassment. 【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。介紹了美國、日本、澳大利亞等國不同的送禮物習(xí)慣。 1．a(chǎn)nd　[考查連詞。根據(jù)空前的“Australia，Canada，the United States”和空后的“European countries”可知，空處前后為并列關(guān)系，故用并列連詞and。] 2．giving　[考查動(dòng)名詞。avoid doing sth.為固定搭配，意為“避免做某事”，故填giving。] 3．countries　[考查名詞的數(shù)。根據(jù)空前的these可知，可數(shù)名詞country應(yīng)當(dāng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 4．expensive　[考查形容詞?？仗幮揎椇竺娴拿~gifts，故用形容詞形式。] 5．choice　[考查名詞。根據(jù)空前的形容詞good和不定冠詞A可以判斷，空處應(yīng)用名詞的單數(shù)形式。] 6．a(chǎn)n　[考查不定冠詞。該處泛指“一次娛樂活動(dòng)”，entertainment的讀音以元音音素開頭，故用an。] 7．On　[考查固定搭配。on the contrary為固定搭配，意為“與此相反”。] 8．to express　[考查動(dòng)詞不定式。此處表示“在日本，恰當(dāng)?shù)亩Y物被認(rèn)為表達(dá)了送禮物者真正的友誼”。be thought to do sth.為固定搭配，意為“被認(rèn)為做了某事”，故用動(dòng)詞不定式。] 9．better　[考查比較級(jí)。根據(jù)空后的than可知，該處用well的比較級(jí)。] 10．be presented　[考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)。該句主語modest gifts和動(dòng)詞present之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。] 一．高考單詞→識(shí)記思考運(yùn)用 1．核心詞匯 ①escape vi. & vt.逃脫；逃走；泄露 ②vote vt. & vi.投票；選舉 n．投票；選票；表決 ③attack vt.進(jìn)攻；抨擊；攻擊 ④equal adj.相等的；平等的 ⑤beg vi.請(qǐng)求；乞求 ⑥r(nóng)eward n．報(bào)酬；獎(jiǎng)金 vt.酬勞；獎(jiǎng)賞 ⑦opinion n．意見；看法；主張 ⑧sentence vt.判決；宣判 ⑨willing adj.樂意的；自愿的 willingness n．自愿，樂意 ⑩active adj.積極的；活躍的 actively adv.積極地；活躍地 activity n．活動(dòng) ?devote vt.獻(xiàn)身；專心于devoted adj.忠實(shí)的；深受的 ?educate vt.教育；訓(xùn)練 educated adj.受過教育的；有教養(yǎng)的education n．教育 2．?？荚~匯 ①quality n．品質(zhì)；質(zhì)量；性質(zhì) ②mean adj.吝嗇的；自私的；卑鄙的 ③generous adj.慷慨的；大方的 ④found vt.建立；建設(shè) ⑤terror n．恐怖；可怕的人；恐怖時(shí)期；恐怖活動(dòng) ⑥unfair adj.不公平的；不公正的 ⑦legal adj.法律的；依照法律的 illegal adj.非法的 ⑧guidance n．指導(dǎo)；領(lǐng)導(dǎo) guide v．指導(dǎo) ⑨self n．自我；自身 selfish adj.自私的 selfless adj.無私的；忘我的 ⑩violence n．暴力；暴行 violent adj.暴力的；猛烈的 用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．Then it attacked (attack) the back of Mac’s bike, tearing open his tent bag.(2017浙江卷) 2．In a word, the trip will be both relaxing and rewarding (reward), which is bound to be a memorable experience for you.(2017北京卷) 3．In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated (educate) rural areas and lowest in highly educated (educate) urban areas.(2017江蘇卷) 4．Leaving aside the birth rate issue, India’s economy may take off when the country achieves equality (equal) of educational opportunity.(2017江蘇卷) 5．Both of us had the qualities (quality) and virtues that are typical of American actors.(2017全國卷Ⅱ) 6．Parents should actively (active) urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams.(2016江蘇卷) 7．Bruce Peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish (self) by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.(2016全國卷Ⅱ) 8．For previous generations, guidance (guide) and support needed help from people of the same age.(2016北京卷) 9．In recent years, internet voting (vote) has bee increasingly popular in China.(2016江蘇卷) 10．Scientists say that your willingness (willing) to take risks increases during your teenage years.(2016北京卷) ?表示“人物特點(diǎn)”的形容詞全掃描 ①generous慷慨的 ②mean吝嗇的 ③devoted忠實(shí)的 ④easygoing隨和的 ⑤warmhearted熱心腸的 ⑥active積極的 ⑦energetic有活力的 ⑧enthusiastic充滿熱情的 ?“真誠，誠實(shí)”家族 ①sincere adj.真誠的；sincerely adv.真誠地 ②genuine adj.真誠的，真心的；genuinely adv.真誠地，誠實(shí)地 ③hearty adj.親切的，真誠的，熱誠的 ④purehearted adj.真誠的 ⑤honest adj.誠實(shí)的，正直的； honesty n．誠實(shí)，正直，坦誠 ?名詞后綴ful構(gòu)成的形容詞薈萃 ①peaceful和平的 ②painful痛苦的 ③harmful有害的 ④powerful強(qiáng)大的 ⑤cheerful歡樂的 ⑥meaningful有意義的 ⑦beautiful美麗的，美觀的 ⑧merciful仁慈的；寬大的 ⑨harmful有害的；致傷的 ⑩careful小心的，仔細(xì)的，謹(jǐn)慎的 ?“獎(jiǎng)，獎(jiǎng)賞”家族 ①award vt.授予，獎(jiǎng)給 n．獎(jiǎng)品，獎(jiǎng)金 ②reward vt.酬謝，獎(jiǎng)賞 n．報(bào)酬，酬金 ③prize n．獎(jiǎng)金，獎(jiǎng)品 ④bonus n．獎(jiǎng)金，紅利 【完形填空】 I spent last summer volunteering at a hospital.It was a gift to __1__ so many amazing people and Id like to share one of these moments.One day，I was called to a room where a(n) __2__ woman was staying.Usually I helped with __3__ who were ready to leave.Instead，she __4__ to go to the gift shop.I got a __5__，helped her into it，and headed down to the entrance. When we got there，it wasnt open yet.After a 30minute __6__，we entered the gift shop.As I pushed her around，I could see the __7__ in her face as she looked at everything，happy to be out of her room.She __8__ some window decorations，and then saw chocolates.She asked me to push her in that __9__，and then I helped her __10__ all the different chocolate arrangements. __11__ she decided on three different boxes. She told me to write the numbers 1,2，and 3 on the boxes.She __12__ that the nurses were taking such good care of her，so she __13__ chocolates for each of the three shifts of nurses.As we gave the current shift of nurses their box of chocolates，they __14__ offered some to me before taking some themselves. There were __15__ all around.Witnessing the old ladys __16__ and getting the opportunity to spend time with someone who got so much joy from life were a __17__ in itself.I have so many more stories，and each person made an impact on my life.Ive __18__ that health has a way of bringing people together.__19__ is a blessing，and being in a place where health is so __20__ and appreciated is unlike anything else. 1．A.introduce B．meet C．a(chǎn)ttract D．describe 2．A.elderly B．strange C．important D．famous 3．A.nurses B．kids C．patients D．parents 4．A.pretended B．wanted C．failed D．promised 5．A.car B．shopping cart C．wheelchair D．bike 6．A.ride B．walk C．drive D．wait 7．A.relief B．a(chǎn)nxiety C．joy D．puzzle 8．A.chose B．made C．used D．received 9．A.manner B．case C．direction D．point 10．A.prepare for B．make up C．figure out D．look through 11．A.Suddenly B．Eventually C．Fortunately D．Actually 12．A.explained B．declared C．expected D．imagined 13．A.exchanged B．designed C．tasted D．bought 14．A.in fact B．a(chǎn)t a loss C．in turn D．a(chǎn)t ease 15．A.whispers B．smiles C．shouts D．cheers 16．A.kindness B．choice C．decision D．loneliness 17．A.lesson B．chance C．gift D．fact 18．A.concluded B．imagined C．predicted D．learned 19．A.Health B．Luck C．Virtue D．Praise 20．A.tested B．valued C．maintained D．promoted 【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者在醫(yī)院做義工的經(jīng)歷，老人的善良和快樂讓作者領(lǐng)悟到健康是福的道理。 1．B　上文提到作者在醫(yī)院做義工，下文又提到分享故事，由此可知，此處指“見到”許多了不起的人。故選B項(xiàng)。 2．A　從下文16空前的“old ladys”可知，此處指“上了年紀(jì)的”。故選A項(xiàng)。 3．C　從語境可知，此處指作者作為醫(yī)院的義工，通常幫助那些準(zhǔn)備離開的“病人”。故選C項(xiàng)。 4．B　上文提到作者通常幫助那些準(zhǔn)備離開的病人。結(jié)合Instead“反而”可知，此處老人并不是準(zhǔn)備離開，而是想去禮品店。故選B項(xiàng)。 5．C　從下文7空前的“As I pushed her around”可知，此處指“輪椅”。故選C項(xiàng)。 6．D　前一句提到“當(dāng)我們到達(dá)禮品店時(shí)，商店還沒有開門”，可以推斷此處指30分鐘的“等待”。故選D項(xiàng)。 7．C　從空后的“happy to be out of her room”可知，此處指“高興”。故選C項(xiàng)。 8．A　上文提到“she looked at everything”，接下來應(yīng)是“選擇”。故選A項(xiàng)。 9．C　結(jié)合語境可知，此處指老人要求作者推著她朝巧克力的方向走去。故選C項(xiàng)。 10．D　根據(jù)空后的“all the different chocolate arrangements”可以推出，此處指作者幫老人“瀏覽”了所有不同的巧克力的布置。故選D項(xiàng)。 11．B　在作者幫老人瀏覽完后，“最終”老人做出了決定。故選B項(xiàng)。 12．A　上文提到老人購買了三種不同盒子的巧克力并讓作者在上面寫上數(shù)字。接下來是老人向作者解釋為何這樣做。故選A項(xiàng)。 13．D　老人解釋說護(hù)士們?nèi)绱司牡卣疹櫵?，所以她為輪班的護(hù)士“買”了巧克力。故選D項(xiàng)。 14．C　當(dāng)作者他們給當(dāng)前值班護(hù)士巧克力時(shí)，值班護(hù)士轉(zhuǎn)而給了作者一些。故選C項(xiàng)。 15．B　從下文17空前的“who got so much joy from life”可知，此處指“微笑”。故選B項(xiàng)。 16．A　結(jié)合上文老人的行為不難看出，老人是一個(gè)善良的人。故選A項(xiàng)。 17．C　此處指作者的感慨：能和從生活中得到如此多快樂的人在一起本身就是一個(gè)“禮物”，和上文第一段的“It was a gift to...people”相呼應(yīng)。故選C項(xiàng)。 18．D　此處指作者從做義工的經(jīng)歷中“學(xué)習(xí)”到，健康常常把人們聚集在一起。故選D項(xiàng)。 19．A　上文中作者提到健康，接下來說，“健康”是福，符合語境。故選A項(xiàng)。 20．B　此處指待在健康被如此“重視”的地方和其他事情不同，空處與空后的“appreciated”并列。故選B項(xiàng)。 二．重點(diǎn)短語→識(shí)記思考運(yùn)用 1．動(dòng)詞＋介詞/副詞/名詞 ①blow up使充氣；爆炸 ②turn to求助于；致力于 ③set up設(shè)立；建立 ④lose heart喪失勇氣或信心 ⑤e to power當(dāng)權(quán)；上臺(tái) 2．介詞＋名詞 ①in trouble在危險(xiǎn)、受罰、痛苦、憂慮等的處境中 ②in prison蹲監(jiān)獄 ③in one’s opinion/view在某人看來 3．其他形式 ①out of work失業(yè) ②as a matter of fact事實(shí)上 ③be sentenced to被判處……(徒刑) ④be willing to do...愿意做某事 用左欄所給短語的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．In 1963 the UN set_up the World Food Programme，one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.(2017江蘇卷) 2．But I still want to have my parents to turn_to whenever I need help.(2016全國卷Ⅲ) 3．We should not lose_heart in face of difficulties.(2016天津卷) 4．How could you turn down such a fantastic job when you have been out_of_work for months？(2014浙江卷) 5．Mandela was_sentenced_to five years’ hard labour for encouraging violence against the government. ?“動(dòng)詞＋to”短語薈萃 ①belong to屬于 ②object to反對(duì) ③refer to談到；涉及；參閱 ④point to指向 ⑤turn to求助于；致力于 ⑥stick/hold/keep to堅(jiān)持，忠于 ⑦see to處理，料理 ⑧e to共計(jì)，蘇醒 ?“動(dòng)詞＋up(向上)”短語集錦 ①pick up撿起 ②put up舉起；張貼 ③send up使上升；發(fā)射 ④rise up起義 ⑤look up抬起頭 ⑥hold up舉起 ⑦take up拿起 ⑧build up增強(qiáng) 三．佳句選粹——在解讀中學(xué)懂，在仿寫中學(xué)通 背原句 學(xué)句型 練仿寫 1.The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. 過去30年來所出現(xiàn)的大量法律剝奪我們的權(quán)利，阻擋我們的進(jìn)步，一直到今天，我們還處在幾乎什么權(quán)利都沒有的階段。 (1)主語是時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)名詞，謂語是see, find 等動(dòng)詞，表示經(jīng)歷或目睹了某事。 (2)where 引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾stage。 ①杭州城自從2016年發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 The city of Hangzhou has_seen_great_changes since 2016. ②在計(jì)劃的初始階段，我們應(yīng)該保守秘密。 We should keep secret at the stage where_the_plan_starts. 2.Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. 只有到這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們才決定用暴力反抗暴力。 only修飾狀語放在句首，句子用部分倒裝。 直到莉莉走進(jìn)辦公室時(shí)，她才意識(shí)到她把合同落在家里了。 Only when Lily walked into the office did_she_realize that she had left the contract at home. 3.I felt bad the first time I talked to a group. 第一次給旅行團(tuán)作講解時(shí)，我的心情很不好。 the first time“第一次……”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。 第一次比賽失敗，我們都感到很沮喪，因?yàn)槲覀兌既硇牡貫榇俗隽顺浞譁?zhǔn)備。 The_first_time_we_lost_the_match,_we all felt very depressed, because we had all been devoted to making full preparations for it. 【短文改錯(cuò)】 Dear Chris， Im Li Ming，monitor of Class One，Senior One.Im glad to hear that you will e to our school as exchange student next term.I feel it an honor of us to study with you.Now I have something to tell you about.Firstly，with the climate changing，you should prepared enough clothes.Then there are different kind of foods and snacks which will give you a chance to experiencing rich Chinese food culture.In addition，every student is friendly to foreign friends，that will make it easy for you to get along good with them. Last but not least，we can do what we can to help you，and you must get prepared to meet trouble.During your stay here，I hope you can tell us more about American culture.Only by understanding and learn from each other can we spend these days together happily. Yours， Li Ming. 文章大意：短文為李明寫給交換生Chris的一封信，表示在他來我校交換期間會(huì)幫助他適應(yīng)環(huán)境，以及互相學(xué)習(xí)。 答案： Dear Chris， Im Li Ming，monitor of Class One，Senior One.Im glad to hear that you will e to our school asexchange student next term.I feel it an honor us to study with you.Now I have something to tell you about.Firstly，with the climate changing， you should enough clothes.Then there are different of foods and snacks which will give you a chance to rich Chinese food culture.In addition，every student is friendly to foreign friends， will make it easy for you to get along with them.Last but not least，we can do what we can to help you， you must get prepared to meet trouble.During your stay here，I hope you can tell us more about American culture.Only by understanding and from each other can we spend these days together happily. ?　解析：考查冠詞，student是可數(shù)名詞，前需加冠詞，exchange是以元音音素開頭的單詞，因此使用不定冠詞an。 ?　解析：考查固定搭配，表達(dá)“對(duì)于某人而言”使用介詞for。 ?　解析：考查固定搭配，此處是“告訴某人”，使用tell sb.，多了介詞about。 ?　解析：考查動(dòng)詞，should是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后接動(dòng)詞原形，因此使用prepare。 ?　解析：考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，kind“種類”是可數(shù)名詞，表示“不同的種類”，different后接其復(fù)數(shù)形式。 ?　解析：考查動(dòng)詞的用法，a chance to do sth.“做某事的機(jī)會(huì)”，to為動(dòng)詞不定式，后接動(dòng)詞原形，因此使用experience。 ?　解析：考查定語從句引導(dǎo)詞，考查非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，使用which。 ?　解析：考查固定搭配，表達(dá)“與某人相處融洽”使用動(dòng)詞短語get along well with sb.，因此good改為well。 ?　解析：考查連詞的用法，前后句子為轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系，and為并列的關(guān)系，因此改為but。 　解析：考查動(dòng)名詞形式，此處and連接兩個(gè)并列的結(jié)構(gòu)，by后接動(dòng)名詞，因此learn使用其動(dòng)名詞形式learning。