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成都中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）要求 本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）是教學(xué)計劃的一個有機(jī)組成部分，是完成專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)最后一個重要的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，是學(xué)生在四年學(xué)習(xí)中一項極為重要的成果展示。為了切實(shí)做好外語學(xué)院英語專業(yè)（中醫(yī)藥翻譯方向）2007級本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）的工作，進(jìn)一步提高本科生畢業(yè)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）要求”，本規(guī)定自發(fā)布之日起執(zhí)行。 一、 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）組成 最后提交的完整的畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）應(yīng)包括三部分： 1．成都中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)外語學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）開題報告； 2．一篇用英語寫作、正文字?jǐn)?shù)不少于3000單詞、合乎規(guī)范的畢業(yè)論文（以下簡稱畢業(yè)論文）； 3．.畢業(yè)論文答辯成績； 注：以上三部分將裝入學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）檔案袋。 二、 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）選題 1． 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）選題應(yīng)符合專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，體現(xiàn)教學(xué)計劃的基本要求，達(dá)到畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）綜合訓(xùn)練的目的。 2． 畢業(yè)論文應(yīng)選擇屬于外語專業(yè)范圍內(nèi)（包括文學(xué)、語言學(xué)、文化研究、翻譯、英語教學(xué)法、中醫(yī)英語、商務(wù)英語等）的題目，不選與英語專業(yè)關(guān)系不大或無關(guān)領(lǐng)域的題目（如經(jīng)濟(jì)、藝術(shù)、體育等）；應(yīng)選擇恰當(dāng)具體、難易適中的題目; 不選大而廣，過于深刻，或過于陳舊的題目; 提倡“小題大做”，視角新穎，做到一人一題。選題還應(yīng)反映本專業(yè)的基本理論、基礎(chǔ)知識和基本技能, 具有一定研究價值和實(shí)際價值。 3． 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）選題應(yīng)有一定的科學(xué)性，不僅能反映學(xué)生對所學(xué)知識的基本掌握與應(yīng)用，而且能體現(xiàn)學(xué)生對所學(xué)知識的進(jìn)一步深化與提高，使學(xué)生在完成畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）的過程中逐步掌握科學(xué)的研究方法。 三、 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）基本要求 1． 畢業(yè)論文撰寫應(yīng)包括選題、開題報告、初稿、修改稿和定稿等五個環(huán)節(jié)。 2. 畢業(yè)論文應(yīng)用英語寫作，正文字?jǐn)?shù)不少于3000個英文單詞。 3. 畢業(yè)論文寫作應(yīng)由學(xué)生獨(dú)立完成，可參考他人研究成果，但必須注明出處，不得抄襲。 4． 畢業(yè)論文應(yīng)符合學(xué)術(shù)論文的基本規(guī)范要求。論文的格式和各種資料的引用以“畢業(yè)論文格式”的相關(guān)規(guī)定為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 5．畢業(yè)論文必須通過答辯后，方能得到最后的成績評定和相應(yīng)的學(xué)分。 6．出現(xiàn)下列情況中的任何一條，畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）將被判定為不合格；如已參加或通過答辯者，也將被取消最后的成績和學(xué)分： 1). 嚴(yán)重違反學(xué)校、學(xué)院及本要求中有關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范和學(xué)術(shù)道德的相關(guān)規(guī)定，如抄襲剽竊他人成果、請人代寫、網(wǎng)上下載，等等； 2). 不按時、保質(zhì)、保量完成并提交畢業(yè)論文； 3). 畢業(yè)論文正文不足3000單詞。 四、 畢業(yè)論文格式 畢業(yè)論文應(yīng)由 （1） 封面 （2） 中、英文摘要 （3） 正文 （4） 注釋(文中注) （5） 參考文獻(xiàn)（3本以上） （6） 致謝六個部分組成 1． 封面：采用學(xué)校教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一格式，白底黑字，不得擅自改變或重新設(shè)計字體樣式、大小及顏色等。除論文題目需中英文對照外（英文題目在上，中文題目在下），其余部分均用中文填寫。需要統(tǒng)一填寫的有：學(xué)院名稱、 專業(yè)。 2． 中、英文摘要：中、英文摘要各占一頁。中文摘要300字左右，外文摘要300 單詞，關(guān)鍵詞四至六個。摘要應(yīng)精練、準(zhǔn)確地概括全文中心思想；采用第三人稱的寫法（如 “論文作者對……進(jìn)行了研究”， “本論文分析了……”； “The author attempts to study．．．”， “This thesis has analyzed．．．”等）。 （1）中文摘要的提頭第一行寫上論文中文標(biāo)題，三號字，加黑； ① 第二行左起寫上學(xué)生姓名、專業(yè)、年級（例：張曉蕓 英語專業(yè)（中醫(yī)藥翻譯方向）2006級 ），四號，加黑。 ② 第三行寫指導(dǎo)老師姓名職稱（例： 指導(dǎo)老師 楊 虹 教 授），四號字，加黑。 ③ “摘要”后接冒號，四號，加黑；摘要正文部分：五號，原則上不分段。 ④“關(guān)鍵詞”后接冒號，小四號，加黑；關(guān)鍵詞之間由分號隔開，小四號。 ⑤ 摘要與關(guān)鍵詞之間空一行。 （2）英文摘要第一行寫上論文英文標(biāo)題； ① “Abstract”后接冒號，四號，加黑；摘要內(nèi)容：五號。 ②“Key Words”后接冒號，小四號字，加黑；關(guān)鍵詞詞數(shù)和內(nèi)容與中文關(guān)鍵詞相同，關(guān)鍵詞之間由分號隔開，小四號，除專有名詞外，首字母無需大寫。 ③ 摘要與關(guān)鍵詞之間空一行。 3. 正文：正文另起一頁，第一行寫英文標(biāo)題，三號，加粗。 1）、正文一級標(biāo)題一律使用羅馬數(shù)字標(biāo)注（I II III IV V），羅馬數(shù)字后空一格，不加任何符號?！癐ntroduction”和“Conclusion”部分不必標(biāo)注數(shù)字。標(biāo)題采用四號字體。 2）、二級及以下標(biāo)題用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字標(biāo)注。如第一部分以下標(biāo)題可標(biāo)注為：1.1,1.2，第二部分以下為：2.1.1, 2.1.2。標(biāo)題依次采用小四，五號字體，最小標(biāo)題不能低于五號字體 3）、論文標(biāo)題一律加粗，實(shí)詞首字母必須大寫。 4）、摘要內(nèi)容、正文內(nèi)容、參考文獻(xiàn)和致謝，五號字； 4 ．注釋：論文中的文獻(xiàn)引文均采用文中注的形式：引用原文必須加引號，引文后用圓括號注明（1）作者名；（2）出版年；（3）引文所在頁碼。 例：“In the United States, the two-party system has become the dominant feature in the political landscape.”（王恩銘，2003：156） 5. 參考文獻(xiàn)：參考文獻(xiàn)（英文統(tǒng)一為Bibliography，四號，加粗）應(yīng)包括主要的參考資料來源、書籍、刊物等。 1). 從正文后空一行開始, 不另起一頁; 2). 通常情況下，參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)多于注釋所引用的文本，且至少有一本英文參考書目； 3). 參考文獻(xiàn)排列先英文 后中文。按作者姓名字母順序排序。 4). 每一書目的順序?yàn)椋海?）作者名，（2 ）書刊/文章名，（3）出版社，（4 ）出版年月；中文書目不加書名號；書名、著作名后用方括號加M；雜志、學(xué)報后用方括號加J。參考書目順序用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字加方 括號標(biāo)注，后空一格，不加標(biāo)點(diǎn)，如：[1] ； [2]。見下： Bibliography： [1] Chomsky, N，The acquisition of syntax in children from 5 to 10. [M] Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (1969) [2] Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice [M] New York: Pocket Books, May 2004 [3] 李維屏，英美文學(xué)研究論叢 [J]第五輯，上海外語教育出版社，2006 [4] 李照國，朱忠寶.中醫(yī)英語 [M]上海：上?？萍汲霭嫔?2002：240242. [5] 羅磊，現(xiàn)代中醫(yī)藥學(xué)漢英翻譯技巧 [M] .北京：中國古籍出版社.2004：2131. 6. 致謝：是指論文作者對四年來對自己的學(xué)業(yè)幫助很大的老師、家人、朋友，特別是論文指導(dǎo)老師表示感謝的簡短答謝辭，一律采用英文，一般不超過300個單詞.“Acknowledgements”采用四號字體，加粗。 注： 1）論文中中文一律采用宋體，英文一律采用Times New Roman 2）每段開始均需縮進(jìn)5格。 7. 頁碼：從正文開始排在頁腳居中。 8. 論文打印：使用A4紙張打印，頁邊距為上下各2．54厘米，左右各3．17厘米；行距為1．5倍（在WORD文檔里選“格式—段落—行距”）。一式三份，沿左側(cè)裝訂成冊。 五、 指導(dǎo)教師工作要求 1． 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）的指導(dǎo)教師原則上應(yīng)由具有中級（講師）或以上職稱的教師擔(dān)任。由學(xué)院論文指導(dǎo)小組確定并公布每位指導(dǎo)老師指導(dǎo)的學(xué)生名單。每位指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)的一屆學(xué)生數(shù)不得超過5人。鼓勵有科研課題的老師多帶學(xué)生。助教不能單獨(dú)指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計），但可協(xié)助副教授及以上職稱的教師開展指導(dǎo)工作。 2． 在論文“題目來源”方面，除學(xué)生自擬題目外，也鼓勵指導(dǎo)教師為學(xué)生擬定題目。 3． 每位指導(dǎo)教師對學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）的指導(dǎo)次數(shù)不少于5次。 4． 每位學(xué)生的論文開題報告必須和指導(dǎo)教師協(xié)商。 5． 指導(dǎo)教師對每位學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的閱讀和修改至少不少于3次。 6． 畢業(yè)論文答辯用英語進(jìn)行，答辯教師必須提出至少兩個與論文相關(guān)的問題供學(xué)生回答， 7． 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）的時間安排如下，指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)及時督促學(xué)生按時、保質(zhì)、保量地完成各項任務(wù)： 預(yù)期的進(jìn)度計劃： 2011年11月17日--12月25日 擬定題目、撰寫開題報告、完成初稿并交指導(dǎo)老師審閱； 2012年3月15日 提交論文第二稿 2012年4月15日 完成并提交第三稿 2012年4月30日 提交畢業(yè)論文: 開題報告；論文第一稿、第二稿、論文定稿（3份）。 2012年6月（具體時間待定） 論文答辯 外 語 學(xué) 院 2011年11月15日 淺談習(xí)語翻譯中的文化轉(zhuǎn)換現(xiàn)象 王 慧 英語專業(yè)（中醫(yī)藥翻譯方向）2003級 指導(dǎo)老師 楊 爾 副教授 摘要：翻譯不僅僅是語言的轉(zhuǎn)換，更是文化的轉(zhuǎn)換，同時也是文化交流的橋梁。習(xí)語是某一語言在使用過程中形成的獨(dú)特的固定的表達(dá)方式，是語言最重要組成部分，具有濃厚的民族色彩，也最能體現(xiàn)一個民族的文化。若要理解、學(xué)習(xí)他國的語言文化知識，熟知其習(xí)語傳達(dá)的意義尤為重要，而習(xí)語中的文化因素常常是翻譯中的難點(diǎn)。因此，翻譯作為跨語言、跨文化交流的主要媒介，習(xí)語翻譯的重要性不言而喻。本文作者通過分析習(xí)語和文化之間的關(guān)系，研究英漢習(xí)語翻譯中的文化轉(zhuǎn)換現(xiàn)象，從而采取科學(xué)有效的英漢習(xí)語翻譯方法和技巧妥善處理英漢習(xí)語翻譯中的文化問題，充分考慮譯文讀者的理解力和接受力，最大限度保持習(xí)語的文化內(nèi)涵和增強(qiáng)翻譯的可讀性，順利完成跨語言、跨文化交流。這不僅有助于中國與西方國家之間的交流，而且有助于整個人類社會的進(jìn)步。 關(guān)鍵詞： 翻譯; 語言;文化; 文化轉(zhuǎn)換;習(xí)語 On Cultural Turns in Translation of Idioms Abstract: Translation is not only the transformation of language, but also that of culture. At the same time, it acts as the bridge of cultural exchange. Idioms are the unique and fixed means of expressions of a certain language formed in the course of using. With rich ethnical colors, idioms are the most important part of language and can best embody a nation’s culture. If one wants to understand and learn a foreign language and its culture, it is particularly essential for him to have a thorough grasp of the meaning conveyed by its idioms. However, the cultural factors always tend to be the most difficult in the translation of idioms. Since translation is the main medium of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication, the importance of idioms translation is self-evident. The author attempts to analyze the relationship between idioms and culture and study the cultural turns in translating idioms of English and Chinese, so that scientific and effective translation methods and skills are applied appropriately to deal with the cultural problems occurred in idioms translation. Therefore, target-text readers’ understanding and receptivity can be fully taken into consideration, cultural connotations of idioms can be conveyed to the greatest extent and the readability of translation can be highly enhanced. Then cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication can be achieved successfully. This is beneficial not only to the communication between China and western countries, but also to the progress of the whole world. Key Words: translation; language; culture; cultural turns; idiom On Cultural Turns in Translation of Idioms Introduction Language is a complicated and flexible social phenomenon. From the usage of a language, we can easily identify the ethical clime, political and social life of a language, also, religious belief, consuetude, history allusion, idioms, thought patterns, self value and behavior principle. There’s close connection between language and culture. Generally speaking, culture means summation of material fortune and spiritual fortune created in the practical process of human society and history, including literature, art, religion, philosophy and social scientific and all the natural scientific fruit, which reflect human spiritual and material civilization. Briefly speaking, culture is social ideology and relevant system and organizational structure. It contains life style, value conception, thought pattern and etc. Culture has nationality and develops through ethical form and engenders the ethical tradition. Besides, human’s behavior and activity show the culture background consciously and unconsciously. ⅠIdioms Idiom has great national characteristic and close relationship with human life and labor. There’re many idioms known by the local people, such as the living surroundings and things that they’re familiar with. The locals can easily understand the meaning, but the foreigners may cannot. For instance, English is an island country, its seagirt and fishery is very prosperous that the seafaring used to keep ahead in the world. So many idioms about navigation came into being in English; however, Chinese people know little about navigate knowledge. 1.1 The Definition of Idioms What are idioms? “They are frozen patterns of language which allow little or no variation in form and, in the case of idioms, often carry meanings which cannot be deduced from their individual components.” (Mona Baker, 2000:63) “English idioms are characterized by semantic opaqueness, structural stability, rhetorical colors and pragmatic flexibility.” (Li qingxue ,Peng jianwu，2009:100) 1.2 The Content of Idioms Both English and Chinese boast large numbers of idioms, which are rich in cultural connotations. Idioms are closely related to a nation’s survival environment, social customs, religious beliefs, historical allusions and so on and so forth. Idioms in broad sense may include: set phrases, proverbs, sayings, epigrams, slang expressions, colloquialisms, quotations, two-part allegorical sayings, of which the first part, always stated, is descriptive, while the second part, sometimes unstated, carries the message(chiefly in Chinese).(郭著章，李慶生，1998:132) Ⅱ The Relationship between Idioms and Culture The relationship between idioms and culture has been discussed by linguists, translators and anthropologist for a long time. Generally speaking, idioms and culture are intimately related to each other and can not be separated. We can not talk about idioms without mentioning culture and vice versa. Culture is the basis of idioms and most idioms are heavily culture-loaded. Idioms and culture are so closely connected that they are in fact inseparable. 2.1 Idioms Being the Carriers of Culture Idioms are commonly believed to be the carrier of culture. They are also a part of culture and play a vital role in it. Different nations possess different cultures, and the cultural disparities can be truly reflected by their own idioms in various aspects. It is commonly held that cultural factors in idioms are the most difficult for a translator to handle. There are various ways to learn another country’s culture and promote cultural exchanges. Yet studying a country’s idioms is one of the most important and direct way. 2.2 Culture Shaping the Meaning of Idioms Ⅲ The Key in Idioms Translation: Cultural Turn “Translation is in its essence a cultural phenomenon; it not only deals with two sets of code systems, but also the two cultures which the source and target languages embody.” (Li qingxue ,Peng jianwu，2009:66) “For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function.” (Eugene A.Nida, 2001:82) This is especially true when it comes to idioms translation since they often have some implicit meanings. In the past time, translators were supposed to be bilingual, which means they should at least know two languages in order to complete the translation smoothly. Ⅳ The Cultural Turns in Translation of Idioms Since human beings live on the same planet, people west and east all have something in common. They may hold similar attitudes toward the same thing or undergo identical experiences, which means different cultures intertwine with each other or can be called cultural overlaps. It is these cultural overlaps that make it possible for people embedded with different cultures to communicate with each other. As a result, some English and Chinese idioms share similar or even the same implications. 4.1 Zero Turn There are some English and Chinese idioms which are equivalent in both form and function. In addition, they also have similar cultural connotations or cultural overlaps. When they are translated from one language into another, no cultural factors need to be changed. It is relatively easy and convenient since they can be translated word by word without bringing about misconceptions. For example, “to strike while the iron is hot” and “to pour oil on the fire ”can be literally translated into “趁熱打鐵” and “火上澆油”. 4.2 Partial Turn Partial turn of culture occurs when some components of the idioms can find similar counterparts in the target language, while others can not. Then these idioms are translated partially literally and partially freely so as to keep the general form and express the implicit meaning. 4.3 Full Turn Because of cultural influences, most idioms’ literal meaning does not correspond with their figurative meaning. These idioms are opaque or even misleading. When this happens, the literal meaning should be sacrificed for the figurative meaning, which is conducive to readers’ comprehension. Therefore, the idioms should be domesticated to accord with the target readers’ common sense. Conclusion All in all, idioms are the quintessence of ethic languages, and the most characteristic part of language took on national cultures. Therefore, during translation, especially concerned on the two different cultural background and expression style of two languages, it’s essential to precisely comprehend the meaning of idioms in given circumstances and grasp proper approaches of translation. Bibliography: [1] Eugene A.Nida, Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating[M], Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, November 2001 [2] Li qingxue ,Peng jianwu, A Course of English-Chinese Translation(English Edition) [M], Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Press, January 2009 [3] Mona Baker, In Other Words: A Coursebook on translation[M] , Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Routledge, August 2000 [4] Susan Bassnett and Andre Lefevere, Translation, history, and culture [M], Pinter Pub Ltd, October 1990 [5] 高華麗，翻譯教學(xué)研究：理論與實(shí)踐[M],浙江大學(xué)出版社，2008.5 [6] 吳南松，翻譯：尋求文化的共生與融合 [J]，中國外文出版發(fā)行事業(yè)局，2003.3 [7] 李欣，“翻譯研究”各流派的闡釋與梳理 [J], 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2001.3 [8] 馮慶華，實(shí)用翻譯教程[M],上海外語教育出版社,2010.2 Acknowledgements: My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Ms. Xu Tianshu, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has guided me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to my college as well as all my teachers for their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during these years. Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.