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虛擬語氣Ⅱ教學(xué)案 于亞東 　　虛擬語氣除主要用于條件句（也就是狀語從句）外，還可用于主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、定語從句等。 1. 虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用 　　“常用在It is (was)+形容詞 / 過去分詞+that引導(dǎo)的主語從句”的句型中的主語從句要用虛擬語氣。主語從句的謂語用should+動(dòng)詞原形(或should+have+過去分詞)或只用動(dòng)詞原形(尤其是美國(guó)英語)。should在此是助動(dòng)詞，本身并無實(shí)義，這種主語從句中的should有時(shí)有感情色彩。 　　Its important that we（should）work out a plan. （帶有“要求”的含義） 　　Its better that he go at once. （帶有“建議”的意思） 　　☆ 用于本句型的形容詞并不多，常見形容詞有：necessary，important，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent， 等。 　　It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once．　　 　　Its strange that he should say so.　 　　I was glad that he should go. 　　It is important that we should speak politely. 　　It is a pity that she should fare so badly. 　　Its right that you should think that way. 　　 　　☆ 用于本句型中的過去分詞就是表示提議、要求、命令等動(dòng)詞的過去分詞，如suggested，settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。 　　It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lecture．　　 　　It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonight． 　　I’m ashamed you should have done such a thing. 　　It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off．有人建議推遲會(huì)議。 　　It is settled that you leave us, then? 　　 　　注意：這種句型中的主語從句也可用陳述語氣，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上個(gè)星期對(duì)于這一方面做了明確的說明，這是很重要的。 2. 虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用 　　1). 賓語從句在表示提議、要求、命令、意志等動(dòng)詞后，其謂語用should+動(dòng)詞原形或只用動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語氣，作為suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等動(dòng)詞的賓語。 　　如： 　　The doctor suggested that he not go there．醫(yī)生建議他不要去那里。 　　He suggested that we should leave early. 他建議我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)動(dòng)身。 　　The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告還押。 　　2). wish的賓語的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞that。 　　☆ 從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可用過去式，表示現(xiàn)在的愿望（與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反），雖實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大，但仍有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能。 I wish it were true．我但愿這是真的。 　　 　　☆ 從句的謂語動(dòng)詞還可用“could（would，might）+動(dòng)詞原形”用來表示將來的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一會(huì)兒。 　　 　　☆ 表示無能為力的過去愿望（與過去事實(shí)相反），可用“had +過去分詞”或“could（would，might）+have+過去分詞” 　　I wish you had called yesterday．我希望你昨天來過電話。 　　We wish you had come to our New Year’s party.我們真希望你來參加了我們的新年聯(lián)歡會(huì)。 　　3). would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其賓語從句常用虛擬過去式。 　　☆ 表示與現(xiàn)在和將來含義事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣要用動(dòng)詞的過去式 　　☆ 用過去完成式(had + 過去分詞)表示過去事實(shí)相反的含義 　　I would rather you came tomorrow.我寧愿你明天來。 　　I’d sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我寧愿她把重活留給別人。 　　4). 有些動(dòng)詞，如think, expect, believe,其否定式的賓語從句亦可用should+動(dòng)詞原形。如： 　　I never thought he should refuse.我萬沒有想到他會(huì)拒絕。 　　She did not expect that you should come.她沒有預(yù)料你會(huì)來。 3. 虛擬語氣在表語從句中的應(yīng)用 　　名詞suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主語，其后的表語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般使用虛擬語氣，用should +動(dòng)詞原形或省略should。 　　My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them.　　 　　我的建議是我們應(yīng)派幾個(gè)戰(zhàn)士去增援他們。 　　My advice is that you (should) treat her well.　　 我的忠告是你應(yīng)該善待她。 　　He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once.　　 　　他提出一個(gè)要求，要求她立刻離開這個(gè)地方。 　　My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該告訴他。 　　Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 　　我們唯一的請(qǐng)求就是盡快解決這個(gè)問題。 　　注意：虛擬語氣也可以用于同位語從句。 　　如： 　　There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一項(xiàng)建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊(duì)。 4. 虛擬語氣在定語從句中的應(yīng)用 　　常用在It is time (that)…句型中，定語從句常用虛擬過去式 　　It is time the children went to bed.　　 孩子們?cè)缭撋洗菜X了。（表示催促） 　　Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money.　　 　　他早該開始考慮如何與錢打交道。 　　It is time we left.我們?cè)撟吡恕? 　　It is time we went to bed.我們?cè)撊ニX了。 　　 5. 虛擬式動(dòng)詞原形亦常用在獨(dú)立句中，表愿望 　　Long live the Communist Party of China！中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨萬歲！ 　　God bless you! 上帝保佑你。 　　God damn it! 該死的！ 　　The devil take you! 見鬼去吧！ 　　So be it then. 就那樣吧。 6. 虛擬時(shí)態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)系：從句中的虛擬時(shí)態(tài)往往不受全句謂語時(shí)態(tài)的影響。 　　1) 用于主語從句。試比較： 　　It is important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。 　　It was important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。 　　2) 用于賓語從句。試比較： 　　I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建議我們明天走。 　　I suggested that we should go the next day.我建議我們第二天走。 　　She said, “If I were a boy I would join the army.”她說，“我如是男孩，就參軍。” 　　She said that if she were a boy, she would join the army.她說她如是男孩就參軍。 　　但強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的虛擬式在間接引語中需要遵守時(shí)態(tài)一致的原則。試比較： 　　“If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do,” he said. 　　“假如我知道它是如何運(yùn)行的話，我就會(huì)告訴你該怎么辦，”他說道。 　　He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do. 　　他說假如他知道它是如何運(yùn)行的話，他就會(huì)告訴我該怎么辦。 　　“If I knew the answer to all your questions Id be a genius,” he said. 　　“我如知道你所有問題的答案，我就是天才了?！彼f道。 　　He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, he’d be a genius. 　　他說他如知道我所有問題的答案，他就是天才了。 　　但如果全句謂語是虛擬語氣，其后從句的時(shí)態(tài)則多受其影響，現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)隨之而變?yōu)檫^去時(shí)態(tài)。 　　如： 　　I would think he was wrong.我看他是錯(cuò)了。(須用was,試比較：I think he is wrong) 　　It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是對(duì)的。(須用was,試比較：It seems that she is right) 專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：　　 　　1．His doctor suggested that he ______ a short leave of absence． 　　A．will take　　 B．would take　　 C．take　　 D．took 　　2．The job would require that ______ at 7 oclock every morning． 　　A．he will be at the factory　　 B．he be at the factory 　　C．he was at the factory　　 　　D．he has been at the factory 　　3．Your advice that she ______ till next week is reasonable． 　　A．will wait　　 B．is going to wait　　 C．waits　 D．wait 　　4．The housemaster was strict．He requested that we ______ television on week nights． 　　A．not watch　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．must not to watch 　　C．not be watching　　　　　　　　 　　　D．have not watched 　　5．It is necessary that a worker ______ his work on time． 　　A．a(chǎn)ccomplishes　　　　　　　　　　 B．can accomplish 　　C．a(chǎn)ccomplish　　　　　　　　　　　 D．has accomplished 　　6．It is important that he ______ his decision before Friday． 　　A．will make　　 B．makes　　 C．make　　 D．must make 　　7．You look so tired. Its time you ______ ． 　　A．go to sleep　　　　B．went to sleep 　　C．go to bed　　　　　D．went to bed 　　8．Id rather you ______ anything about it for the time being． 　　A．do　　 B．didnt do　　 C．dont　　 D．didnt 　　9．But for water，it ______ impossible to live in the desert． 　　A．is　　 B．was　　 C．were　　 D．wouldnt be 　　10． ______ it______ for your help，I couldnt have made any progress． 　　A．Had；not been　　　　　　　　　　 B．Should；not been 　　C．Did；not been　　　　　　　　　　 D．Not；be 　　11．Long ______ the Party！ 　　A．lives　　 B．live 　　　C．will live　　 D．should live 　　12．Mary insisted that Tom ______ her the ring back． 　　A．gives　　 B．give　　 C．given　　 D．have given 　　13．My suggestion was that the meeting ______ off till next week． 　　A．to put　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．be put 　　C．should put　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．be putting 　　14．Mother suggested that I ______ my homework first before watching TV． 　　A．did　　　　 B．do　　　 C．shall do　　D．have done 　　15．He insisted that nothing ______ till he arrived. 　　A．must be started 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．ought to be started 　　C．could be started 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．should be started 　　16．Tom suggests that Ann ______ the house. 　　A．can sell 　　B．sells 　　　C．sell 　　 D．sold 　　17．Its better that he ______ it from you. 　　A．ll hear 　　 B．hears　　 C．should hear　　 D．heard 　　18．It was necessary that he ______ about what had happened. 　　A．be told 　　 B．was told　　 C．should tell 　　 D．tell 　　19．Its astonishing that she ______ sad at news that it has nothing to do with her. 　　A．felt　　 B．should feel 　　C．ll feel 　　 D．would feel 　　20．It was strange that we ______ short of water in the country where it was always raining. 　　A．a(chǎn)re 　　 B．be　　　 C．should be 　　 D．both B and C 　　21．It is strange that she ______ marry such an ugly man. 　　A．would　　 B．should 　　　C．shall　　 D．must 　　22．Its not right that the meeting ______ off till tomorrow. 　　A．must be put　　 B．must put　　 C．will be put　　 D．be put 　　23．It was impossible that he ______ the train, for he had started out very early. 　　A．could have missed 　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．must have missed 　　C．should have missed 　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．should miss 　　24．Its a pity that he ______ such a good chance. 　　A．should miss B．should have missed C．has missed D．a(chǎn)ll the above 　　25．He tried to find some excuse for the debt, but I insisted that he ______ it off at once. 　　A．must pay　　 B．ought to pay 　　C．paid　　 D．pay 　　26．Mr. Ford insisted that he ______ right, though the others didnt think so. 　　A．should do　　 B．should have done 　　C．had done　　 D．did 　　27．His pale face suggested that he ______ the sad news. 　　A．should be told 　　　　B．should have been told 　　C．was told 　　　　　　　 D．had been told 　　28．He suggested that we ______ here at once. 　　A．should leave　　 B．must leave　　　 C．left 　　 D．ought to leave 　　29．My order is that everyone ______ their own work in time. 　　A．must complete　　 B．completed　　　　 C．completes 　　 D．complete 　　30．Weve made the decision that we ______ at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 　　A．will gather 　　　　　　B．a(chǎn)re about to gather 　　C．would gather 　　　　　D．should gather 　　31．----Ill be waiting for you at home. 　　　　---- ______ I were busy and couldnt come? 　　A．What if 　　 B．What when 　　C． How if 　　D．How when 　　32．After he was praised for what he had done, he said，“I ______ even better under harder conditions. ” 　　A．would do 　　B．would have done 　　C．did 　　D．had done 　　33．It has been raining for a day, but even though it ______ , we ______ there by tomorrow. 　　A．hadnt rained, couldnt get 　　　　B．hadnt rained, cant get 　　C．didnt rain, couldnt get 　　　　　D．didnt rain, cant get 　　34．We could not have succeeded ______ your help. 　　A．but for 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．without 　　C．if it had not been for 　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．a(chǎn)ll the above 　　35．I dare say he is not your true friend, because a true friend ______ differently when you were in trouble. 　　A．a(chǎn)cted 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．had acted 　　C．would act 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．would have acted 參考答案： 　　1．C 　2．B 　3．D 　　4．A 　5．C 　　6．C 　7．D 　8．B 　　9．D 　10．A 　　11．B 12．B　 13．B 　14．B 　　15． D insist作“要求別人做某事”解，其賓語從句用should型虛擬語氣。 　　16． C 這種should型虛擬語氣，有時(shí)可將should省略，因此，C項(xiàng)的sell不能有人稱變化。 　　17．C 本句話有“要求”的意思，故選C。 　　18． A C、D為主動(dòng)，在此不妥。 　　19． B 選B表示了說話人帶有一種十分驚訝的感情，選A項(xiàng)與she的人稱不相一致，是錯(cuò)的。參見本章語法說明。 　　20． D 　　21．B should帶有感情色彩。 　　22．D 本句帶有要求之意，故從句謂語用should型虛擬語氣。D項(xiàng)中的should被省略。 　　23．C 本句帶有驚訝之意，故從句須用should型虛擬語氣。但由于是過去的事情所產(chǎn)生的驚訝，所以用should+不定式完成式。 　　24．D 如選A，這表達(dá)了說話人對(duì)將來的事所發(fā)出的感嘆，選B則是對(duì)已經(jīng)過去的事情的感嘆。選C則是一個(gè)直陳語氣，即說話人對(duì)此并不一定感到十分惋惜，而是對(duì)此事的陳述。 　　25．D insist在作“堅(jiān)持要求別人做某事”時(shí)，需要用should型虛擬語氣，should也可以省略。 　　26．C insist在作“堅(jiān)持自己的觀點(diǎn)、看法等”解時(shí)，不需要用虛擬語氣，所以A、B兩項(xiàng)用在此處不當(dāng)。D項(xiàng)時(shí)態(tài)不準(zhǔn)確，故也應(yīng)排除。 　　27．D suggest作建議解時(shí)，后接了should型虛擬語氣，但在本句中作“表明”解，這時(shí)不用虛擬語氣，A、B兩項(xiàng)都應(yīng)排除，C項(xiàng)時(shí)態(tài)不當(dāng)。 　　28．A 在本句中suggest作“建議”解，故選A。 　　29．D “建議”、“命令”、“要求”等動(dòng)詞的名詞形式做主語時(shí)，其表語從句也須用should型虛擬語氣，本句中的should被省略。 　　30．D “建議”、“命令”、“要求”等動(dòng)詞的名詞形式做主語時(shí)，后接同位語從句時(shí)也須should型虛擬語氣。 　　31．A What if…？常用于省略疑問句，既可以用于虛擬語氣，也可用于直陳語氣。本句不省略的形式為What would you do if。 　　32．B 本句的under引出一個(gè)非真實(shí)的條件，當(dāng)然也可以是真實(shí)條件。根據(jù)上下文，應(yīng)理解為與過去事實(shí)相反，故其謂語動(dòng)詞用would have done。 　　33．B even though=even if意為“即使”。它同if一樣可以引出一個(gè)真實(shí)的讓步從句，也可以引出一個(gè)非真實(shí)的讓步從句。根據(jù)上文，even though是一個(gè)非真實(shí)的與過去事實(shí)相反的讓步從句。而主句we cant get there卻是一個(gè)真實(shí)的情況。 　　34．D 　　35．D 從全句的意思分析，a true friend-differently實(shí)際上是指一種假設(shè)，而when引導(dǎo)的從句又告訴我們，這是一個(gè)與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，故用would have acted。