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Byronic hero A proud mysterious rebellious gloomy figure of noble origin with fiery passions and unbending will expresses Byron s own ideal of freedom He rises against tyranny and injustice but he s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom Sonnet A sonnet is a 14 line lyric poem with a single theme Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter following one of two traditional patterns the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea Sonnet是一種歐洲傳統(tǒng)的非常有影響力的詩歌形式 從形式上來說它有 14行詩構(gòu)成 通常是五步抑揚格 有著嚴格的特定的押韻方式 莎士比亞的十四行詩非常出名 Lake Poets The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century As a group they followed no single school of thought or literary practice then known although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review They are considered part of the Romantic Movement 早期浪漫主義詩人 Wordsworth Coleridge 和 Southey 也被稱為湖畔派詩人 他們都住在英國西北部的湖 區(qū) 并且在文學(xué)和社會見解上有著一致性 湖畔派詩人主要回憶快樂的舊英格蘭時代 把自然看作是精神 上的避難所 因為他們懼怕即將到來的工業(yè)化和城市化 Metaphysical poetry 玄學(xué)派詩歌 Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne 2 with a rebellious spirit the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry 3 the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods and echoes the words and cadences of common speech 4 the imagery is drawn from actual life Metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits and by speculation about topics such as love or religion John Donne is the most important representative 玄學(xué)派詩歌一般用來稱呼那些在 John Donne影響下寫作的作家的作品 玄學(xué)派詩人一種背叛精神去試著打破傳統(tǒng)的伊麗莎白愛情詩的束縛 玄學(xué)詩歌多使用巧智 wit and conceit 結(jié)構(gòu)精巧 ingenious structure 韻律多變 irregular meter 語言口語化 colloquial language 意象奇特 elaborate imagery 并把不同的事物并置 a drawing together of dissimilar idea 它們的意象多來源于現(xiàn)實生活 Neoclassicism 新古典主義 In the field of literature the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of inte rest in the old classical works 2 this tendency is known as neoclassicism The Neoclassicists held that forms of lite rature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman w riters such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones 3 they believed that the artistic ideals should be order logic restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanit y Romanticism 浪漫主義 1 In the mid 18th century a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England 2 It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism which emphasized reason order and elegant wit Instead romanti cism gave primary concern to passion emotion and natural beauty 3 In the hist ory of literature Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a lit erary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience 4 The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prev ailed in England from 1798 to 1837 The major romantic poets include Wordsworth Byron and Shelley 13 Modernism 現(xiàn)代主義 Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of t he 20th century 2 modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho analysis as its theoretical case 3 the term pertains to all the creative arts Especially poetry fiction drama p ainting music and architecture 4 in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s in A merica from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter war period modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful 5 as far as literature is concerned Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules traditions and conventions fresh ways of looking at man s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style It is p articularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself 14 Stream of consciousness or interior monologue In literary criticism Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which se eks to describe an individual s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the c haracter s thought processes Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement Its introduction in the lite rary context transferred from psychology is attributed to May Sinclair Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the pros e difficult to follow tracing as they do a character s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings Famous writers to employ this technique i n the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner 學(xué)術(shù)界認為意識 流是一種通過直接描述人物思維過程來尋求個人視角的文學(xué)寫作技巧 意識流 是現(xiàn)代主義運動的體現(xiàn) 它首先出現(xiàn)在心現(xiàn)學(xué)領(lǐng)域 由梅 辛克拉提出的 后 引進文學(xué)領(lǐng)域 意識流寫作通常被認為是一種特殊形式的內(nèi)心獨白 它的特別 是聯(lián)想性 以句法和標點的跳躍 文章的晦澀難懂為特征 來表現(xiàn)人物的片斷 思維和感官性直覺 比較著名的使用此技巧的有喬伊斯 福克納 Metaphysical Poetry 玄學(xué)派詩歌 The poems of 17th century English poets whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging st yle and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things 玄學(xué)派詩歌 17 世紀英國詩人的詩歌 這種詩歌的特點是風(fēng)格極具智慧 引人 深思 善用引申的暗喻來對比極其不同的事物 Realism 現(xiàn)實主義 The representation in art or literature of objects actions or social conditions as they a ctually are without idealization or presentation in abstract form 現(xiàn)實主義 在藝術(shù)或文學(xué)中將事物 行為或社會狀況按其起初情況進行的表現(xiàn) 而不用模糊的形式來表現(xiàn)或理想化 Soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself whether silently or aloud In drama it denote s the convention by which a character alone on the stage utters his or her thoughts al oud Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information ab out a character s motives and state of mind or for purpose of exposition and sometim es in order to guide the judgments and responses of the audience