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外文資料翻譯
Electromechanical integration technology and its application
An electromechanical integration technology development
Mechatronics is the machinery, micro-, control, aircraft, information processing, and other cross-disciplinary integration, and its development and progress depends on the progress of technology and development, the main direction of development of a digital, intelligent, modular, and human nature , miniaturization, integration, with source and green.
1.1 Digital
Microcontroller and the development of a number of mechanical and electrical products of the base, such as the continuous development of CNC machine tools and robots, and the rapid rise of the computer network for the digital design and manufacturing paved the way for, such as virtual design and computer integrated manufacturing. Digital request electromechanical integration software products with high reliability, easy operability, maintainability, self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair.
Intelligent 1.2
Mechanical and electrical products that require a certain degree of intelligence, it is similar to the logical thinking, reasoning judgement, autonomous decision-making capabilities. For example, in the CNC machine increase interactive features, set up Intelligent I / O interface and intelligent database technology, will use, operation and maintenance of bring great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray, wavelet theory, chaos and bifurcation, such as artificial intelligence and technological progress and development and the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world.
Modular 1.3
As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development of a standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, the environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a complex and promising work. If the development is set to slow down. VVVF integrated motor drive unit with vision, image processing, identification and location of the motor functions, such as integrated control unit. Thus, in product development, design, we can use these standards modular unit quickly develop new products.
1.4 Network
As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant. The remote control device itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products, fieldbus technology to household appliances and LAN network possible, use a home network to connect various home appliances into a computer as the center of computer integrated appliances system, so that people in the home can be full enjoyment of the benefits of various high-tech, therefore, electromechanical integration products should be no doubt North Korea networks.
1.5 humanity
Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is targeted, how to give people electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotion and humanity is becoming more and more important, electromechanical integration products in addition to improving performance, it also urged the color, shape and so on and environmental coordination, the use of these products, or for a person to enjoy, such as home robot is the highest state of human-machine integration.
1.6 miniaturization
Micro-fine processing technology is a necessity in the development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, or MEMS) refers to quantities can be produced by the micro-collection agencies, micro-sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until interface, communication and power is one of the micro-devices or systems . Since 1986 the United States at Stanford University developed the first medical microprobe, 1988 at the University of California, Berkeley developed the first micro-motor, both at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and micro-mechanism much progress has been made, the development of all sorts MEMS devices and systems, such as the various micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer, micro-tactile sensor), various micro-component (micro-film, micro-beam, microprobes, micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearings, micro-pump , microcoil and micro-robot, etc.).
1.7 Integration
Integration includes a mutual penetration of various technologies, and integration of various products of different structural optimization and composite, and included in the production process at the same time processing, assembly, testing, management, and other processes. In order to achieve more variety, small batch production of automation and high efficiency, the system should have a more extensive flexible. First system can be divided into several levels, allowing the system to function dispersed, and security and coordination with other parts of the operation, and then through software and hardware at various levels will be organically linked to its optimal performance, the most powerful.
1.8 with source of
Electromechanical integration refers to the product itself with energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not be able to use electricity, which campaigns for the mechanical and electrical integration products, has a unique power source comes with the benefits. Sources with the integration of mechanical and electrical product development direction of.
Green 1.9
The development of technology in people's lives brought great changes in the material at the same time has also brought rich resources, deterioration of the ecological environment consequences. Therefore, people calling for the protection of the environment, regression, and achieving sustainable development in the concept of green products such calls have emerged. Green products is low-power, low-wood consumption, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human beings should be in line with environmental protection and health requirements, electromechanical integration of green products is mainly refers to the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, at the end of product life, and regeneration of decomposition products.
2 electromechanical integration in the application of technology in the iron and steel
In the iron and steel enterprises, the integration of mechanical and electrical systems are at the core microprocessor, the computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices, meters and the combination of technologies such as organic, assembled by the merger means for the realization of a large-scale integrated system create conditions for effective integration, enhanced system control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical integration technology in the iron and steel enterprises in the mainly used in the following areas:
2.1 Intelligent Control Technology (IC)
As a large-scale iron and steel, high-speed continuous and the characteristics of the traditional control technologies encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is necessary to adopt very intelligent control technology. Control technologies include intelligent expert system, neural and fuzzy control, intelligent control techniques in steel product design, manufacturing, control, product quality and diagnostic equipment, and other aspects, such as blast furnace control system, electric furnace and continuous casting plant, steel rolling system , steelmaking - Casting integrated scheduling system - rolling, cold rolling, etc..
2.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central command for the control of a number of Taiwan-site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on the production process monitoring, operation, management and decentralized control. With monitoring and control technologies, and the functions of distributed control system more and more. Not only can be achieved control of the production process, but also can be achieved online optimization, the production process real-time scheduling, production planning statistical management functions, as a measurement, control, integration of the integrated system. DCS control functions with diverse features and easy operation, the system can be extended, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is decentralized and centralized control monitoring, fault-minor, and the system has the chain protection features, the use of manual control system failure operational measures, the system is highly reliable. Distributed control system and centralized control system compared to their more functional, with a higher level of security. Is the large-scale integration of mechanical and electrical systems main trend.
2.3 Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology led by the new structure concept. "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support this standard design systems, different manufacturers products can be compatible and interoperable, and the sharing of resources. Industrial control systems through open communication network so that all control equipment, management, computer interconnections, to achieve control and management, administration, integrated decision-making, through fieldbus to the scene and control room instrumentation control equipment interconnected to achieve integrated measurement and control of.
2.4 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
CIMS is the iron and steel enterprises will be and the production and operation, production management and process control connecting to achieve from raw materials into the plant, production and processing of shipments to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. Currently iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved process automation, but this kind of "automated island" of single automation lack of information resources and the sharing of the unified management of the production process, can hardly meet the requirements of the iron and steel production. Future competition iron and steel enterprises is the focus of many varieties, small batch production, cheap and of good quality, timely delivery of goods. In order to improve productivity, saving energy, reducing staff and the existing inventory, accelerate cash flow, production, operation and management of the overall optimization, the key is to strengthen the management, access to the benefits of raising the competitiveness of businesses. The United States, Japan and some other large-scale iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s has been widely realization of CIMS.
2.5 Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) is the connection settings in the field of instrumentation installed in the control room and control devices for digital, bi-directional, multi-station communication link. Fieldbus technology used to replace the existing signal transmission technology (such as 4 to 20 mA, DC DC transmission), it will enable more information in the field of Intelligent Instrumentation devices and higher-level control system in the joint between the communications media on the two-way transmission. Fieldbus connection can be through save 66% or more on-site signal connecting wires. Fieldbus lead to the introduction of the reform and the new generation of DCS around open fieldbus automation system of instruments, such as intelligent transmitter, intelligent, fieldbus detection instruments, fieldbus of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) local control stations and field development.
2.6 AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the iron and steel industry plays a crucial role. With power technology and the development of microelectronics technology, the development of AC variable speed very quickly. The AC drive to the advantages of electric drive technology in the near future from AC drive completely replace DC transmission, the development of digital technology, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, AC variable speed system speed and performance has reached more than DC converter level. Now whether small or large-capacity electrical motor capacity synchronous motor can be used to achieve reversible induction motor or smoothing governor. AC drive system in the production of steel rolling emerged as a welcome users, applications continues to expand.
6
摘要
9F系列粉碎機中，9表示畜牧機械的分類代號，F(xiàn)指粉碎機，按其轉(zhuǎn)子直徑大小的不同可以分為：20、25、26、28、萬能、多功能等型號，本人這次設(shè)計的是9F-20型錘片式粉碎機，根據(jù)設(shè)計任務(wù)的具體要求，著重設(shè)計單機，而配套輔助系統(tǒng)只作簡單介紹。本機動力配置采用皮帶輪驅(qū)動，該機主要組成部分有：進(jìn)料斗、粉碎機機體、轉(zhuǎn)子、篩桶、傳動部分、電機。粉碎機是工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用非常廣泛的一種設(shè)備，本次設(shè)計主要吸取已有粉碎機的有點，結(jié)合谷物和莖桿的特殊要求，對粉碎機的方案、傳動系統(tǒng)和工作部件進(jìn)行規(guī)范設(shè)計，最終設(shè)計出一種能使用于粉碎谷物、莖桿的小型錘片式粉碎機。
9F-20型錘片式粉碎機是一種利用高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的錘片來擊碎谷物的機器，它具有通用性廣、效率高、粉碎質(zhì)量好、操作方便、動力消耗低等優(yōu)點。本文將對其進(jìn)行設(shè)計討論，將著重對方案選擇及總體設(shè)計、主軸的設(shè)計、箱體的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計進(jìn)行深刻的研究和探討。
關(guān)鍵詞：設(shè)計；粉碎機；錘片
Abstract
In 9F series pulverizer ,9 means codes of classification of animal husbandry machinery, F refers to the pulverizer, according to the rotor diameter size of the different can be divided into: 20, 25, 26, 28, universal and multifunctional model.I design this time is 9 F - 20 type, hammer type crusher according to the specific requirements of design task, design single, and form a complete set of auxiliary system only simple introduction. The machine power configuration driven by belt pulley, the aircraft main part: into the hopper, crusher body, the rotor and sieve drum, transmission parts, motors. Mill is very widely used in industrial and agricultural production is a kind of equipment, this design mainly use existing mill is a little bit, combined with the special requirements of grain and stem, the mill design, transmission system and the working parts to specification, the final design out a stem can be used for crushing grain, small hammer type crusher.
9 f - 20 hammer type pulverizer is a kind of high speed rotating hammer is used to crush grain machine, it has generality, good quality, wide, high efficiency, convenient operation, low power consumption advantages. Will discuss on the design, this paper will focus on the overall design scheme selection and structure design, the design of the main shaft, box carries on the profound study and discussion.
Keyword:design;pulverizer;hammer type
目錄
中文摘要
英文摘要
1 前言 ····························································5
1.1 設(shè)計的目的和意義··············································5
1.2 設(shè)計的基本要求················································5
2 總體方案的選擇與設(shè)計··············································6
2.1 粉碎機的構(gòu)造··················································6
2.2 工作原理······················································6
3 重要部件的原型與設(shè)計··············································6
3.1 進(jìn)料部分······················································6
3.2 出料部分·····················································7
3.3 粉碎部分·····················································7
3.3.1 錘片·····················································7
3.3.2 轉(zhuǎn)子·····················································8
3.3.3 篩子的選型···············································9
3.3.4 錘篩間隙的確定·······································10
3.4 傳動部分····················································10
3.5 機體部分····················································10
3.5.1 外壁····················································10
3.5.2 機架····················································10
4 主要技術(shù)參數(shù)的確定··············································10
4.1 錘片的末端線速度v···········································11
4.2 轉(zhuǎn)子工作直徑和粉碎室寬度·····································11
4.3 轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速n···················································11
4.4 粉碎機生產(chǎn)率Q···············································12
4.5配套動力·····················································12
4.5.1 配套功率N···············································12
4.5.2 選擇電動機···············································12
5 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的選擇·····················································13
5.1 軸承的選擇···················································13
5.2 鍵的選擇····················································13
5.3螺栓的選擇···················································13
5.4螺母的選擇···················································14
5.5墊圈的選擇···················································14
6 帶的設(shè)計························································14
6.1 確定V帶型號和帶輪直徑······································14
6.2計算帶長·····················································14
6.3 求中心距··················································14
6.4 帶長計算····················································15
6.5 帶基準(zhǔn)長度················································15
6.6 求帶輪包角··················································15
6.7 求帶根數(shù)z···················································15
6.8 求軸上載荷··················································15
6.9 帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)····················································16
7 軸的設(shè)計························································16
7.1 軸的計算·····················································16
7.1.1 軸的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)·················································16
7.1.2 軸的輸入功率············································16
7.1.3 軸轉(zhuǎn)矩··················································16
7.1.4 軸直徑的初步確定·········································17
7.1.5 軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計·············································17
8 主要工作零部件的強度校核·········································18
8.1 錘片的強度校核···············································18
8.1.1 錘片單片的橫斷面抗拉強度·································18
8.1.2 錘片螺孔處抗剪切強度校核·································19
8.2 軸的強度校核·················································20
8.2.1 作用在軸上的力的分析·····································20
8.2.2 軸的校核·················································20
8.3 鍵的校核 ····················································21
9 軸承的壽命計算··················································22
參考文獻(xiàn)··························································24
致謝······························································25
1 前言
1.1 設(shè)計的目的和意義
本次研究的錘片式粉碎機主要用于粉碎谷物、玉米、高粱、豆類、薯類、莖桿類及打漿。需加工物料經(jīng)粉碎后，可以使其表面積增大，體積減小，更利于人們對物料的利用，同時，也便于物料的輸送、混合與制粒。
隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，人民生活質(zhì)量的顯著提高，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)和消費量也相應(yīng)的增加；同時，國家也愈來愈重視現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)并加大投入力度，使得畜牧機械、秸稈利用設(shè)備和其他的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工機械的需求量也隨之增長。生產(chǎn)開發(fā)農(nóng)作物粉碎加工機械，不但可以充分利用農(nóng)作物資源，而且對促進(jìn)農(nóng)作業(yè)的發(fā)展，豐富市場農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)、增加農(nóng)民收入、增加資金積累、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展都具有現(xiàn)實意義。因此開發(fā)研制出經(jīng)濟(jì)實用的畜牧機械，具有很大的社會效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
1.2 設(shè)計的基本要求
該粉碎機主要用于農(nóng)作物的加工，對其有一下要求：
1.對加工物料的適應(yīng)性廣，能加工各種類型的農(nóng)作物，對含水量較大、含雜量較大的農(nóng)作物也具有較好的適用性。
2.粉碎程度應(yīng)能夠根據(jù)具體要求進(jìn)行調(diào)整，以滿足不同的市場需求；粉碎粒度應(yīng)盡量均勻，以提高其適口性。
3.配套動力合理，噸料電耗低，生產(chǎn)率高，能耗低。
4.工作部件耐磨性好，減少更換次數(shù)，以降低生產(chǎn)成本，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
5.機型結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、尺寸緊湊、體積小、占地少、成本低，以適合廣大農(nóng)戶生產(chǎn)。
1.３ 技術(shù)指標(biāo)
表1-1 主要技術(shù)參數(shù)
參數(shù)名稱 配套動力(KW) 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速(r/min) 生產(chǎn)率(kg/h) 噸料電耗(KW.h/t)
技術(shù)參數(shù) 2.2 4800 100-180 ≤11
2 總體方案的選擇與設(shè)計
2.1 粉碎機的構(gòu)造
錘片式粉碎機一般由電機、傳動部分、進(jìn)料部分、機體、轉(zhuǎn)子、篩桶、操作門、出料部分以及控制系統(tǒng)部分組成。
錘架板和錘片等構(gòu)成的轉(zhuǎn)子由軸承支撐在機體內(nèi)，機體安裝有齒板和篩桶，齒板和錘片呈圓形包圍轉(zhuǎn)子，與粉碎機側(cè)壁一起構(gòu)成粉碎室。錘片用銷軸連在錘板架的內(nèi)側(cè)，錘片之間裝有隔套，使錘片之間彼此錯開，按一定規(guī)律均勻沿軸向分布。
2.2 工作原理
粉碎機工作時，物料在一定的供料裝置作用下進(jìn)入粉碎室，受高速回轉(zhuǎn)錘片的打擊而破裂，并以很高的速度分向篩桶，與齒板和篩片撞擊進(jìn)一步破碎，通過如此反復(fù)打擊，物料被粉碎成小碎粒。在打擊撞擊的同時，物料還受到錘片頂端和篩桶的摩擦、搓擦作用而進(jìn)一步粉碎。在此同時，較細(xì)顆粒由篩孔漏出，留在曬面上的較大顆粒，再次受到粉碎，直到足夠小從篩孔漏出，最后從底部的出料口排除。
總的來說，錘片式粉碎機的工作過程主要由兩方面構(gòu)成：一是錘片對物料的沖擊作用；二是錘片對物料、篩桶與物料以及物料相互之間的摩擦搓擦作用。谷物、玉米等脆性物料，主要靠沖擊作用而粉碎；莖桿類柔性物料則主要依靠摩擦作用而粉碎；當(dāng)然還有其他剪切作用等。不管哪種物料的粉碎過程都是多種粉碎方式聯(lián)合作用的結(jié)果，不存在只有單一粉碎方式的粉碎過程，只不過對于某一具體的粉碎過程，總有一種粉碎方式處于主導(dǎo)地位。
3 重要部件的選型與設(shè)計
3.1 進(jìn)料部分
目前我國使用的錘片式粉碎機機殼進(jìn)料口位置基本上有切向喂入式、軸向喂入式和徑向喂入式三種。三種喂料方式對粉碎機結(jié)構(gòu)、粉碎室的大小和篩片包角有著不用的影響。具體對比情況可見下表：
表2-１ 不同進(jìn)料方式的比較
切向式 軸向式 徑向式
喂料方式 切向進(jìn)料 軸向進(jìn)料 徑向進(jìn)料
粉碎室大小 比較大 寬度小 寬度比較大
結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜性 復(fù)雜 簡單 簡單
篩片包角
針對物料粉碎前后長度比大的特性和對現(xiàn)有資料進(jìn)行分析，粉碎機進(jìn)料口的設(shè)計應(yīng)具有防止物料喂不進(jìn)粉碎室和物料向喂入口飛出等功能。在傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計中：
喂料口傾角為時，，物料無反料和架空現(xiàn)象，但是該設(shè)計只適合顆粒料的加工；喂料口傾角為時，物料不反料，但是喂莖桿料時有一定程度的架空現(xiàn)象；喂料口傾角為時，物料無架空現(xiàn)象，粉碎莖桿料時其度電產(chǎn)量還略有提高，但是反料相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重。
根據(jù)實際現(xiàn)有資料和實際需要，設(shè)計進(jìn)料斗傾角分別為和兩個喂料口，但是兩者都是軸向式進(jìn)料，選用3mm的鋼板制造，進(jìn)料口采用敞開口，通過螺釘與機體連接。在進(jìn)料口底部分別有閥門用以控制喂入量。
3.2 出料部分
排料裝置采用自重排料，出料口安裝在機體下側(cè)，與水平線成。截面形狀為邊長為100mm的正方形，采用螺釘與機體連接，出料斗選用3mm的鋼板制造。在出料斗處安裝有一粒度調(diào)節(jié)板，可根據(jù)需要調(diào)節(jié)粉碎粒度大小。
3.3 粉碎部分
粉碎部分是由錘片、轉(zhuǎn)子和篩桶組成，錘片用銷軸與轉(zhuǎn)子上的錘片架連接，轉(zhuǎn)子用鍵與軸連接。
3.3.1 錘片
錘片是錘片式粉碎機中最重要的組成部件，也是最容易耗損的工作部件。錘片的形狀、尺寸和工作密度對粉碎機的單位產(chǎn)量和粒度分布寬窄都有很大的影響。目前國內(nèi)外所用錘片種類很多，其中以矩形錘片用的最多。本次設(shè)計采用的也是矩形錘片，錘片利用銷軸連在錘片架上。
1. 錘片的形狀和尺寸
目前應(yīng)用的錘片形狀很多，但使用最廣泛的是板狀矩形錘片，因其形狀簡單，易制造，通用性好。矩形兩長邊均勻分布12個齒，其孔串在銷軸上，可輪換使用正反面來工作。其四角作成尖角，以提高其對莖桿類物料的粉碎效果．但耐磨性差。
實驗證明，錘片長度適當(dāng)，有利于提高度電產(chǎn)量，但過長則金屬耗量增加，度電產(chǎn)量降低。目前國內(nèi)使用的錘片厚度主要有1.6mm、3.0mm、5.0mm、6.25mm，據(jù)有關(guān)研究表明，1.6mm比6.25mm的錘片粉碎效果提高45%，比5mm提高25.4%。用薄錘片粉碎效率高，但使用壽命相對縮短。顧此次設(shè)計采用的錘片長度為6mm，厚度為3mm，寬度為2.8mm。具體如下圖所示：
圖2-1 錘片形狀示意圖
2. 錘片數(shù)目的確定
錘片的工作密度不易太高，適當(dāng)減少錘片的數(shù)目，不僅能提高度電產(chǎn)量，還可節(jié)約材料，降低成本?，F(xiàn)有資料表明，不同類型的粉碎機都有各自較適宜的錘片工作密度：臥式粉碎機為：0.27~0.36，立式粉碎機為0.43~0.47。所以取錘片工作密度為0.28，由下式可確定錘片數(shù)量：
錘片工作密度= ...(3-1)
0.28=，式中粉碎室寬度=132mm后面將求出
錘片軌跡數(shù)=12.32，取為12片，分為2組對稱排列。
3. 錘片材料
由于錘片是易損件，為提高使用壽命，選用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼（65Mn鋼），進(jìn)行熱處理，淬火深度為0.8~1.2mm，淬火后工作側(cè)面硬度HRC50~70，距螺孔4mm范圍內(nèi)的硬度不超過HRC28.
4. 錘片的排列
轉(zhuǎn)子上錘片的數(shù)量和排列方式，直接影響到轉(zhuǎn)子的平衡、物料在粉碎室內(nèi)的分布、錘片磨損的均勻程度以及粉碎機工作效率。本機采用的對稱排列，對應(yīng)兩組錘片對稱安裝。因而，轉(zhuǎn)子上對應(yīng)兩銷軸所受離心力可以相互平衡，轉(zhuǎn)子運行更加平穩(wěn)，且錘片安裝簡單方便，各錘片磨損比較同步?？紤]到實際粉碎效率，每根銷軸上有6個錘片，總共12個錘片，安裝在錘片架兩端并對稱。
3.3.2 轉(zhuǎn)子
轉(zhuǎn)子有長、短兩個錘片架，長錘片架直徑為轉(zhuǎn)子直徑，即200mm，長、短錘片架成交叉固定在主軸上。錘片既安裝在短錘片架上，其二者長度之和與長錘片架長度相等。
3.3.3 篩桶的選型
篩片面積是粉碎機度電產(chǎn)量的重要參數(shù)，一般來說，篩孔面積S較大粉碎后的物料能盡快排出曬外，從而使度電產(chǎn)量較大。篩片的通過性能受有效篩理面積的百分比K影響極大，K為篩片上篩孔總面積占整個曬面面積的百分比，按下式計算： ..........(3-2)
式中d—篩孔直徑（mm），t—篩孔孔距（mm）
K值隨篩孔尺寸的增大而增大，隨篩孔孔距的增加而減小。在不影響粉碎效果的情況下，在設(shè)計時應(yīng)盡量增大有效篩孔面積。所以此次設(shè)計采用圓形篩桶，而篩孔截面為變長為1.0mm的正方形。
錘曬間隙是錘片末端到錘片表面之間的間隙，對粉碎質(zhì)量有很大影響。間隙大時，粉碎物易通過篩孔，但搓擦作用減弱，使粉碎能力下降；但間隙過大時，篩面上物料運動速度過慢，反而容易堵塞篩孔，排粉不暢；間隙過小時，篩面上物料運動太慢，使物料也不容易通過篩孔，同時搓擦作用增強，物料粉碎過細(xì)，耗電增加。
3.3.4 錘篩間隙的確定
粉碎機在工作時，粉碎室內(nèi)錘片末端和篩片之間有一層隨篩片旋轉(zhuǎn)著的物料環(huán)流氣流層，其平均速度約為錘片速度的一半，這將降低打擊作用，增加摩擦功耗。由于離心力的作用，粗顆粒處于環(huán)流層外層，得不到很好的粉碎，而細(xì)粒處在環(huán)流層的內(nèi)層，難以從篩孔及時排出，這就不能保證粗細(xì)的粉碎效果，同時又使細(xì)粒產(chǎn)生過粉碎現(xiàn)象。通常認(rèn)為粉碎谷物應(yīng)比粉碎莖桿時的錘篩間隙要小。粉碎某一物料時都有一個最佳的間隙值，考慮錘片磨損，我國聯(lián)合設(shè)計系列粉碎機錘篩間隙采用10—14mm。由于本機針對物料主要是谷物，故選擇。
3.4 傳動部分
該機采用帶傳動，通過轉(zhuǎn)子主軸上的帶輪與電動機連接在一起，該連接方式簡單，操作方便，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，傳動可靠。電動機則固定在機架上。
3.5 機體部分
機體包括外壁和機架兩部分
3.5.1 外壁
外壁采用4mm厚的普通熱軋鋼板Q235卷壓焊接而成圓筒形。外壁有加強肋板支撐，肋板底部有螺栓孔用以固定粉碎室。在粉碎室的外側(cè)有一合頁式門，以便清理和維護(hù)，延長機械使用壽命，維修使用方便。
3.5.2 機架
機架選用型號為3.6的熱軋等邊角鋼（GB9787-1988），其表示為∟，通過焊接而成，在機架的一端有一塊鋼板，用螺釘將其與角鋼連接，用以支撐電動機。
4 主要技術(shù)參數(shù)的確定
影響粉碎機性能得因素很多，因此粉碎機的參數(shù)選擇很重要，這些因素之間的關(guān)系也較復(fù)雜，完全靠計算確定還有困難。而本人此次設(shè)計的粉碎機類型尚無完整資料可查，其主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)是通過對該機和通用型粉碎機的性能進(jìn)行比較，并根據(jù)谷物等脆性物料的加工工藝性和其它資料結(jié)合來合理確定的。
4.1 錘片的末端線速度v
錘片末端線速度對粉碎機的生產(chǎn)率和功耗有很大的影響：錘片末端線速度V增大時，錘片對物料的打擊、搓擦和磨碎作用增強，能增加粉碎能力和產(chǎn)品細(xì)度；但是V過大則機器的空載功率增加，同時因轉(zhuǎn)子不平衡產(chǎn)生的噪音和振動也隨之增加，粉碎能力反而下降。因此合適的V值對提高粉碎機性能至關(guān)重要。根據(jù)相關(guān)資料，不同的物料需要不同的V值，見下表：
表4-1 不同物料所需錘片末端線速度
物料 高粱 玉米 小麥 黑麥 大麥 燕麥 米糠 燕麥殼
線速度 48 52 65 75 88 105 110 115
錘片撞擊力的強弱與其工作速度大小有關(guān)，但考慮到粉碎時可能是幾種物料的混合，同時本機是小型粉碎機，以粉碎精料為主，故選錘片速度為50m/s。
4.2 轉(zhuǎn)子工作直徑和粉碎室寬度
粉碎機轉(zhuǎn)子直徑D與粉碎機寬度B之積可用以下經(jīng)驗公式求得： .............(4-1)
式中，V為錘片末端速度，為經(jīng)驗參數(shù)，一般=0.55~0.75，N為配套動力。
同時，兩者還有一定的比例關(guān)系，通常D/B=1.1--3.5。已知和B就可以確定DB的值。DB確定之后，為了降低噪音，一般采用大轉(zhuǎn)子低轉(zhuǎn)速。本人此次設(shè)計的是9F-20型，即轉(zhuǎn)子直徑D=200mm。
由此可得：D=200mm，，錘片末端線速度V=50m/s，假設(shè)配套動力為2.2KW， 經(jīng)計算可得B=110mm
，符合要求。
4.3 轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速n
根據(jù)粉碎機轉(zhuǎn)子直徑D，錘片末端線速度v和實際加工要求，理論轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速n可由下式求得：
r/min ........(5-2)
式中已知v=50m/s，D=200mm
4.4 粉碎機生產(chǎn)率Q
由于粉碎機的功率都是生產(chǎn)出機器以后才能實際測量，現(xiàn)只有根據(jù)經(jīng)驗公式進(jìn)行初步計算，由公式：
........(5-3)
式中：r—物料容量 r=0.20
n—轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速 n=4777r/min
k—物料形成環(huán)流層時的影響系數(shù) 取k=0.6
—進(jìn)料不均勻的影響系數(shù) 取=0.8
—下料口對排料所產(chǎn)生的影響系數(shù) 取=0.7
D—轉(zhuǎn)子直徑 D=200mm
B—粉碎室寬度 B=132mm
102 （kg/h）=0.102（T/h）
4.5 配套動力
4.5.1 配套功率N
粉碎機的粉碎功率可以有經(jīng)驗公式求得：
.........(5-4)
式中： —系數(shù)，=6.4~10.5，取=10
Q—生產(chǎn)率，Q=0.102T/h
=100.102=1.02kw
考慮到此配套動力是粉碎機和碾米機的共用動力，功率宜取較大些。所以配套動力取N=2.2kw，但后面的有關(guān)粉碎機的計算值還是采用1.02kw。
4.5.2 選擇電動機
根據(jù)粉碎機的工作條件及生產(chǎn)要求，在電動機能夠滿足使用要求的前提下，盡可能選用加個較低的電動機，以降低制造成本。由于個頂功率相同的電動機，轉(zhuǎn)速越低，則尺寸越大，價格越貴。粉碎機所需要的功率為N=1.02kw，故選用Y2系列（IP54）型三相籠型異步電動機。
Y2系列三相籠型異步電動機是按照國際電工委員會（IEO）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計的，具有國際互換性的特點。其中Y2系列（IP54）電動機為全封閉的自扇冷式籠型三相異步電動機，具有防灰塵、鐵屑或其它雜物侵入電動機內(nèi)部之特點，B級絕緣，工作環(huán)境不超過+，相對溫度不超過95%，海拔高度不超過1000m，額定電壓為380V，頻率為50HZ，適用于無特殊要去的機械上，如農(nóng)業(yè)機械。
Y2系列三相籠型異步電動機具有頻率高、啟動轉(zhuǎn)矩大、防護(hù)等級高、絕緣等級高、噪音低、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、產(chǎn)品先進(jìn)、應(yīng)用廣泛等優(yōu)點。其主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如下： 型號：Y2-100L1-4
極數(shù)：4
同步轉(zhuǎn)速：1500r/min
額定功率：N=2.2kw
滿載轉(zhuǎn)速：1440r/min
堵轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)矩/額定轉(zhuǎn)矩：2.2/（Nm）
最大轉(zhuǎn)矩/額定轉(zhuǎn)矩:2.2（Nm）
質(zhì)量：22kg
5 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的選擇
5.1 軸承的選擇
根據(jù)對該粉碎機的結(jié)構(gòu)和對軸的受力分析可知，由于錘片為對稱排列，在轉(zhuǎn)子的轉(zhuǎn)動過程中錘片所產(chǎn)生的離心力相互抵消，軸承受到錘片產(chǎn)生的徑向力為零，故選擇深溝球軸承，代號為6004。
5.2 鍵的選擇
轉(zhuǎn)子主軸上與帶輪的連接鍵，轉(zhuǎn)筒與主軸的連接鍵選用普通平鍵： 選用GB1096——79。
5.3 螺栓的選擇
用來連接支承電動機鋼板與支架、支承粉碎機鋼板與支架用螺栓：由于是用于板間連接，螺栓主要是受到剪切作用，故采用受剪螺栓連接。連接轉(zhuǎn)子和鑿片用螺栓和連接齒板與機體用螺栓主要是受到拉伸應(yīng)力，采用受拉螺栓連接。選用 GB5783——86。
5.4 螺母的選用
主要根據(jù)所用螺栓規(guī)格進(jìn)行選擇： GB6171 ——2000。
5.6 墊圈的選擇
根據(jù)需要選用普通平墊圈：GB848——85。
6 帶的設(shè)計
根據(jù)設(shè)計方案及結(jié)構(gòu)，該機選用普通V 帶傳動。它具有緩和載荷沖擊、運行平穩(wěn)、無噪音、中心距變化范圍較大、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、制造成本低、使用安全等優(yōu)點。
6.1 確定V帶型號和帶輪直徑
已知：電動機功率P=1.02kw，電動機轉(zhuǎn)速=1440r/min，粉碎機主軸轉(zhuǎn)速=4777r/min。查《機械設(shè)計》（第4版）可知：
工作情況系數(shù) 由表11.5 =1.1
計算功率 kw
選擇型號 由表11.15 Z型
小帶輪直徑 由表11.6 取=50mm
大帶輪直徑 由式11.15
帶傳動滑動率一般為1%2% 取=2%
=（1-）=0.98=162.55mm ...........(6-1)
取=163mm
大帶輪轉(zhuǎn)速 =（1-）=1436r/min
6.2 計算帶長
求 =131.5mm
求 =56.5mm
6.3 求中心距
由《機械設(shè)計》書式11.20：2（）0.55（）+h ...(6-2)
由表11.4查得： h=6mm
2（50+163）0.55（50+163）+6
526mm150.65mm
根據(jù)實際確定：中心距=420mm
6.4 帶長計算
由式11.2 L= ....(6-3)
==3.14131.5+840+
=1260.51mm
6.5 帶基準(zhǔn)長度
由圖11.4 =800mm
6.6 求帶輪包角
小帶輪包角 由式11.4
.....(6-4)
=>
6.7 求帶根數(shù)Z
帶速V V===12.5m/s V=12.5m/s
傳動比i i===3.32 i=3.32
帶根數(shù)z 由表11.8 =0.34kw
由表11.7 =0.96
由表11.12 =1.00
由表11.10 =0.06
由式11.32 z= ......(6-5)
==2.91 取z=3根
6.8 求軸上載荷
單根V帶張緊力 由表11.4，q=0.06kg/m
由式11.21 =500 ..........(6-6)
=
=33.33N =33.33N
軸上載荷 = .........(6-7)
= =198N
6.9 帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)
帶速V30m/s時的帶傳動，其帶輪一般用 HT200 制造，高速時應(yīng)使用鋼制造，帶輪的速度可達(dá)到45m/s。由于該機帶速為12.5m/s，故帶輪材料選用HT200。在設(shè)計帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)時，應(yīng)使帶輪易于制造，能避免因制造而產(chǎn)生過大的內(nèi)應(yīng)力，重量要輕。輪槽工作表面應(yīng)光滑（表面粗糙度一般取=3.2m），以減輕帶的磨損。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，大帶輪、小帶輪都選用實心輪。
7 軸的設(shè)計
7.1 軸的計算
7.1.1 軸的轉(zhuǎn)速
已知：電動機轉(zhuǎn)速=1440r/min，粉碎機主軸轉(zhuǎn)速=4777r/min，傳動比i=3.32
7.1.2 軸的輸入功率
電動機 =2.2kw
粉碎機主軸 ==2.20.95=2.09kw
—電動機與主軸的傳遞效率，帶傳輪=0.95
7.1.3 軸轉(zhuǎn)矩
電動機轉(zhuǎn)矩： =9550 Nm .........(6-8)
=9.55=14590Nm
粉碎機主軸 =9550=4178Nm
7.1.4 軸直徑的初步確定
軸材料選用45鋼調(diào)質(zhì)，=650MPa，=360MPa
由《機械設(shè)計》中式11.2確定軸的最小直徑：
d=C ........(6-9)
其中： —許用應(yīng)力，由表16.2 【】=35MPa
P—軸傳遞功率，P=2.09kw
n—主軸轉(zhuǎn)速，n=4777r/min
C—由表16.2，C=112
由上式可得：d8.50mm，取=12mm。
各軸段直徑及其長度的確定：
如下圖所示，軸段①安裝緊固件螺母與墊圈，其直徑設(shè)為12mm，長度為15mm；軸段②與小帶輪配合，其直徑設(shè)為16mm，長度為38mm；軸段③、⑤上安裝軸承，直徑為20mm，長度分別設(shè)為27mm和15mm；軸段④為軸承定位尺寸，直徑為25mm，長度設(shè)為42mm；軸段⑥直徑設(shè)為18mm，長度設(shè)為75mm；軸段⑦上安裝轉(zhuǎn)子，其直徑設(shè)為12mm，長度設(shè)為22mm。
圖7-1 驅(qū)動軸示意圖
7.1.5 軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
根據(jù)《機械設(shè)計》，軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的一般原則：軸上零件的布置應(yīng)使軸受力合理；軸上零件的位可靠，拆裝方便；軸應(yīng)采用應(yīng)力集中和提高軸疲勞強度的結(jié)構(gòu)措施；具有良好的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性，便于加工制造和保證精度；對于要求剛性大的軸，還應(yīng)從結(jié)構(gòu)上考慮減小軸的變形。確定各軸長度時應(yīng)盡可能結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，同時還應(yīng)保證零件所需的滑動距離，裝拆或調(diào)整所需空間，并注意轉(zhuǎn)動零件不得與其他的零件相碰，軸上所有零件都應(yīng)無過盈地到達(dá)配合部位。為了減少加工工具的種類和提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，軸上的倒角、圓角、鍵槽等應(yīng)盡可能取相同的尺寸。
在該設(shè)計中，銷軸的軸向固定采用軸肩——圓螺母的固定方式：用螺母固定軸，端簡單方便，可承受軸向力。主軸的軸向固定采用軸肩——擋圈固定，軸肩結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，可以承受較大的軸向力，軸端擋圈常用于軸端零件的固定。
8 主要工作零部件的強度校核
8.1 錘片的強度校核
錘片是粉碎機的主要工作零件，對于強度和硬度都有較高的要求。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時，錘片就受到離心力、物料對錘片的反力等作用，由于物料在粉碎室中的運動時相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的，而離心力作用又遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于其他對錘片的作用力。因此對錘片的強度校核只考慮其主要受力，即離心力對錘片的拉伸應(yīng)力的影響，故對錘片單片橫斷面和錘片打孔處進(jìn)行抗拉和抗剪的強度校核。
8.1.1 錘片單片的橫斷面抗拉強度
錘片旋轉(zhuǎn)時的離心力：
=
= .................（8-1）
式中： 為錘片的重量，kg；=V .................（8-2）
V為錘片的體積，；
V=錘片整體機體-2螺釘孔的體積 .................（8-3）
=
=7.8224（）
為材料的密度，64Mn鋼=7.85（g/）
g為重力加速度，取g=10（m/）
n為主軸轉(zhuǎn)速，n=4777r/min
R為錘片重心相對于主軸軸心的回轉(zhuǎn)半徑，m
R=163+7=170mm=0.17m
將V、的值代入公式（8-2）中得：
=7.82247.85=61.406（g）
將、g、n、R的值代入公式（8-1）中，得：
=
=260.968(N)
..............（8-4）
式中： 為錘片單片根部橫斷面的受拉面積；
D為螺孔直徑；D=8mm
為錘片厚度；=4mm
將D、的值代入公式（8-4）：
=
=50.24
所以，錘片的抗拉強度為：
===5.194MPa
錘片采用65Mn鋼，查《機械設(shè)計實用手冊》，65Mn鋼的抗拉許用應(yīng)力，
=392MPa
==261.33MPa
≤
所以，錘片滿足抗拉強度要求。
8.1.2 錘片螺孔處抗剪切強度校核
= ..............（8-5）
式中：為錘片離心力；=260.968N
為剪切面積，剪切面積為錘片螺孔的表面積，即：
=
=3.1484
=100.48
將、的值代入公式（8-5）中，得
=2.597MPa
剪切許用應(yīng)力與拉伸許用應(yīng)力有如下關(guān)系：
取=0.8，由=261.33MPa得
=0.8×261.33
=209MPa
≤
所以，錘片的抗剪切強度滿足要求。
8.2 軸的強度校核
8.2.1 作用在軸上的力的分析
由于在轉(zhuǎn)子上采用螺旋線排列，其所產(chǎn)生的離心力不能相互抵消，但可以算出轉(zhuǎn)子上每列錘片產(chǎn)生的離心力的合力。
錘片在轉(zhuǎn)子上按互差180°排列，分為：
203.13×2=406.26N=
8.2.2 軸的校核
軸的強度校核
圖8-1 軸的受力分析及彎扭矩圖
由于軸在水平面上不受力，所以 FRIH=FR2H=0
在豎直面上=+=812.52N
406.26N
M=×=10969.02N.mm
T=9.55×=9.55××=4138.27N.mm
查《機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)》課本表15-2知，
所以，，軸的扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度足夠。
按彎扭合成強度條件計算如下
很顯然b-b截面為危險截面。
由于彎曲應(yīng)力為對稱循環(huán)，扭轉(zhuǎn)切應(yīng)力為靜應(yīng)力，則
==32.24MPa＜=180MPa
所以b-b截面左側(cè)安全，顯然b-b截面右側(cè)也是安全的。
8.3鍵的校核
由于鍵的聯(lián)接是靜聯(lián)接，所以，
式中，d-----軸的直徑，單位為mm；
h-----鍵的高度，單位為mm；
l-----鍵的工作長度，單位為mm。對于A型鍵，l=L-b；B型鍵，l=L；C型鍵；l=L-b/2；。長鍵所在軸段的直徑d為18 mm，長鍵選C型鍵，鍵寬b=5mm，鍵深h=5mm，取l=93mm，與小帶輪配合的軸的直徑為16mm，短鍵選A型h×b=5×5鍵，取l=18mm。
鍵的材料應(yīng)選45鋼，由于鍵所受載荷性質(zhì)為輕微沖擊，由表9-3可知[σc]=110 MP，[τ]=90 MP，鍵連接工作面的強度校核如下：
< ........(8-6)
< ........(8-7)
所以鍵合格。
9 軸承的壽命計算
軸承所受徑向力為工作情況分析及壽命計算
提升機驅(qū)動軸軸承主要承受徑向載荷，軸向載荷很小并可以忽略中等沖擊。其當(dāng)量動載荷為：
.......（8-8）
式中：——載荷系數(shù)，中等沖擊取1.2~1.8。取1.5.
其壽命為：
.......（8-9）
式中：——軸承的壽命指數(shù)，滾子軸承=10/3。
故驅(qū)動軸軸承的工作壽命為127618.98小時。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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致謝
通過這次設(shè)計，使我對機械設(shè)計有一個更深刻的認(rèn)識，懂得了怎樣把科學(xué)知識靈活地運用從而轉(zhuǎn)變成生產(chǎn)力。同時，通過本次設(shè)計使我對大學(xué)四年所學(xué)的知識有了更加系統(tǒng)、全面的認(rèn)識，也是對所學(xué)知識的綜合運用。再設(shè)計過程中，最深刻的體會是，理論與實際相結(jié)合的重要性，理論轉(zhuǎn)化到實際的難度比想象的大，同時也反映出自我設(shè)計的基本功和設(shè)計經(jīng)驗還有待提高。
為期四周的畢業(yè)設(shè)計已將近尾聲，在論文即將完成之際，我的心情無法平靜，從開始進(jìn)入課題時的茫然無措，到現(xiàn)在成功地完成圖紙和論文，獲得豐收喜悅的同時，我深知這是尊敬的師長和親愛的同學(xué)幫助的結(jié)果，在這里請接受我誠摯的謝意！
首先我要感謝我的指導(dǎo)老師們：嚴(yán)霖元老師和吳艷紅老師。感謝兩位老師在畢業(yè)設(shè)計中對我的細(xì)心關(guān)懷和耐心的指導(dǎo)。在設(shè)計之初，我無從下手，是老師們給我指明方向，兩位老師的鞭策是我能夠成功完成設(shè)計的動力。嚴(yán)老師、吳老師嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度，身后的理論功底，豐富的實踐經(jīng)驗，永遠(yuǎn)是我學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。
我還要感謝我身邊的每一位同學(xué)，在設(shè)計中，他們給了我很大的幫助，使我能得以順利地完成設(shè)計。幾個月來，我們一起學(xué)習(xí)，一起追尋，一起探討，增進(jìn)了友誼，同時也培養(yǎng)了我們團(tuán)隊的寫作精神。
最后，我還要感謝所有教授過我的老師們，是他們的諄諄教誨，使我學(xué)會做人做事；感謝我的同學(xué)，四年對我的幫助；感謝所有關(guān)心我的人。