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山 東 輕 工 業(yè) 學 院
中英文翻譯
院系名稱 機械工程學院
學生姓名 孫昌榮
專業(yè)班級 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化08-4
指導教師 范維華
二○一二 年 四 月 二十 日
Aluminum multi-degreeof freedom manipulator Design and Implementation
Mechanical hand, is also called from begins, auto hand can imitate the manpower and arm's certain holding function, with by presses the fixed routine to capture, the transporting thing 'OR' operation tool's automatic operation installment. It may replace person's strenuous labor to realize the production mechanization and the automation, can operate under the hostile environment protects the personal safety, thus widely applies in departments and so on machine manufacture, metallurgy, electron, light industry and atomic energy.
The manipulator is mainly composed of the hand and the motion. The hand is uses for to grasp holds the work piece (or tool) the part, according to is grasped holds the thing shape, the size, the weight, the material and the work request has many kinds of structural styles, like the clamp, the request hold and the adsorption and so on. The motion, causes the hand to complete each kind of rotation (swinging), the migration or the compound motion realizes the stipulation movement, changes is grasped holds the thing position and the posture. Motion's fluctuation, the expansion, revolving and so on independence movement way, is called manipulator's degree-of-freedom. In order to capture in the space the optional position and the position object, must have 6 degrees-of-freedom. The degree-of-freedom is the key parameter which the manipulator designs. The degree-of-freedom are more, manipulator's flexibility is bigger, the versatility is broader, its structure is also more complex. Generally the special-purpose manipulator has 2~3 degrees-of-freedom.
The manipulator's type, may divide into the hydraulic pressure type, the air operated according to the drive type, electromotive type, the mechanical manipulator; May divide into the special-purpose manipulator and the general-purpose manipulator two kinds according to the applicable scope; May divide into the position control and the continuous path according to the path control mode controls the manipulator and so on.
The manipulator usually serves as the engine bed or other machine's add-on component, like on the automatic machine or the automatic production line loading and unloading and the transmission work piece, replaces the cutting tool in the machining center and so on, generally does not have the independent control device. Some operating equipment needs by the person direct control, if uses in the host who the atomic energy department manages the dangerous goods from the type operator also often being called the manipulator.
Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.
With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.
With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate and the arthrosis coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system. The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement. In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion. Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio. Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure. The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever. ''''The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system. In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality. On this basis，the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given.
The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system. Kinematics analysis is the basis of path programming and track control. The positive and reverse analysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive space in position and speed. The relationship between manipulator’s tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method. The geometry method is used in solving inverse kinematics problem and the result will provide theory evidence for control system. The f0unction of dynamics is to get the relationship between the movement and force and the target is to satisfy the demand of real time control. in this chamfer, Newton-Euripides method is used in analysis dynamic problem of七he cleaning robot and the arthrosis force and torque are given which provide the foundation for step motor selecting and structure dynamic optimal ting.
Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulator system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle. With the demand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a. tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and dispose, step motor drive and error diagnose and so on. A t the same time, the configuration structure features, task principles and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL-839 are analyzed. Hardware is the matter foundation of the control. System and the software is the spirit of the control system. The target of the software is to combine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control system. The software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such as system initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so on. PCL-839 card can solve the communication between the main computer and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signal to the control system.
The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency. In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acceleration. The increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse frequency sent to the step motor drive with a rational method. This can be implemented either by hardware or by software. A step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is straightforward. The motor'''' s acceleration can fit the torque-frequency curve properly with this method. And the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change speed. The method is tested by experiment.
A t last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also listed. The development and application of robot in the future is expected.
多自由度鋁合金機械手的設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)
能模仿人手和臂的某些動作功能，用以按固定程序抓取、搬運物件或操作工具的自動操作裝置。它可代替人的繁重勞動以實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械化和自動化，能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護人身安全，因而廣泛應(yīng)用于機械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門。
機械手主要由手部和運動機構(gòu)組成。手部是用來抓持工件（或工具）的部件，根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式，如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運動機構(gòu)，使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)動（擺動）、移動或復(fù)合運動來實現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動作，改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢。運動機構(gòu)的升降、伸縮、旋轉(zhuǎn)等獨立運動方式，稱為機械手的自由度 。為了抓取空間中任意位置和方位的物體，需有6個自由度。自由度是機 械手設(shè)計的關(guān) 鍵參數(shù)。自由 度越多，機械手的靈活性越大，通用性越廣，其結(jié)構(gòu)也越復(fù)雜。一般專用機械手有2～3個自由度。
機械手的種類，按驅(qū)動方式可分為液壓式、氣動式、電動式、機械式機械手；按適用范圍可分為專用機械手和通用機械手兩種；按運動軌跡控制方式可分為點位控制和連續(xù)軌跡控制機械手等。
機械手通常用作機床或其他機器的附加裝置，如在自動機床或自動生產(chǎn)線上裝卸和傳遞工件，在加工中心中更換刀具等，一般沒有獨立的控制裝置。有些操作裝置需要由人直接操縱，如用于原子能部門操持危險物品的主從式操作手也常稱為機械手。
機器人是典型的機電一體化裝置，它綜合運用了機械與精密機械、微電子與計算機、自動控制與驅(qū)動、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學科的最新研究成果，隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對自動化程度要求的提高，機器人技術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機器人產(chǎn)品。機器人產(chǎn)品的實用化，既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實際問題，又促進了工業(yè)自動化的進程。目前，由于機器人的研制和開發(fā)涉及多方面的技術(shù)，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，開發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高，在某種程度上限制了該項技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，因此，研制經(jīng)濟型、實用化、高可靠性機器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會現(xiàn)實意義和經(jīng)濟價值。
由于我國經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和城市化的快速發(fā)展，城市污水排放量增長很快，污水處理己經(jīng)擺在了人們的議事日程上來。隨著科學技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人類知識水平的提高，人們越來越認識到污水處理的重要性和迫切性，科學家和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中是用于污水處理的很有效的污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的必然。
本文結(jié)合塑料一次擠出成型機和塑料抓取機械手的研制過程中出現(xiàn)的問題，綜述近兒年機器人技術(shù)研究和發(fā)展的狀況，在充分發(fā)揮機、電、軟、硬件各自特點和優(yōu)勢互補的基礎(chǔ)上，對物料抓取機械手整體機械結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進行了分析和設(shè)計，提出了一套經(jīng)濟型設(shè)計方案。采用直角坐標和關(guān)節(jié)坐標相結(jié)合的框架式機械結(jié)構(gòu)形式，這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動元件的動力傳遞給機器人機械手相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機構(gòu)，以實現(xiàn)各種必要的運動，傳動方式上采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳動比大的蝸輪蝸桿傳動和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運動的螺旋傳動。機械手驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境條件的限制，同時也要考慮價格因素的影響以及能夠達到的技術(shù)水平。由于步進電機能夠直接接收數(shù)字量，響應(yīng)速度快而且工作可靠并無累積誤差，常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動機構(gòu)的動力元件，因此，在驅(qū)動裝置中采用由步進電機構(gòu)成的開環(huán)控制方式，這種方式既能滿足控制精度的要求，又能達到經(jīng)濟性、實用化目的，在此基礎(chǔ)上，對步進電機的功率計一算及選型問題經(jīng)行了分析。
在完成機械結(jié)構(gòu)和驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)上，對物料抓取機械手運動學和動力學進行了分析。運動學分析是路徑規(guī)劃和軌跡控制的基礎(chǔ)，對操作臂進行了運動學正、逆問題的分析可以完成操作空間位置和速度向驅(qū)動空間的映射，采用齊次坐標變換法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿態(tài)隨關(guān)節(jié)夾角之間的變換關(guān)系，采用幾何法分析了操作臂的逆向運動學方程求解問題，對控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計提供了理論依據(jù)。機器人動力學是研究物體的運動和作用力之間的關(guān)系的科學，研究的目的是為了滿足是實時性控制的需要，本文采用牛頓-歐拉方法對物料抓取機械手動力學進行了分析，計算出了關(guān)節(jié)力和關(guān)節(jié)力矩，為步進電機的選型和動力學分析與結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提供理論依據(jù)。
控制部分是整個物料抓取機械手系統(tǒng)設(shè)計關(guān)鍵和核心，它在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上的劃分和實現(xiàn)直接關(guān)系到機器人系統(tǒng)的可靠性、實用性，也影響和制約機械手系統(tǒng)的研制成本和開發(fā)周期。在控制主機的選用上，采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、擴展功能強和可靠性高的PC工業(yè)控制計算機作為主機，配以PCL-839卡主要承擔系統(tǒng)功能初始化、數(shù)據(jù)運算與處理、步進電機驅(qū)動以及故障診斷等功能;同時對PCL-839卡的結(jié)構(gòu)特點、功能原理和其高定位功能等給與了分析。硬件是整個控制系統(tǒng)以及極限位置功能賴以存在的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，軟件則是計算機控制系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)中樞，軟件設(shè)計的目的是以最優(yōu)的方式將各部分功能有機的結(jié)合起來，使系統(tǒng)具有較高的運行效率和較強的可靠性。在物料抓取機械手軟件的設(shè)計上，采用的是模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)，分為系統(tǒng)初始化模塊、數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊和故障狀態(tài)檢測與處理等幾部分。主控計算機和各控制單元之間全部由PCL-839卡聯(lián)系，并且由該卡實現(xiàn)抗干擾等問題，減少外部信號對系統(tǒng)的影響。
步進電機的啟停頻率遠遠小于其最高運行頻率，為了提高工作效率，需要步進電機高速運行并快速啟停時，必須考慮它的升，降速控制問題。電機的升降速控制可以歸結(jié)為以某種合理的力一式控制發(fā)送到步進電機驅(qū)動器的脈沖頻率，這可由硬件實現(xiàn)，也可由軟件方法來實現(xiàn)。本文提出了一種算法簡單、易于實現(xiàn)、理論意義明確的步進電機變速控制策略:定時器常量修改變速控制方案。該方法能使步進電機加速度與其力矩——頻率曲線較好地擬合，從而提高變速效率。而且它的計算量比線性加速度變速和基于指數(shù)規(guī)律加速度的變速控制小得多。通過實驗證明了該方法的有效性。
最后，對論文主要研究內(nèi)容和取得的技術(shù)成果進行了總結(jié)，提出了存在的問題和不足，同時對機器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用進行了展望。
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